西北干旱区地表水与地下水相互转化及总水资源的计算

地表水与地下水同出一源，地表水与地下水多次转化是我国干旱区水资源的主要特点，因此研究干旱区总水资源计算不仅具有理论意义，也有重要实践意义。根据估算，干旱区总水资源量为１０４０．４×１０８ｍ３／ａ，由于干旱区地表水与地下水，从山区至平原不断转化，地表水与地下水资源总量之和，扣除总重复量，才是真实总水资源。     

中国西北干旱区生态地下水埋深适宜深度的确定

干旱区影响天然植被生长的土壤水分和盐分,都和地下水埋深密切相关。地下水埋藏浅,在强烈的蒸发作用下,溶解于地下水中的盐分沿毛管上升水流于地表聚集,使土壤发生盐渍化,产生盐胁迫。地下水埋深过低,毛管上升水流不能到达植物根系层,植物生长受到水分胁迫,发生荒漠化。因此,确定既不会使土壤发生盐渍化和荒漠化的地下水埋深十分重要。本文根据地下水、土壤水及植物生长状况综合研究,把适宜的地下水埋深界定为在温带荒漠区1.5—4m,暖温带荒漠区2.0~4.0(4.5)m,即在潜水的强烈蒸发深度以下和蒸发极限深度之上的区间,为防治土地盐渍化、荒漠化和估算生态用水提供了科学依据。     

中国干旱区地下水资源及开发潜力分析

中国干旱区地下水资源是在国土资源部"新一轮全国地下水资源评价"(截至1999年)的基础上,利用2006年的最新资料进行修正计算获得。经修正计算,新疆地下水天然补给资源量为578.53×108m3/a,其中南疆7地州(含吐鲁番—哈密盆地)为326.96×108m3/a,北疆8地州为251.56×108m3/a。平原区地下水可开采资源全疆为230.39×108m3/a,其中南疆为152.32×108m3/a,北疆为78.07×108m3/a。2006年全疆地下水开发利用量为58.93×108m3/a,尚有162.02×108m3/a的开发潜力,其中南疆为117.75×108m3/a,北疆为44.27×108m3/a。河西走廊地区地下水天然补给资源量为51.80×108m3/a,平原区地下水可开采资源量为25.70×108m3/a,2006年开采利用量为21.51×108m3/a,尚有4.20×108m3/a的开发潜力。     

近百年来全球主要干旱区的干旱化特征分析

利用 1 8 6 0 - 1 995年全球格点 (2 .5°经度ⅹ 2 .5°纬度 )Palmer干旱指数 (PDSI)资料 ,以及通过修正的PDSI程序计算的 1 95 1 - 2 0 0 2年中国干旱、半干旱区的PDSI ,分析了全球七大干旱区区域平均年PDSI近百年来的变化趋势及干旱变率对全球变暖的可能响应 ,结果表明 :除澳大利亚、北非干旱区外 ,南美洲、南非、北美洲、中亚和中国西北等全球主要干旱区近百年来呈明显变干趋势 ,且全球气候变暖时段干旱年发生概率明显偏高。在中国 ,近5 2a来半干旱区呈变干趋势 ,而干旱区干旱化有所缓和甚至相反。这一研究表明在全球变暖条件下 ,干旱、半干旱区域水资源缺乏应该引起我们的高度重视     

