我国毛皮动物养殖概况及存在的问题

简要概述了我国毛皮动物养殖业在规模、饲养管理与疾病防制技术、毛皮质量和经济效益方面与先进国家的差距。同时,又提出了诸如组建行业协会、克服免疫失败、提高毛皮兽用疫苗质量和正确使用兽用疫苗等方面的建议。     

首届兽药疫苗正确使用与毛皮动物疾病控制新技术高峰论坛圆满结束

由山东农业大学、山东畜牧兽医学会动物制品与动物药品专业委员会主办的“首届兽药疫苗正确使用与毛皮动物疾病控制新技术”高峰论坛在泰安市华泰大酒店隆重举行。参会学校领导、各地专家、国内兽药、疫苗企业、大型毛皮动物养殖企业代表共计157人。     

提高毛皮动物疫苗免疫效果的措施

为了搞好毛皮动物的免疫工作,获得较高的免疫效价水平,在毛皮动物疫苗免疫过程中应注意:机体健康是免疫的前提,使用正规厂家有生产批号的疫苗,采取合理的免疫程序,并采取其他有效措施。     

毛皮动物常用疫苗使用的方法及注意事项

近10多年来,毛皮动物疫病仍以传染病的危害为重,犬瘟热、传染性肠炎、水貂阿留申病或狐狸脑炎仍在流行,而新的疫病不断出现给毛皮动物养殖业造成了极大的损失。1常用疫苗的使用方法多年来我国毛皮动物疫苗有2类。一类是由农业部审定批准生产的疫苗,在说明书和瓶签上有准许生产文号,属规程产品。另一类是未经农业部审定列入规程的,在说明书和瓶签上未标明生产文号的＂中试＂产品。     

科学使用毛皮动物疫苗

这段时间,不少的毛皮动物养殖户来电反映,他们所饲养的毛皮动物,尽管注射了疫苗,为什么还有诸如像犬瘟热、传染性胃肠炎、脑炎等症状的出现?其实,在生产中,每到即将给毛皮动物注射疫苗的时期,这种情况比较常见。为了有效减少这种情况,我们今后在给毛皮动物注射疫苗的时候应注意     

科学使用毛皮动物疫苗

这段时间,不少的毛皮动物养殖户来电反映,他们所饲养的毛皮动物,尽管注射了疫苗,为什么还有诸如像犬瘟热、传染性胃肠炎、脑炎等症状的出现?其实,在生产中,每到即将给毛皮动物注射疫苗的时期,这种情况比较常见.     

毛皮动物的预防接种与免疫保护——兼答镇江市京金水貂饲料公司冷秀法同志

<正> 近年来,毛皮动物疾病防制技术取得了可喜成果,多家生产的疫苗和诊断抗原等生物制品,源源销往全国各养兽场、点,对毛皮动物饲养业的发展做出了贡献。但是,也屡屡出现预防接种某种疫苗后仍然发生该病的现象。这种情况,山东     

毛皮动物疫苗使用注意事项

<正>毛皮动物养殖过程中管理成败的关键一项在于能否控制住疾病,而减少疾病的发生最重要一项是疫苗免疫,疫苗免疫好了将能大量减少疾病的发生,降低死亡率,提高经济效益,有的养殖场因为某种原因导致免疫失败,造成大面积的死亡。因此科学合理的选择和使用疫苗是毛皮动物分窝后的一项最重要的工作,关系到一年的收获,绝不可以麻痹大意,下面就几种常见注意事项介绍如下,以供参考。1疫苗的选择选择正规厂家生产的正规疫苗,不可以贪图便宜购买非法企业     

毛皮动物如何科学使用疫苗

1疫苗注射的时间 在每年饲养毛皮动物的周期内，总共有3个发病、死亡的高峰期。第1个高峰期是在小兽产后半个月之内，小兽出现大量的死亡（预防这个阶段的死亡主要依靠提早对种兽使用优质饲料添加剂，在怀孕早期、中期使用低水平饲料饲养毛皮动物，从而提高出生小兽的均匀度）。     

毛皮动物主要传染病疫苗及最新研究进展

主要介绍了毛皮动物犬瘟热、细小病毒性肠炎、狐脑炎等疾病进行疫苗接种的情况,分析了疫苗免疫失败的原因,探讨了毛皮动物传染病研究的最新进展。     

Modern veterinary vaccines and the Shaman's apprentice

This paper is an overview and assessment of new, commercially available veterinary vaccines placed in a historical context. The authors critically evaluate the current state of the field of veterinary vaccines in both food and companion animals and the promises for future vaccine development. The authors maintain that there is considerable variability in safety and sustained efficacy among veterinary vaccines, especially those developed for companion animals. It is proposed that establishment of an international vaccine advisory committee be supported which would function to apprise the veterinary profession of the current status of vaccines and their use.     

