饲料霉变及其对猪只的危害

全世界范围内，饲料霉变的现象都很严重，霉变饲料对畜禽养殖业带来了极大的危害，根据联合国粮农组织估算，全世界每年大约有5％-7％粮食、饲料等农作物产品受霉菌污染，每年由于霉菌毒素造成的损失高迭6亿美元。本文简要综述了饲料霉变及其霉变饲料对猪只的危害。     

防止水产饲料霉变的研究

根据联合国粮农组织估算 ,全世界每年由于霉菌污染粮食和饲料所造成的经济损大可达数千亿美元。据统计 ,全世界每年平均损失的粮食和饲料为总产量的 2 0 % ,而其中一半以上是由于饲料霉变所致。我国是饲料生产大国 ,配合饲料产量占世界第二位 ,每年由于饲料霉变所造成的损失十分巨大。尤其每年在春、夏两季 ,气温高 ,空气湿度大 ,正是饲料霉变的高峰期 ,此时 ,水产用饲料正处于生产、贮存、销售、使用的生产流程之中 ,还有水产规模养殖也决定了饲料从生产到使用需要有一定的贮存或间隔时间。自然界里微生物无处不在 ,霉菌可以从内源和外源两…     

饲料加工技术和生产管理(续2)

5饲料的霉变及预防全世界每年由于饲料霉变造成的经济损失是十分巨大的。有些地区饲料霉变在梅雨季节相当严重 ,是饲料生产不可忽视的一个问题。5 .1饲料发生霉变的主要原因5 .1 .1气候与季节最适宜霉菌生长的条件是 :温度在 2 0℃以上 ,相对湿度为 80 %～ 90 %。因此霉菌生长与当地气候条件和季节有密切关系 ,有的地区一年很多月份的平均气温在 2 0℃以上 ,平均相对湿度在80 %以上 ,这种高温高湿的环境条件 (特别是梅雨季节 ) ,霉菌生长最旺盛 ,饲料极易发生霉变。5 .1 .2饲料原料水分高饲料原料如果水分高 ,再加上温度偏高 ,在贮存期间就…     

饲料霉菌及其毒素的危害及预防措施

霉菌种类繁多,广泛存在于自然界中,已发现300多种能产生各种毒性作用的霉菌存在于食品、饲料中。虽然研究人员对霉菌及其毒素已经进行了广泛而深入的研究,一些理论、方法、技术、产品也比较成熟,但在生产上还未引起足够的重视,每年造成高达数十亿美元的饲料、粮食及食品损失。饲料霉变问题仍然是当前饲料业、养殖业所面临的安全隐患。文章简要概述了霉菌产生的原因,霉菌毒素对饲料、畜禽、人类的危害,霉菌毒素的脱毒解毒方法,预防霉菌及其毒素危害的措施等,期望对饲料生产、畜产品生产、人类健康有所帮助。     

防止鱼用饲料霉变的几项措施

鱼用饲料霉变就是饲料被某些霉菌污染,饲料的营养物质分解,适口性下降,产生许多霉菌毒素,造成鱼类采食量下降、消化率降低,生长速度减慢甚至中毒,给饲料生产厂家造成巨大损失,给水产养殖业带来诸多危害。如何防止渔用饲料霉变是饲料生产厂家和广大用户急需解决的问题。 引起饲料霉变的原因很多,从原料的购置到生产加工,再到成品饲料的储存及养鱼户购     

夏季养猪谨防霉菌毒素中毒

<正>夏季是霉菌毒素孳生的适宜季节,许多霉菌在谷物的生长、收获、储藏,饲料加工以及运输和销售的各个环节中都有可能引起饲料霉变,代谢和产生出大量的霉菌毒素,对养猪业的危害极大,因此,务必要引起养猪场户的高度重视。1霉菌毒素的危害主要是两个方面:一是营养方面,不仅降低了饲料的营养价值,而且产生的很多异味损害了饲料的适口性。     

