钼与花生根瘤菌的复配及在酸性紫色土上的接种效果

通过供试菌株Spr4-5、Spr2-9耐钼酸钠、钼酸铵试验表明,根瘤菌耐Mo能力强,耐钼酸铵能力比钼酸钠强,不同菌株耐钼能力不同。在研制的“高效根瘤菌+Mo”的复合菌肥中,用钼酸铵生产的复合菌肥比用钼酸钠的活菌数高,高活菌数持续的时间长;复合菌肥的pH一般随含钼量的增加和贮存时间的延长而升高,但复合钼酸铵菌肥pH增幅较小,复合钼酸钠菌肥pH增幅较大。在贮存的180d内,复合钼酸铵的菌肥活菌数和pH均符合《根瘤菌肥料》质量标准;钼酸钠对菌肥的活菌数和pH影响大,钼酸钠不宜作为钼肥添加到根瘤菌剂中。盆栽试验表明,不同菌株共生固氮的有效性与钼酸铵浓度相关。钼酸铵浓度为0.2%时,供试菌株Spr.4-5共生固氮效果最好,比CK增产73.4%,比传统菌肥增产13.7%,占瘤率为59.7%;钼酸铵浓度为0.3%时,Spr.2-9共生固氮效果最好,比CK增产49%,比传统菌肥增产21.4%,占瘤率为70.3%;其增产效果均达极显著水平。     

Mo与花生根瘤菌的复合菌剂对盛花期花生生长的影响

通过盆栽试验分析了"Mo+花生根瘤菌Spr2-9"复合菌剂对花生盛花期生长的影响.结果表明:(1)单接种Spr2-9(R1)能明显或显著增加植株干重、叶绿素和全氮量,分别比相应对照增加10.0%,14.6%,37.0%.(2)复合菌剂处理(R2,R3,R4)的占瘤率随钼浓度增大而增大,平均单瘤重随钼浓度增大显著降低,而总瘤数、全氮、叶绿素含量、植株干重随钼浓度的变化不显著.(3)钼能显著促进盛花期无菌处理(2,3,4)植株和根瘤的生长,平均单瘤重、叶绿素含量、植株干重、全氮量等随钼浓度增大显著增高,但对总根瘤数的影响不大.(4)等钼量的复合菌剂和无菌处理间,除无菌处理的单瘤重显著或明显高于复合菌剂外,其它都是复合菌剂处理高于无菌处理.表明供试根瘤菌是高效菌株,"Mo+供试根瘤菌"的复合菌剂对竞争结瘤、根瘤及植株生长有明显作用.     

不同供Zn量对三种小麦基因型幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究了不同供Zn量(0、0.5、104、0.mg/L,分别用Zn0、Zn0.5、Zn10、Zn40表示)对三种亲缘关系很远的半冬性小麦基因型郑麦9023、陕512、西农979幼苗生长发育及Zn、Fe、Mn吸收的影响,以期为筛选耐高锌的小麦基因型提供理论依据。结果表明,不供Zn时小麦幼苗未出现缺Zn症状;Zn0.5对小麦的正常生长影响较小。三种基因型小麦的幼苗在过量供Zn(Zn10、Zn40)时均受到严重伤害:抑制小麦分蘖、根系及地上部生长,叶片叶绿素SPAD值显著降低,小麦植株尤其是根部的耐性指数降低;施入的Zn的转运率显著降低,却大大提高了小麦植株尤其是根部的Zn含量和吸收量,但Zn10时幼苗体内Zn含量和吸收量大于Zn40,且Zn10比Zn40更能在根部积累Zn。Zn与Fe的吸收在根部似乎表现为互助作用,而地上部表现为颉颃作用;Zn与Mn之间表现出强烈的颉颃作用。过量供Zn时以西农979耐性指数最大,Zn转运率最高,植株体内的Fe、Mn含量也高。总之,供Zn量为通常配方的51～0倍时对小麦幼苗的生长尚无明显影响;1002～00和4008～00倍时则能对小麦幼苗造成严重伤害,三种供试小麦基因型中以西农979对过量Zn毒害的耐性最强。     

celB基因标记法研究酸性土花生接种及施钼效果

以缺钼酸性紫色土为供试土壤做盆栽试验,选用celB标记的三株慢生型花生根瘤菌celB3-5、celB3-7、celB4-5接种天府9号花生。通过标记根瘤菌形成的根瘤能与检测试剂产生颜色反应的特征,检测施钼及施不同浓度的钼对花生-根瘤菌有效性和竞争性的影响。结果表明,缺钼酸性紫色土上单施钼、单接种、接种配合施钼均能促进花生与根瘤菌的共生固氮效应和竞争结瘤能力,但接种配合施钼的效果最好,单接种的效果次之,单施钼的效果差。单施钼时,0.4%的钼酸铵拌种效果好,接种根瘤菌时,0.2%的效果好。供试菌株中celB4-5的有效性和竞争性最强,celB3-7次之,celB3-5差。     