近50a西北干旱区气候变化趋势及对荒漠化的影响

西北干旱区干旱少雨,生态环境脆弱,土地荒漠化严重。本文根据近1951-2000年的逐月平均气温和月降水量资料研究了我国西北干旱区气候变化趋势,并结合近年来西北干旱区地表径流量变化,分析其对准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地、河西走廊和柴达木盆地土地荒漠化影响。研究结果表明:(1)近50a西北干旱区气温都升高,变暖最显著的是北疆和柴达木盆地。降水量有增加趋势,其中南疆降水量增加趋势最大。北疆蒸发量有减少趋势外,其他区蒸发量都在增加,尤其南疆蒸发量增加趋势最大。(2)近50a来由于气候变暖,使蒸发量增大,塔克拉马干沙漠、河西走廊沙漠区和柴达木沙漠区的干旱危害加剧,这必然导致沙漠化的易发和其进程的加速。北疆气温升高,降水量增加,而蒸发量减少,有利于古尔班通古特沙漠区沙漠化进程的减缓。(3)气候变化和地表径流量变化有利于准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地的土地荒漠化逆转,而使河西走廊和柴达木盆地的土地荒漠化发展迅速。     

近50a西北干旱区气候变化对农业的影响

本文选取了西北干旱区21个代表站点1951-2000年逐日气温和逐日降水量资料。用趋势法和百分位阈值法分析年平均气温、年降水量、极端年最低温度、年最高温度和极端降水量变化特征及其各分区极端气候变化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)近50a西北干旱区气温呈上升趋势(0.22℃/10a),1986年后气温明显升高,柴达木盆地和北疆升温较大。近50a西北干旱区年降水量变化和趋势分布,降水变化有增加的趋势(3.2mm/10a),其中北疆降水增加最多。(2)西北干旱区近40a年极端最低温度的天数有减少趋势,平均最低温度天数的减少率为7-8天/40a。而极端年最高温度的天数略有增加趋势,平均增加率为0.5天/40a左右。年最高温度略有减少趋势,平均变率为-0.5℃/40a,年最低温度也有增加趋势,平均变率为1.0℃/40a。西北干旱区近40a极端降水的天数增加了2天/40a。(3)气候变暖对西北干旱区农业既有有利影响,又有不利影响,降水量增加,极端气候事件减少对农业有有利影响。     

西北干旱半干旱区NDVI季节性变化及其影响因素

研究植被的动态变化及其影响因素,不仅能够揭示植被覆盖动态变化特征与气候变化之间的响应机制,同时对区域的植被恢复以及生态可持续具有重要意义。本文基于MODIS遥感卫星数据,借助变异系数、趋势分析、相关分析与Hurst指数探究了2000—2020年西北干旱半干旱区植被覆盖逐季变化特征、影响因素及未来趋势。结果表明：（1）归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）空间变异程度在冬季偏高,且高波动主要分布在新疆与内蒙古大兴安岭的草地与未利用地区域。（2）NDVI随季节波动较大,在林地与耕地最为明显。（3）NDVI主要为改善趋势,其中,春季改善面积最大（84.63%）,冬季最小（72.52%）,且林地改善最为显著。（4）各季度NDVI均受地表温度与降水量影响（Significance=0.05）,且夏季地表温度与冬季降水量逐年递增对植被生长具有抑制作用。（5）未来NDVI主要呈改善趋势。值得注意的是,退化区域零星分布于新疆塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地等地区。本研究旨在为西北干旱半干旱区的生态修复与治理,以及局部气候暖湿化的应对提供理论参考...     

西北半干旱区农村经济可持续发展脆弱性的分析与测度

本文在个人、家庭和社会三个层面,对西北半干旱区农村经济可持续发展存在的脆弱性进行分析的基础上,构建了测度西北半干旱区农村经济可持续发展脆弱性的指标体系,并以典型地区甘肃省榆中县中连川乡为例进行了实证研究,为实现农村经济可持续发展提供了另外一种视角。     