饲料霉变的预防及去除

在现有条件下,饲料霉变可以说不可避免。特别是每年的梅雨季节和高温高湿的多雨季节,更是饲料最易发生霉变的季节。霉变饲料因含有毒的代谢产物霉菌毒素,使氨态氮增加,VB1VB2VD泛酸减少和VE被破坏,饲料营养质量下降,粗脂肪和纯蛋白质减少,而氨基酸含量下降,降低了蛋白质的可消化利用性。同时,霉变释放热量,饲料及原料温度升高,易引起其它细菌的污染和侵害,并影响饲料的贮存和使用。另外,饲料被霉菌污染后,会散发一种特殊的霉臭味,使饲料的适口性降低,导致畜禽及水产动物的摄食量下降,甚至绝食。特别是霉菌毒素及其代谢产物在畜禽及水产动物体内的残留,可通过食物链对人类健康产生严重危害。因此,必须重视搞好饲料霉变的预防及去除。     

影响饲料品质的主要霉菌毒素及其对猪的危害

<正>据统计,全世界每年约有25%的谷物受到霉菌毒素的影响,在高温高湿地区这种污染更加严重。我国是霉菌污染比较严重的国家,张承等2007年对来自全国的356份配合饲料和原     

饲料防霉技术措施及发展趋势

<正> 饲料被霉菌及霉菌毒素污染成为饲料业和畜牧业生产中不可忽视的问题。在农作物和饲料产品的生产、加工、运输及贮存过程中,由于霉菌及霉菌毒素对饲料不同程度的污染,从而造成巨大的经济损失,据联合国粮食组织估算全世界每年大约有5%～7%的粮食、饲料等农产品受霉菌侵害。霉菌大多属于中温型微生物,最适宜生长温度一般为20～30℃,繁殖产毒的最适温度为25～30℃,其中曲霉菌属最适宜生长温度为30℃,青霉菌属为28℃左右,镰刀菌一般为20℃左右。     

饲料在储藏期间的发热霉变及防治

随着我国粮食产量的逐年下降，饲料粮的供应日趋紧张，储备饲料原料已成为饲料企业维持生产连续性及饲料产品质量、生产成本稳定性的重要手段，饲料原料在储藏过程中的发热霉变问题又再次成为业内关注的热点问题。据不完全统计，全世界平均每年有10％的饲料由于霉变而损失，发热霉变不仅造成饲料的损失，严重时甚至成为影响饲料安全的重要因素。     

鱼松片加工工艺优化及成型设备研究

以风干鲢鱼为原料,开发了鱼松片加工工艺:经高压蒸煮、打击成绒、压制成型、干燥等工序后,制成即食型的方便食品鱼松片.通过正交试验以感官品质评定为指标,得到了鱼松片成型的最优工艺:糕粉添加量为20％,成型压力为3 MPa,保压时间为20 s.为满足工艺条件和工业化生产的需要,设计了自动化程度高的鱼松片成型机,介绍了其基本结构、工作原理及主要技术参数.     

Feed technology and production performance of Thai koi (Anabas testudeneus) in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

Thai koi farming is relatively new in the aquaculture industry of Bangladesh. Costly industrial feed pellets is the main factor influencing the productivity of Thai koi (Anabas testudineus). Two types of feed, namely, floating and sinking, are commercially available in the country. The ingredients of both types of feed are more or less the same. Floating feed requires high technology, high pressure and temperature and hence is more expensive than sinking feed. Most of the Thai koi farmers use either floating or sinking feed, while some farmers use a mix of both types of feed. This article investigated the effects of these three feed types on Thai koi productivity using primary data collected from the Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. The performance of different feed types on productivity was investigated using the Cobb-Douglas production function and propensity score matching (PSM) methods. Floating feed led to the highest daily mean weight gain of fish, feed conversion ratios, and net returns. The regression and PSM results revealed that farmers using floating feed produced significantly higher quantity of fish per unit compared to those using the other feed types. The cost of feed per hectare was higher in the farms using the floating feed, but these farms earned extra return from the additional investment, compared with the farms that use the other feed types. Thai koi farmers are advised to use floating feed to reap higher production and returns on investment.     