Fundamental safety requirements in the use of live vaccine in food animals]

Live vaccines have a number of advantages over inactivated ones--above all in respect of the stimulation of cell-mediated immune reactions. Various live vaccines, based on viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites, have been approved for use in Germany in animals used as a source of food. Safety requirements obviously play a more important role for live vaccines, both in vaccine development and in batch testing, than with inactivated vaccines. Vaccine strains isolated from tissue samples must be clearly distinguishable from field strains. The safety of overdoses and the spread of the vaccine strain in the immunized animals have to be investigated, as well as shedding of the vaccine strain and its safety in non-target species. Any impact of a live vaccine strain on humans and the environment must be assessed. Live vaccines will remain an important research field in the long term, with efforts focused on developing deletion mutants and vector vaccines.     

The current state of veterinary vaccines: is there hope for the future?

This article is an overview and assessment of available veterinary vaccines, placed in a historical context. A more complete presentation of the main tenets of the symposium talk at Agenda for Action: Veterinary Medicine's Role in Biodefense and Public Health is published elsewhere.' The symposium presentation contained a critical evaluation of the current state of the field of veterinary vaccines for both food and companion animals and of promises for future vaccine development. There is considerable variability in safety and sustained efficacy among veterinary vaccines, especially those developed for companion animals. Standardization of vaccines and vaccinal strains and detailed knowledge of their safety, efficacy, and potency and of the duration of immunity are needed before rational recommendations can truly be made. It is proposed that the establishment of an international vaccine advisory committee be supported, which would function to apprise the veterinary profession of the current status of vaccines and their use, and that a system for reporting vaccine adverse events, similar to that for humans, should be established.     

DNA vaccines for veterinary medicine

DNA vaccination represents one of the most recent novel approaches to vaccine development. Experimentally, DNA vaccines induce a broad range of long lasting immune responses including humoral and cell-mediated immunity against infectious diseases in humans and animals. Furthermore, DNA vaccines are potentially useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases or cancer. However, most information on the efficacy of DNA vaccines has been generated in mice and studies in larger animals are limited. In this review, the potential application of DNA vaccines in livestock and pet animals are discussed. The principle of this new technology, its potency and future perspectives for use in veterinary medicine will be outlined.     

Vaccination against foot and mouth disease: current state and perspectives

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in many parts of the world and poses a permanent threat for cloven-hoofed animals in all countries. The available vaccines against FMD are safe and efficacious. Combat of FMD by vaccination is controversial in currently FMD-free countries including the ones of the European Union. The article summarizes our knowledge concerning production and use of vaccines, virus persistence, differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals, vaccination programs and perspectives of vaccine development.     

THE CONTROL OF BLUETONGUE IN AN ENZOOTIC SITUATION

On account of the wide host range of bluetongue virus and its biological transmission by insects, control of the disease in an enzootic situation is based primarily on the active immunisation of susceptible animals as well as on the prevention of contact between the insect vectors and the susceptible hosts. In spite of their unquestionable value, the egg attenuated vaccines which are currently employed for prophylactic immunisation, have certain shortcomings. The existence of 16 known serotypes of bluetongue virus makes it difficult to achieve a very wide spectrum of immunity in sheep vaccinated once or twice only. The problems which are experienced with the immunisation of lambs born in spring are indicated. The present vaccine can also present problems when used in breeding animals. Furthermore, the costs involved in the annual vaccination of large numbers of animals are considerable. The need for a vaccine for cattle is indicated. Work is also being conducted at present on the development of an inactivated vaccine for use in sheep. The use of novel virological techniques may aid in the future development of absolutely safe and highly efficient vaccines against bluetongue.     

