黑龙江省夏季林火蔓延特点

通过对2001-2007年黑龙江省夏季森林火灾调查研究发现,该地区夏季林火种类有地表火、地下火、树冠火3种,这3种蔓延方式之间相互演变,多数为地表火与地下火同时存在。夏季林火蔓延速度普遍较慢,地表火蔓延速度大多在0.05m/s以下;浅层地下火在有林地的燃烧速度为2-4m/h、草甸为1-3m/h,深层地下火在有林地的燃烧速度为0.2m/h以下、草甸为0.05m/h以下;树冠火蔓延速度一般为180-600m/h。     

野外火火头前方气体速度场的数值分析研究(英文)

该研究建立了一个火焰和火焰环境的模型 ,在此基础上利用PHEONICS软件模拟了 3个火灾的实例 .模拟的结果与实验研究总体说来比较符合 .模拟揭示了 :(1)火线前方的风速场可以划分为3个区域 .在火焰前方与地面交接处总是有一个漩涡存在 ;(2 )如果火线火强度已知 ,3个区域的形状和尺度主要由坡度和环境风速决定 ;(3)在火头前方存在逆风区 .当坡度为 0时 ,环境风速对于逆风区的风速的大小影响不大 .但是在下坡时 ,逆风明显增强     

北京西山可燃物特点及潜在火行为

以北京西山魏家村林场为研究区域,通过样地调查和森林清查数据将可燃物划分为针叶林、阔叶林、混交林和疏林地。根据样地调查和树木生物量模型计算不同类型和不同层次的可燃物载量、厚度和高度。根据2000—2006年当地气象数据,确定历史平均最大风速的平均值和主风向,在此背景下对风场进行模拟,进而对地表火和树冠火进行模拟计算,计算出不同类型火发生时火蔓延速度、火强度和火焰高度的分布图。地表火的蔓延速度为0.01～0.22m.s-1,树冠火的蔓延速度为0.12～2.25m.s-1;地表火的火线强度为144～6595kW.m-1,树冠火的火线强度为3214～189002kW.m-1;地表火的火焰高度为0.37～2.50m,树冠火的火焰高度为1.75～13.4m。通过对可燃物和火行为指标的计算,可以为防火林带规划和防火林管理提供依据,也可为可燃物管理、扑火安全防范等提供借鉴。     

可燃物处理对大兴安岭地区主要林型火行为的影响

【目的】模拟研究不同强度的可燃物处理对大兴安岭地区典型森林的火行为影响,为开展可燃物管理提供科学依据。【方法】在2019年火险期,分别对大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松林、白桦林、兴安落叶松白桦混交林等天然林和兴安落叶松与樟子松人工林进行可燃物调查和清理。每种林型分别设置3块样地(20 m×20 m),每块样地再分别设置4块小样地(10 m×10 m)。对每块样地进行林分结构调查,然后对4块小样地分别进行可燃物处理,包括割除枯死灌木和草本、清理枯枝和地表凋落物等。按可燃物处理程度分为未处理、低、中和高强度处理4个等级。低强度处理后林内无易燃及枯死灌草、地表无大型可燃物(10 h),可燃物梯最小高度为3 m,中强度处理后倒木、灌木及小乔木全部清除,高强度处理后地表存留可燃物不会支持火的持续燃烧和蔓延。调查可燃物处理后的可燃物空间分布。利用可燃物特征分类系统(FCCS)分别模拟各林分在火险期内一般天气情景和干旱情景下的火行为。一般天气情景下,模型输出的指数包括地表火蔓延速度、火焰高度和火强度指标;干旱情景下,模型输出指数为潜在地表火(火强度、火焰高度和蔓延速度)及潜在树冠火行为(树冠火发生指数、蔓延指数和蔓延速度指数)。【结果】模拟结果显示,低强度可燃物处理后,兴安落叶松天然林和人工林地表火蔓延速度分别降低51.6%和42.8%,火焰高度分别降低33.6%和39.4%,平均火强度分别降低22.8%和34%;而兴安落叶松白桦天然混交林、白桦林和樟子松人工林的火行为变化不明显。中强度可燃物处理后,兴安落叶松白桦混交林、白桦林、兴安落叶松天然林、兴安落叶松人工林和樟子松人工林的地表火蔓延速度分别降低29.4%、37.1%、79.1%、83.3%和19.7%,火焰高度分别降低33.3%、29.8%、67.2%、69.7%和38.1%。高强度可燃物处理后,兴安落叶松天然林、兴安落叶松人工林、兴安落叶松白桦天然混交林、白桦林和樟子松人工林平均蔓延速度分别降低95.3%、97.6%、85.7%、88.9%和77.6%,平均火焰高度分别降低93.1%、93.9%、92.6%、87.6%和87.3%。干旱情景下,5种林型地表火行为指标随着可燃物处理强度的增大而明显降低(P0.01),白桦林无树冠火发生,其他4种林型树冠火发生可能性及蔓延速度随可燃物处理强度的增大而明显降低(P0.01)。【结论】在一般天气情景和干旱情景下,中强度可燃物处理后,兴安落叶松白桦混交林、白桦林、兴安落叶松天然林和樟子松人工林的地表火蔓延速度均低于1 m·min~(-1),火焰高度低于1 m,兴安落叶松人工林的地表火蔓延速度和火焰高度分别低于人工0.1 m·min~(-1)和0.1m;各林型地表火焰高度低,蔓延速度慢,易于直接扑灭;兴安落叶松白桦混交林和樟子松人工的树冠火发生降幅超过20%,兴安落叶松天然林和人工林地表火蔓延速度减少40%以上,树冠火发生可能降低30%。而高强度可燃物处理后,会影响森林结构及其功能,因此,针对当前主要林型进行中强度的可燃物清理,清理地表未分解的枯落物和易燃灌木草本以及树冠下空间易燃可燃物,就可以有效降低地表火蔓延速度和避免树冠火发生。     