Effects of High-Protein "Finishing" Feeds on Performance and Fat Content of Channel Catfish

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of using high-protein "finishing" feeds on production and fat content of channel catfish. Fish were fed either: a 32% protein feed for 150 days; a 28% protein feed for 150 days; a 28% protein feed for 90 days and then a 38% protein feed for 60 days; a 28% protein feed for 90 days and then a 35% protein feed for 60 days; a 28% protein feed for 120 days and then a 38% protein feed for 30 days; or a 28% protein feed for 120 days and then a 35% protein feed for 30 days. The study was conducted in earthen ponds stocked with channel catfish at a rate of 14,826 fish/ha (35 g initial weight) and fed once daily to satiation. There were no significant differences in either feed consumption, weight gain, final weight, feed conversion ratio, survival, or percentage visceral fat of catfish regardless of treatment. Fillets from fish fed the 28% protein feed for 150 days contained more fat than fish on other treatments. There was no advantage of finishing channel catfish on high-protein diets as compared to feeding either a 28 or 32% protein feed for the entire grow-out period.     

不同饲料形态对牙鲆摄食的影响

比较了软颗粒饲料、沉性干颗粒饲料、膨化颗粒饲料等三种不同的饲料形态对牙鲆摄食反应、摄食率的影响,结果表明,牙鲆对软颗粒饲料适口性较好,摄食率明显高于其它两种颗粒饲料.膨化颗粒饲料的摄食率最低.     

Nutritional responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with different physical qualities at stable or variable environmental conditions

Rainbow trout with initial body weight 1144 g were fed two diets with high (feed A) or low (feed B) water stability for 6 weeks. During the last 2 weeks either stable or fluctuating oxygen saturation, salinity and temperature was introduced. High water stability of the feed was associated with harder pellets, less dust formation and less broken pellets compared to feed with low water stability. During the first 4 weeks, feed intake was 23% higher in trout fed diet B than in those fed diet A. Fluctuating environment resulted in a severe drop in feed intake for both dietary groups. At termination of the trial, stomachs of trout fed feed B contained mashed pellets and free water and oil. Stomachs of trout fed feed A contained more intact pellets and little fluid. The apparent digestibility of protein, starch, dry matter and energy was highest in feed A. The apparent digestibility of P and Zn was highest at stable environment, and the absorption of P was highest from feed A. In conclusion, physical quality affected the nutritional value of the feeds, and differences in nutritional value at stable or fluctuating environment appeared to be related to feed intake.     

我国饲料产业链价格传导与调控机制研究

本文依据2001—2009年饲料产业链上中下游产品价格的月度数据,使用Johansen模型、VEC模型等来研究猪、肉鸡和蛋鸡饲料产业链上中下游产品价格之间的长期协整关系和短期变动关系,并进行了Granger因果关系检验。研究表明,鱼粉、豆粕对于饲料价格波动的影响系数最大,但不同原料对于不同饲料的影响不一致。猪饲料是供给主导型的价格形成机制,大豆、鱼粉和玉米等都是猪肉饲料的Granger原因;肉鸡和蛋鸡饲料则是需求主导型价格形成机制,鱼粉和小麦麸是它们的Granger原因。     

Feed intake and growth of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed diets supplemented with oxytetracycline and squid extract

This study examined the long-term effects of a feeding deterrent, oxytetracycline (OTC), and a feeding stimulant, squid extract, on feed intake, growth and dry matter (DM) digestibility in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Fish were fed one of four diets for 9 weeks: 1. commercial feed formulation (basic); 2. BM (basic plus 20 g kg⁻¹ OTC); 3. BMS (BM plus 10 g kg⁻¹ squid extract); 4. BS (basic plus 10 g kg⁻¹ squid extract). OTC initially reduced the palatability of the feed, but the fish seemed to become accustomed to the taste of OTC over time. Addition of squid extract to the medicated feed (BMS) seemed to mask the aversive taste of OTC, but the effect on feed consumption was of short duration. Addition of squid extract to the basic feed (BS) had no significant effect on feed intake, growth or feed digestibility. The growth of fish fed medicated diets (BM and BMS) was depressed, probably as a consequence of reduced feed digestibility. The two additives led only to temporary changes in feed acceptability, but both growth and DM digestibility were affected by OTC. Thus, we suggest that short-term studies may be inadequate to test whether deterrent or stimulant properties of feed ingredients are of practical importance in feed formulation.     