基于LMDZ模型的西北干旱区水汽再循环率分析

局地水汽再循环是陆地水循环过程的重要环节。在我国西北干旱区水汽再循环的绝对量虽然有限,但对区域降水的贡献(即水汽再循环率)却不容忽视。本文基于嵌套同位素模块的LMDZ模式模拟数据,运用同位素混合模型,对西北干旱区1979-2007年水汽再循环率的时空特征及其作用机制进行了分析。结果表明:研究时段内,外来水汽对降水的月尺度和年尺度贡献率都明显高于再循环水汽,季节上呈夏高冬低,年际上呈逐渐上升的态势;而再循环水汽的贡献率较低,呈夏季低冬季高且逐年下降(冬半年植物蒸腾水汽的贡献率在年际上呈上升趋势)的特点。外来水汽对降水的贡献率存在空间差异,山区附近的值往往较高,荒漠平原区的值则较低。就地表蒸发与植物蒸腾而言,地表蒸发对降水的贡献率整体低于植物蒸腾,但在小范围地区也有相反的规律。外来水汽和地表蒸发水汽的贡献量与其贡献率的空间分布特征基本一致,而植物蒸腾水汽在山区的贡献量高于荒漠平原区。     

干旱半干旱区地下水引起的表生生态效应及其评价指标体系研究

干旱半干旱地区地下水具有重要的生态价值.本文从这一地区地下水与生态环境之间关系出发,以地下水资源永续利用并与社会经济和生态环境协调发展为目标,探讨了地下水生态价值的定义,分析了地下水引起的表生生态效应及其驱动力,建立了地下水引起的表生生态效应递阶层次评价指标体系.这些研究不仅丰富了水资源生态价值理论,而且对这一地区水资源合理开发利用并与社会经济、生态环境协调发展具有参考价值.     

Evaluation of groundwater sustainability based on groundwater age simulation in the Zhangye Basin of Heihe River watershed,northwestern China

Water resources, as the primary limiting factor, constrain the economic and social development in arid inland areas. The Zhangye Basin is a representative area of inland river basins, which is located in the middle parts of the Heihe River watershed, northwestern China. Facing with the huge water shortage, people exploited ground- water at a large scale in recent years. The reducing recharge from surface water and over-exploitation of ground- water led to the decline of groundwater levels and threatened the sustainability of water resources. This study con- structed a conceptual and numerical groundwater flow model and calibrated the model based on the observed wells. A solute transport model was built using MT3DMS to calculate the groundwater age distribution in the Zhangye Basin. The simulated result shows that the youngest groundwater is distributed near the most upstream areas in the model domain, which is less than 1,000 a, older groundwater is distributed in deeper parts of the aquifer and near the discharge outlets, ranging from 6,000 a to over 20,000 a. Spatial variation of groundwater ages in the middle area indicates the recharge diversity between unconfined and confined aquifer. Groundwater age can serve as an indicator to evaluate groundwater’s renewal capacity and sustainability. The formation of groundwater resources in the lower stream area would spend 10,000 a or even more than 20,000 a, so exploitation of groundwater in these areas should be restrained.     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

基于气温的潜在蒸散发量估算方法在我国西北干旱地区的应用比较

根据石羊河流域两个气象站的历史数据,选取7种基于气温的潜在蒸散发量估算方法,以FAO56-PM法计算的ET作为参考值,对其进行比较分析,最后再用实测蒸发皿蒸发量对这些方法在西北干旱地区的适用性进行评价。结果表明:在两个站使用7种方法的初始参数时,多数产生较大误差。校正参数后两个站所有方法在估算逐月ET和月平均ET时都得到明显改进。改进的Romanenko法在两个站所有月份以及全年误差都最小,其次是Hargreaves和Linacre法。用实测小型蒸发皿蒸发量进行验证时,改进的Romanenko法与其相关系数最高,为0.97,其次是Linacre和Hargreaves法。就气温法而言,校正参数后的Romanenko,Hargreav-es和Linacre法可在此研究区域用于估算ET,并建议优先选择Romanenko法,与小型蒸发皿的折算系数适宜选取0.60。     

Spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of relative humidity in arid region of Northwest China during 1966–2017