黑龙江省夏季林火火焰高度和火强度的研究

介绍了黑龙江省夏季森林火灾的种类,其包括地表火、地下火、树冠火三种.分析了这三种林火蔓延方式之间的相互演变关系,阐述了火强度的研究方法并给出了平均火强度值.     

森林火行为与特殊火行为研究进展

森林火灾主要包括地表火、地下火、树冠火3种蔓延形式。目前火蔓延模型主要关注于森林地表火的蔓延研究, 对一些特殊的火行为, 如树冠火、火旋风、飞火等研究极为薄弱, 而这些火行为在特大森林火灾的蔓延传播中起着重要作用, 往往加速火蔓延, 并对扑火人员造成生命危险。我国森林大多集中在山区, 火灾一旦发生, 由于复杂的地形、不均匀的可燃物分布、多变的局地风和林火的相互作用, 极易形成复杂的火行为。文中对森林火灾中的火行为和特殊火行为进行了论述, 讨论了当前的研究进展和未来发展趋势。     

林火行为和扑救技术研究进展

森林火灾会破坏森林资源,积极开展林火扑救研究对于保护森林资源具有重要意义。林火行为研究一直是林火研究领域的重点。文中针对地下火、地表火和树冠火3种类型,从火行为和扑救技术2个方面进行综述;认为通过研究林火发生与蔓延机理,建立基于燃烧物理机制的火增长模型,是发展林火扑救技术的科学基础。林火行为未来研究的重点是,探究自然条件下的地下火蔓延机制,发展地下火探测技术;完善地表火和树冠火蔓延的物理模型,确定地表火向树冠火转换的临界条件;提升火行为预报能力和开发扑救装备,增强扑救能力。     

森林火灾中的树冠火研究

森林火灾按其燃烧物和燃烧部位的不同, 通常可分为地表火、树冠火和地下火3种。树冠火是指在林冠层燃烧和蔓延的火, 通常与地表火同时发生。树冠火发生数量不多, 但其燃烧温度高、火强度大、蔓延速度快, 对森林的破坏性极大。从树冠火的发生机制、蔓延模型、扑救方法、预防和减弱树冠火发生及蔓延危险性的措施几方面对当前国内外树冠火的研究进展进行了综述, 并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