Serological response of guinea pigs to oily and aqueous inactivated vaccines containing a Brazilian isolate of the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is widespread in cattle in Brazil and research shows its large antigenic variability. Available vaccines are produced with virus strains isolated in other countries and may not be effective. In this study, inactivated vaccines containing the Brazilian BVDV-Ib IBSP11 isolate were developed and tested on 6 groups of 10 guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Animals in groups A and C received an aqueous vaccine (aluminum hydroxide); B and D groups received an oily vaccine (Montanide ISA50); Group E positive-control animals were given an imported commercial vaccine with BVDV-Ia Singer; Group F animals were sham vaccinated (negative control). Groups A, B and E received two doses, and Groups C and D, three, every 21 days. Twelve blood samples were taken, at 21-day intervals over 231 days, and evaluated for antibody titer through virus-neutralization (VN), using a homologous strain (IBSP11), and a heterologous strain (BVDV-Ia NADL). Most animals, 42 days following the first dose, seroconverted to both strains and, after the second dose, there was a significant increase of titers in all groups. The oily formulation induced greater response after the third administration. This increase was not observed with the aqueous vaccines, regardless of the virus used in the VN. Antibody decline was more rapid in animals that received aqueous vaccines. The results showed the importance of studying the influence of endemic strains of commercial vaccines, to improve the efficacy of BVD vaccination. Use of the endemic strain in vaccine formulation presented promising results, as well as the use of guinea pigs as a laboratory model.     

Present and future of veterinary viral vaccinology: a review

This review deals briefly with some key developments in veterinary vaccinology, lists the types of vaccines that are used for vaccinations commonly performed in food animals as well as in companion animals, and indicates that the practising veterinarian can select the best vaccine by comparing the results of efficacy studies. Diva (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals; also termed marker) vaccines and companion diagnostic tests have been developed that can be used for progammes aimed to control or eradicate virus infections. Vaccine-induced herd immunity, which can be measured relatively easily when diva vaccines are used, is a crucial issue in such programmes. Current vaccine research follows many routes towards novel vaccines, which can be divided into non-replicating ('killed') and replicating ('live') vaccines. Promising trends are the development of DNA vaccination, vector vaccines, and attenuation of DNA and RNA viruses by DNA technology. The lack of (in vitro) correlates of vaccine protection markedly hampers progress in vaccine research. Various characteristics of an 'ideal' vaccine are listed, such as multivalency and the induction of lifelong immunity after one non-invasive administration in animals with maternal immunity. Future research should be aimed at developing vaccines that approach the ideal as closely as possible and which are directed against diseases not yet controlled by vaccination and against newly emerging diseases.     

Recombinant vaccine technology in veterinary medicine.

Recombinant technology is relatively new to veterinary medicine. It combines safety, purity, potency, and efficacy in the vaccine. Its positive features include not exposing the vaccinate to the pathogen, the lack of need for adjuvants, and stability that allows some vaccine to remain viable at ambient temperatures. These recombinants can receive multiple genetic inserts and present an opportunity to have multiple combination vaccines for use in animals. Licensed recombinant vaccines in veterinary medicine include those protecting against Lyme disease, pseudorabies, rabies, canine distemper, Newcastle disease, and a strain of avian influenza.     

Effectiveness of vaccines and vaccination programs for the control of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda, 2001–2010

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In Uganda, FMD outbreaks are mainly controlled by ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements. Vaccination stimulates immunity and prevents animals from developing clinical signs which include lameness, inappetence, and decreased production. Ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements have, however, not successfully controlled FMD in Uganda and outbreaks reoccur annually. The objective of this study was to review the use of FMD virus (FMDV) vaccines and assess the effectiveness of vaccination programs for controlling FMD in Uganda (2001–2010), using retrospective data. FMD vaccine distribution patterns in Uganda (2001–2010) matched occurrence of outbreaks with districts reporting the highest number of outbreaks also receiving the largest quantity of vaccines. This was possibly due to “fire brigade” response of vaccinating animals after outbreaks have been reported. On average, only 10.3 % of cattle within districts that reported outbreaks during the study period were vaccinated. The average minimum time between onset of outbreaks and vaccination was 7.5 weeks, while the annual cost of FMDV vaccines used ranged from US $58,000 to 1,088,820. Between 2001 and 2010, serotyping of FMD virus was done in only 9/121 FMD outbreaks, and there is no evidence that vaccine matching or vaccine potency tests have been done in Uganda. The probability of FMDV vaccine and outbreak mismatch, the delayed response to outbreaks through vaccination, and the high costs associated with importation of FMDV vaccines could be reduced if virus serotyping and subtyping as well as vaccine matching were regularly done, and the results were considered for vaccine manufacture.