Playing an important role in global warming and plant growth, relative humidity(RH) has profound impacts on production and living, and can be used as an integrated indicator for evaluating the wet-dry conditions in the arid and semi-arid area. However, information on the spatial-temporal variation and the influencing factors of RH in these regions is still limited. This study attempted to use daily meteorological data during 1966–2017 to reveal the spatial-temporal characteristics of RH in the arid region of Northwest China through rotated empirical orthogonal function and statistical analysis method, and the path analysis was used to clarify the impact of temperature(T), precipitation(P), actual evapotranspiration(ETa), wind speed(W) and sunshine duration(S) on RH. The results demonstrated that climatic conditions in North Xinjiang(NXJ) was more humid than those in Hexi Corridor(HXC) and South Xinjiang(SXJ). RH had a less significant downtrend in NXJ than that in HXC, but an increasingly rising trend was observed in SXJ during the last five decades, implying that HXC and NXJ were under the process of droughts, while SXJ was getting wetter. There was a turning point for the trend of RH in Xinjiang, which occurred in 2000. Path analysis indicated that RH was negatively correlated to T, ETa, W and S, but it increased with increase of P. S, T and W had the greatest direct effects on RH in HXC, NXJ and SXJ, respectively. ETa was the factor which had the greatest indirect effect on RH in HXC and NXJ, while T was the dominant factor in SXJ.     

Planting density affected biomass and grain yield of maize for seed production in an arid region of Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015 in an arid region of Northwest China to investigate the effects of planting density on plant growth, yield, and water use efficiency(WUE) of maize for seed production. Five planting densities of 6.75, 8.25, 9.75, 11.25 and 12.75 plants/m~2 were conducted in 2012, and a planting density of 14.25 plants/m~2 was added from 2013 to 2015. Through comparison with the Aqua Crop yield model, a modified model was developed to estimate the biomass accumulation and yield under different planting densities using adjustment coefficient for normalized biomass water productivity and harvest index. It was found that the modified yield model had a better performance and could generate results with higher determination coefficient and lower error. The results indicated that higher planting density increased the leaf area index and biomass accumulation, but decreased the biomass accumulation per plant. The total yield increased rapidly as planting density increased to 11.25 plants/m~2, but only a slight increase was observed when the density was greater than 11.25 plants/m~2. The WUE also reached the maximum when planting density was 11.25 plants/m~2, which was the recommended planting density of maize for seed production in Northwest China.     

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fie     

Vegetation dynamics of coal mining city in an arid desert region of Northwest China from 2000 to 2019

Coal mining has led to serious ecological damages in arid desert region of Northwest China. However, effects of climatic factor and mining activity on vegetation dynamics and plant diversity in this region remain unknown. Wuhai City located in the arid desert region of Northwest China is an industrial city and dominated by coal mining. Based on Landsat data and field investigation in Wuhai City, we analyzed the vegetation dynamics and the relationships with climate factors, coal mining activity and ecological restoration projects from 2000 to 2019. Results showed that vegetation in Wuhai City mostly consisted of desert plants, such as Caragana microphylla, Tetraena mongolica and Achnatherum splendens. And the vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) and greenness rate of change(GRC) showed that vegetation was slightly improved during the study period. Normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) was positively correlated with annual mean precipitation, relative humidity and annual mean temperature, indicating that these climate factors might play important roles in the improved vegetation. Vegetation coverage and plant diversity around the coal mining area were reduced by coal mining, while the implementation of ecological restoration projects improved the vegetation coverage and plant diversity. Our results suggested that vegetation in the arid desert region was mainly affected by climate factors, and the implementation of ecological restoration projects could mitigate the impacts of coal mining on vegetation and ecological environment.     