火行为的特征值简易算法

1984年9月在苏联《森林业》上发表“估算地表火强度的方法”一文。这篇文章对系统研究火行为有一定参考,但文中出现几处印刷错误,而且祗列出了火强度小于40千瓦/米的火行为特征值。为此,参照我国最近几年的研究成果,提出一个实际可以使用的方法。1983年《山地研究》第1卷第2期上王正非发表“山火初始蔓延速度测算法”一文,又在同年《林业科学》第19卷第4期发表“应用线性方程确定林火强度”的文章。这些文章总括起来,可以窥见近期国际上研究火行为趋向于物理学方法。一、估算地表火的方法实地测定地表火的热源强度Is值和火     

秦岭森林潜在火行为数量分类及划分指标研究

根据秦岭林区 4 5块标准地和 2 2 5个样方的冠层易燃物最大密度 (D)、地表可燃物载量 (W )及地表可燃物绝对含水率 ( μ) 3个实测值的 1 35个数据 ,运用Dissimilarityanalysis计算认为 ,调查的 4 5块标准地明显地可聚为 6类。据类间差异性将秦岭森林潜在树冠火行为分为强度树冠火、弱度树冠火和无树冠火 3种类型 ,划分依据为冠层易燃物最大密度 ,区分指标分别为 0 1 1kg/m3 和 0 37kg/m3;地表火强度划分应用μ和W 双因素判断法 ,并将其划分为强度地表火、中度地表火和弱度地表火 3种类型 ,其区分指标分别为地表可燃物载量 1 4 0kg/m2 和地表可燃物绝对含水率 4 0 %。据此 ,秦岭林区潜在火行为共划分为 9种类型 ,分别为强度树冠火强度地表火类型 (D >0 37kg/m3,W≥ 1 4 0kg/m2 ,μ<4 0 % )、强度树冠火中度地表火类型 (D >0 37kg/m3,W≥ 1 4 0kg/m2 ,μ≥ 4 0 %或W <1 .4 0kg/m2 ,μ<4 0 % )、强度树冠火弱度地表火类型 (D >0 37kg/m3,W <1 4 0kg/m2 ,μ≥ 4 0 % )、弱度树冠火 ( 0 1 1kg/m3≤D≤ 0 37kg/m3)强度地表火类型、弱度树冠火中度地表火类型、弱度树冠火弱度地表火类型、无树冠火 (D <0 1 1kg/m3)强度地表火类型、无树冠火中度地表火类型和无树冠火弱度地表火类型     

气候变化背景下云南松林火灾害的响应规律研究

基于1990—2018年云南省云南松分布区气象数据和森林火灾数据,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、对比分析法以及相关性分析研究气象指标与森林火灾的动态变化趋势和响应规律.结果表明:(1)防火期平均气温在1998—2018年达显著上升水平,年均与防火期的平均相对湿度均在1995—2018年达显著下降水平;年均及防...     

基于改进的元胞自动机林火蔓延模拟研究与实现

根据我国森林火灾蔓延的特点,在分析了国内外主流林火蔓延模型的基础上,将元胞自动机原理与林火蔓延自身的特点相结合,着重研究了风作用系数、地形坡度调整系数等在元胞自动机中的作用形式,并引入地图代数中距离系数的概念,对原有林火蔓延速度模型进行改进,以提高模拟精度,使模拟结果更加真实地反映现实世界中林火的蔓延特点。最后采用C#语言结合ArcEngine的编程技术,以汕头市某山地DEM(数字高程模型)数据为例,动态模拟了林火蔓延的过程。     

Probability of surface fire spread in Brazilian rainforest fuels from outdoor experimental measurements

This paper describes the development of a logistic model to predict the probability of surface fire spread in Brazilian rainforest fuels from outdoor experimental measurements. Surface fires spread over litter composed mostly of dead leaves and twigs. There were 72 individual outdoor experiments in eighteen sites. The fire propagated in 49% of the experiments. In each experiment, the litter height, litter temperature, unburned litter mass, wet and dry litter mass, soil temperature, wet and dry soil mass, ambient wind velocity, ambient air temperature, ambient air relative humidity and duration of fire spread were measured. Using these data, the rate of fire spread, litter bulk density, litter and soil moisture content, litter load and litter residue fraction were determined. For the sake of analysis, experimental results were classified into two groups: one for which the fire propagated and the other one for which the fire self-extinguished. Analyses of a logistic regression model showed that the relevant parameters for fire propagation are litter height and litter moisture content. Concerning the probability of successful fire propagation, the model showed a true positive rate of 71% and a true negative rate of 84%. The outdoor experiments also served to gather data to improve the understanding of surface fires and to provide input data for future computer simulations.     