基于氨苄青霉素的抗污染根瘤菌剂制备技术

以微波辐照诱变获得的红豆草根瘤菌和苜蓿根瘤菌耐氨苄青霉素突变株为供试菌株,发酵培养至菌液活菌量达1×1010 cfu/mL时加氨苄青霉素至终浓度为200 mg/L,以该菌液制备液体抗污染菌剂或添加到灭菌泥炭中制成固体防污染菌剂。结果表明:菌剂中菌株生长正常,菌株繁殖速度与无抗生素菌剂无显著差异,加入灭菌泥炭制成的防污染菌剂储藏120d后的杂菌率仅为市面上购得的普通根瘤菌剂杂菌率的11.89%~4.7%。表明该菌剂制备技术具有设备简单、成本低廉、活菌数高、杂菌率低的特点,能有效提高根瘤菌剂质量。     

北方地区大豆根瘤菌的生物学特性

对北方地区大豆根瘤菌的生物学特性进行了较为系统的研究,结果表明,黑、辽地区分离、纯化的17株根瘤菌均具有典型的根瘤菌的个体形态和菌落特征,生理生化指标接近,可与辽豆15共生结瘤,分为快生菌和慢生菌。所有根瘤菌均可不同程度地利用供试的5种碳源。耐酸碱度、耐盐性及温度敏感实验表明,菌株HS3可在pH6.0~9.0生长,菌株HH4可耐受1.5%氯化钠,菌株HH4,HH2可在13℃~39℃生长。     

西北部分地区鸡眼草根瘤菌的多样性及系统发育分析

对分离自西北部分地区鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)的53株根瘤菌,进行唯一碳源和氮源利用、抗生素、染料和苯酚抗性、耐盐性等98项生理生化性状测定,并结合16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析,对供试菌株进行了遗传多样性研究.结果表明,不同地理来源,甚至来源于同一地区的不同菌株在碳、氮源利用、耐盐性、对苯酚抗性程度等方面存在着一定差异,12.5%的菌株能耐受300 μg/mL氯霉素,58.9%的菌株能耐受2%NaCI,38%的菌株能耐受700 mg/L苯酚.通过16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析,53株供试菌株分别属于慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)和土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium),说明分离自鸡眼草的根瘤菌在种及属的水平上具有非常丰富的遗传多样性.     

西北部分矿区豆科植物根瘤菌重金属抗性及16S rDNA RFLP分析

从生长在西北部分矿区的豆科植物根瘤中分离筛选到对重金属有抗性的38株根瘤菌,采用PCR-RFLP分子技术进行16S rDNA指纹图谱分析,选取每种类型的代表菌株进行16S rDNA全序列测定,建立系统发育树状图,并对38株菌进行Zn、Hg、Cu、Cd和Pb5种重金属的抗性研究。结果表明,供试菌株分别归属于中华根瘤菌属（Sinorhizobium）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）和土壤杆菌属（Agrobacterium）。代表菌株CCNWSX1277和CCNWSX1294可耐受2.0mmol·L-1的Zn2＋,CCNWSX1277可耐受0.25mmol·L-1的Hg2＋,多数代表菌株可耐受1.6mmol·L-1的Cu2＋,仅3株代表菌株可以耐受Cd2＋,其中CCNWSX1277能耐受1.4mmol·L-1的Cd2＋,所有代表菌株能耐受2.5mmol·L-1的Pb2＋。Agrobacterium属的2株代表菌株对5种重金属均有较强的耐受性;而Rhizobium属的4株菌和Sinorhizobium属的3株菌对5种重金属的耐受性不同,表现出较大的差异。总体来看,供试菌株对重金属的耐受性顺序为Agrobacterium〉Rhizobium〉Sinorhizobium。     

重庆市植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量评价

对重庆市14个县(区)的334个植烟土壤样品的有效态微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B和Mo的含量状况和分布特征进行分析,结果表明,重庆市20%以上植烟土壤缺Mo、Zn,75%以上土壤缺B,有效铁、锰含量较丰富,有效铜极丰富。有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量均与土壤pH值呈负相关关系,有效钼含量与土壤pH值呈正相关关系,有效硼含量在pH<7.0时随pH的增加而增加,但在pH>7.0时含量下降。植烟土壤中有效铁和有效铜含量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系,而有效锰、硼和钼与有机质无明显相关性。     

柠檬酸对鱼腥草吸收累积铅锌矿区土壤中重金属的影响

采用矿区实地田间试验,通过外源添加柠檬酸(1mmol/kg,3mmol/kg,6mmol/kg和9mmol/kg)处理,研究鱼腥草对重金属复合污染土壤Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Cu 5种重金属元素的吸收累积特性,并确定最佳的柠檬酸调控浓度。结果表明,柠檬酸添加浓度为1mmol/kg时能显著促进鱼腥草生物量的提高,比对照增产11.64%,其他处理浓度的柠檬酸对鱼腥草生物量有抑制作用,但不显著;柠檬酸处理能显著提高鱼腥草对Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr这4种重金属元素的吸收累积能力,对Pb和Zn吸收累积能力大于Cd和Cr,对Cu的吸收累积无明显促进作用。但当柠檬酸添加浓度为1mmol/kg时每667m2鱼腥草提取Pb、Zn、Cr和Cu的量分别比对照增加了35.16%,34.39%,59.00%和18.93%,对Cd无明显促进作用。鱼腥草在矿区重金属复合污染土壤上能正常生长,并对多种重金属胁迫具有一定的耐受能力和吸收累积能力,可用于矿区重金属复合污染土壤的植物修复。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.