饲料添加剂在水产动物生长、营养及免疫中的应用进展

饲料添加剂是在基础饲料的生产加工或使用过程中添加微量物质,具有强化基础饲料营养价值,节省饲料成本,提高动物生产性能,改善肌肉品质等作用.目前国内外对饲料添加剂的研究众多,为突出饲料添加剂对水产动物在不同方面的影响,本文综述了饲料添加剂对水产动物生长性能、营养成分及免疫中的应用进展.     

福建省水产饲料业的崛起与学科进步

水产养殖业的迅速发展带动了水产饲料业的进步。福建省水产饲料业经过近30年的稳步发展,饲料研发能力、产品产量与质量等均有较大的提高。本文概述了福建省水产饲料业的崛起与学科建设,指出了福建省水产饲料学科建设的重点发展方向。     

配合饲料和活饵料对刀鲚幼鱼生长、存活和消化酶、非特异性免疫酶、代谢酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了解配合饲料和活饵料对刀鲚幼鱼生长、存活和几种酶活性的影响,对用配合饲料和活饵料喂养178 d的刀鲚幼鱼的生长、存活和消化酶、非特异性免疫酶、代谢酶以及抗氧化酶活性进行分析与比较。结果显示,配合饲料组的最终体长、体质量、成活率、鱼体肥满度和肝指数(分别为125.17 mm、6.27 g、65.73%、0.31 g/cm3和1.4%)显著低于活饵料组(分别为150.66 mm、12.39 g、85.59%、0.36 g/cm3和1.9%),两组鱼的肠长和体长比无显著差异(分别为25.3%和23.6%);两组鱼的肝脏中均未检测出蛋白酶,配合饲料组的幽门盲囊中碱性蛋白酶的活性(43.49 U/mg prot)显著低于活饵料组(86.37 U/mg prot),但两处理组鱼胃中酸性蛋白酶和肠道中碱性蛋白酶的活性均没有显著差异;配合饲料组肠道和幽门盲囊中的淀粉酶活性(分别为196.63和575.93 U/g prot)显著低于活饵料组(分别为928.91和1 755.90U/g prot),但两处理组鱼肝脏和胃中的淀粉酶活性没有显著差异;两处理组鱼的肝脏和胃中均未检测出脂肪酶,配合饲料组的肠道脂肪酶活性(23.55 U/g prot)显著高于活饵料组(14.39 U/g prot),但两处理组幽门盲囊中脂肪酶活性(分别为17.90和13.23 U/g prot)没有显著差异;配合饲料组的肝脏碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(103.44 U/g prot)显著高于活饵料组(58.20 U/g prot),而配合饲料组的肝脏谷草转氨酶(AST/GOT)活性(20.38 U/g prot)显著低于活饵料组(32.51 U/g prot);肝脏中其余被检测的5种酶活性(ACP、ALT/GPT、SOD、GSH-PX和CAT)和血清中被检测的代谢酶(ALT/GPT和AST/GOT)及抗氧化酶(SOD和GSH-PX)活性在两处理组之间均没有显著差异。研究表明,刀鲚能摄食配合饲料,配合饲料组和活饵料组的大多数消化酶、非特异性免疫酶、代谢酶及抗氧化酶活性,没有显著性差异,但配合饲料组的刀鲚生长和成活率远低于活饵料组,建议今后研发和改进刀鲚配合饲料,逐步替代活饵料。