Bark beetles,fuels, fires and implications for forest management in the Intermountain West

Bark beetle-caused tree mortality in conifer forests affects the quantity and quality of forest fuels and has long been assumed to increase fire hazard and potential fire behavior. In reality, bark beetles, and their effects on fuel accumulation, and subsequent fire hazard, are poorly understood. We extensively sampled fuels in three bark beetle-affected Intermountain conifer forests and compared these data to existing research on bark beetle/fuels/fire interactions within the context of the disturbance regime. Data were collected in endemic, epidemic and post-epidemic stands of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce. From these data, we evaluated the influence of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on various fuels characteristics over the course of a bark beetle rotation. The data showed that changes in fuels over time create periods where the potential for high intensity and/or severe fires increases or decreases. The net result of bark beetle epidemics was a substantial change in species composition and a highly altered fuels complex. Early in epidemics there is a net increase in the amount of fine surface fuels when compared to endemic stands. In post-epidemic stands large, dead, woody fuels, and live surface fuels dominate. We then discuss potential fire behavior in bark beetle-affected conifer fuels based on actual and simulated fuels data. Results indicated that for surface fires both rates of fire spread and fireline intensities were higher in the current epidemic stands than in the endemic stands. Rates of spread and fireline intensities were higher in epidemic stands due, however, to decreased vegetative sheltering and its effect on mid-flame wind speed, rather than changes in fuels. Passive crown fires were more likely in post-epidemic stands, but active crown fires were less likely due to decreased aerial fuel continuity. We also discuss the ecological effects of extreme fire behavior. Information is presented on managing forests to reduce the impact of bark beetle outbreaks and the interplay between management, bark beetle populations, fuels and fire hazard and behavior.     

王正非林火蔓延模型改进研究

王正非林火蔓延模型是目前国内比较先进的森林火灾蔓延模型,但是由于林火行为的复杂性,此模型在准确率和普适性方面仍存在许多不足。本文结合已有的成果进一步改进王正非模型,增加了可燃物湿度对林火蔓延速度的影响,改进了林火初始速度的计算方式。针对各种坡度对林火蔓延行为的影响给出了一个计算公式。与改进前相比,改进后的模型使其对林火蔓延情况的预估更为精准。     

Topography affected landscape fire history patterns in southern Arizona, USA

Fire histories contribute important information to contemporary fire planning, however, our knowledge is not comprehensive geographically. We evaluated the influence of topography on fire history patterns in two contrasting landscapes within the Santa Catalina Mountains of southeastern Arizona. Multiple fire-scarred trees from randomly selected 2-ha plots were used to develop plot composite mean fire intervals (PCMFIs) within the Butterfly Peak (BP) and Rose Canyon (RC) landscapes. BP is dominated by steep, northerly aspects and presence of potential fire spread barriers (exposed rock bluffs and scree slopes). RC is dominated by more gentle and southerly aspects with relatively few fire barriers. Within each landscape, PCMFIs did not differ significantly between aspect classes from A.D. 1748 to 1910 (BP: p = 0.73 and RC: p = 0.57). Pooled PCMFIs in the gentler RC landscape were, however, significantly shorter (p < 0.001) than in the steeper BP landscape. The frequency of relatively widespread fires (i.e., number of fire years when ≥2 plots scarred) was similar between landscapes, but fires in the gentler RC landscape were significantly larger (p = 0.033). The higher frequency of large fires (i.e., fires that burned >75% of the landscape) in RC resulted in more area burned over time and shorter fire intervals at individual plots. Conversely, smaller fires in the dissected BP landscape resulted in less area burned and longer periods between fires at individual plots. The different topographies in the two landscapes likely result in different wind intensities, fuel moistures, and fuel/vegetation types—and consequently, different historical fire spread patterns. Our conclusion is that fire history patterns are not influenced primarily by stand-scale topography, but rather by the topographic characteristics of the broader, surrounding landscape.