Dry/wet climate zoning and delimitation of arid areas of Northwest China based on a data-driven fashion

The division of arid areas is important in water and land resources management, planning and for a long-term agricultural, economic and social planning. Northwest China(NW) dominates the main arid areas in China. There is thus a need to adopt adequate concepts relative to the scope of arid areas of NW China and identify its climate types and characteristics. In this study, we analyzed climatic data over the last 30 years(1981–2010) from 191 stations in three provinces and three autonomous regions of NW China. The factor-cluster analysis tech- nique(FC), an objective and automated method was employed to classify the dry/wet climate zones. The traditional methods with predefined thresholds were adopted for providing a comparison with FC. The results showed that the wet/dry climate zones by FC were mainly distributed along mountains, rivers and desert borders. Climate-division boundaries relied heavily on the major terrain features surrounding the grouped stations. It also showed that the climate was dry in the plain sandy areas but relatively wet in the high mountain areas. FC method can reflect the climate characteristics more fully in NW China with varied and complicated topography, and outperform the tradi- tional climate classifications. Arid areas of NW China were defined as four climate types, including five resultant classes in FC classifications. The Qinling and Da Hinggan Mountains were two important boundaries, besides main administrative boundaries. The results also indicated that there are some differences between two traditional clas- sifications. The precipitation moved and fluctuated to an extent, which confirmed that climate change played an important role in the dry/wet climate zoning, and the boundaries of dry/wet climate zones might change and migrate with time. This paper is expected to provide a more in-depth understanding on the climate characteristics in arid areas of NW China, and then contribute to formulate reasonable water and land management planning and agri- cultural production programs.     

Floral traits and pollination system of Zygophyllum xanthoxylum in the managed and wild populations in an arid region of Northwest China

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, which belongs to Sarcozygium of Zygophyllaceae, is one of the ecologically important species in Northwest China. In order to understand the pollination system of Z. xanthoxylum, we investigated the following characteristics of this species in the Urat Desert-grassland Research Station in western Inner Mongolia of China: flowering dynamics, pollen viability, pollen limitation, floral visitors and breeding system. The results showed that the flowering period and flowering peak were different between the wild and managed populations, being longer in the managed population. Z. xanthoxylum was pollen-limited, and pollen limitation was more intense in the wild population than in the managed population. Chalicodoma deserticola(Hymenoptera) was found to be the most frequent pollinator in the wild population, while Anthophora fulvitarsis(Hymenoptera) was the most frequent and effective visitor in the managed population. Out-crossing was dominant in the breeding system and self-pollination just played an assistant role to assure the reproduction of Z. xanthoxylum.     

Time lag characteristics of sap flow in seed-maize and their implications for modeling transpiration in an arid region of Northwest China

Plant capacity for water storage leads to time lags between basal stem sap flow and transpiration in various woody plants. Internal water storage depends on the sizes of woody plants. However, the changes and its influencing factors in time lags of basal stem flow during the development of herbaceous plants including crops remain unclear. A field experiment was conducted in an arid region of Northwest China to examine the time lag characteristics of sap flow in seed-maize and to calibrate the transpiration modeling. Cross-correlation analysis was used to estimate the time lags between stem sap flow and meteorological driving factors including solar radiation(R_s) and vapor pressure deficit of the air(VPD_(air)). Results indicate that the changes in seed-maize stem sap flow consistently lagged behind the changes in R_s and preceded the changes in VPD_(air) both on hourly and daily scales, suggesting that light-mediated stomatal closures drove sap flow responses. The time lag in the maize's sap flow differed significantly during different growth stages and the difference was potentially due to developmental changes in capacitance tissue and/or xylem during ontogenesis. The time lags between stem sap flow and R_s in both female plants and male plants corresponded to plant use of stored water and were independent of total plant water use. Time lags of sap flow were always longer in male plants than in female plants. Theoretically, dry soil may decrease the speed by which sap flow adjusts ahead of shifts in VPD_(air) in comparison with wet soil and also increase the speed by which sap flow adjusts to R_s. However, sap flow lags that were associated with R_s before irrigation and after irrigation in female plants did not shift. Time series analysis method provided better results for simulating seed-maize sap flow with advantages of allowing for fewer variables to be included. This approach would be helpful in improving the accuracy of estimation for canopy transpiration and conductance using meteorological measurements.