坝地沉积旋回泥沙养分变化及其对小流域泥沙来源的解释

黄土高原广泛分布的坝地沉积泥沙中赋存了大量小流域侵蚀特征及侵蚀环境变化的信息,泥沙特性的变化则是这些信息的直接体现。该文通过对比分析淤地坝沉积旋回泥沙中和坝控小流域内不同泥沙源地土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量,发现小流域内土壤养分含量变异性明显大于沉积旋回泥沙中的变异性,沉积旋回泥沙养分含量与沟壁土壤中的相接近,其中与沟壁中的全氮、全磷和全钾无显著差异(p>0.05),但显著小于荒草地和坡耕地中的有机质、全氮和全磷含量(p<0.05),表明淤地坝运行期间小流域泥沙主要来源于沟壁坍塌和沟道扩展,重力侵蚀和沟蚀是主要侵蚀类型;有机质和全氮在坝地沉积旋回中呈明显阶段性变化,分析认为其反映了农村土地联产承包责任制对小流域土地利用和土壤侵蚀的影响。     

Modelling soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale: the case of Masinga catchment,Kenya

Development of improved soil erosion and sediment yield prediction technology is required to provide catchment stakeholders with the tools they need to evaluate the impact of various management strategies on soil loss and sediment yield in order to plan for the optimal use of the land. In this paper, a newly developed approach is presented to predict the sources of sediment reaching the stream network within Masinga, a large‐scale rural catchment in Kenya. The study applies the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and a developed hillslope sediment delivery distributed (HSDD) model embedded in a geographical information system (GIS). The HSDD model estimates the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) on a cell‐by‐cell basis using the concept of runoff travel time as a function of catchment characteristics. The model performance was verified by comparing predicted and measured plot runoff and sediment yield. The results show a fairly good relationship between predicted and measured sediment yield (R²=0·82). The predicted results show that the developed modelling approach can be used as a major tool to estimate spatial soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of organically managed grassland to available phosphorus and potassium in the soil and supplementary fertilization: field trials using grass–clover leys cut for silage

Abstract. Effective use and recycling of manures together with occasional and judicious use of supplementary fertilizing materials forms the basis for management of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) within organic farming systems. Replicated field trials were established at three sites across the UK to compare the supply of P and K to grass–clover swards cut for silage from a range of fertilizing materials, and to assess the usefulness of routine soil tests for P and K in organic farming systems. None of the fertilizing materials (farmyard manure, rock phosphate, Kali vinasse, volcanic tuff) significantly increased silage yields, nor was P offtake increased. However, farmyard manure and Kali vinasse proved effective sources of K to grass and clover in the short to medium term. Available P (measured as Olsen-P) showed no clear relationship with crop P offtake in these trials. In contrast, available K (measured by ammonium nitrate extraction) proved a useful measurement to predict K availability to crops and support K management decisions.     

Soil phosphorus status of organic farming in Flanders: an overview and comparison with the conventional management

Abstract. A number of organic farms in Flanders were sampled to investigate the general phosphorus (P) status and degree of P saturation (P_sat) of the soils. Where possible, the soil P status was compared to that in conventional agriculture and related to farm characteristics: agricultural land use, soil texture, fertilization intensity and time since conversion. Generally, the P status of the organic farms was high, and similar to that of conventional farms in Flanders, which is due to the restricted time since conversion to organic farming on most farms. The average soil P_sat was slightly lower (37%) than the average value for East Flanders (39%) taken over the soil profile to 90 cm. However, a large proportion of the field areas on organic farms still had a P_sat greater than 30% (critical P_sat value), which may be an indication that P saturation will continue to be a problem for these farms.     

社会生态视阈下的敏感区养殖污染治理分析--以福建省南平市西芹水厂水源地周边地区为例

为提高生态敏感区养殖污染治理成效和公众参与度,本文以福建省南平市西芹水厂水源地周边地区的养猪污染治理为例,从社会生态的角度探讨治理新思路。应用Mitchell评分法对利益相关者进行识别和分类,建立理论分析框架并探讨利益相关者生态经济需求差异及"养殖户-公众-村委"关系网络对污染治理的影响,进而以13个村委和111个农户的问卷调查和驻村观察数据为基础,比较各利益相关者态度和行为差异,应用Tobit回归分析显著影响态度的因素,应用Logistic回归分析影响参与行为的关键因素。结果表明,利益相关者的社会、经济、生态利益需求和"上下游公众-养殖户-上下游村委"社会网络是水源地周边地区养殖污染治理决策的重要出发点。利益相关者对养猪污染治理的态度组间差异较大:养殖户、上游公众及村委倾向于经济发展,下游公众及村委热衷于环境保护,村委支持养猪污染治理的态度得分明显高于养殖户与公众。性别、利益需求类型、教育程度和年龄对个体支持养猪污染治理的态度具有显著影响,女性较男性更支持污染治理,利益需求越弱、受教育程度越高和年龄越大的个体更支持养猪污染治理。利益需求类型和关系程度对个体参与治理行为具有显著影响,利益需求越强、与养殖户关系越密切的社会个体参与治理的可能性越低,而态度对行为并无显著影响。利益需求未能得到重视和当地社会关系网的阻碍使得积极参与治理的公众较少,影响了治理效果。充分考虑各利益相关者的生态、经济、社会利益需求及当地社会关系网络的影响,协调不同主体的关键利益需求矛盾,分析利用乡土社会关系网络,由政府主导治理转向多元利益主体网络治理是促进生态敏感区畜禽养殖污染治理的新思路。     

变化环境下黄土丘陵沟壑区次暴雨输沙模型参数

气候变化和人类活动加剧了水资源时空分布的变化,使流域暴雨洪水规律更为复杂,因此开展变化环境下的次暴雨计算产流输沙规律研究十分必要.本文以黄土丘陵沟壑区6个典型流域为研究对象,采用径流侵蚀功率、Mann-Kendall趋势检验和Pettitt突变点检验法分析6个典型流域1984-2014年的次暴雨资料的变化特征.结果表明:6个典型流域次洪流量和输沙量总体呈减少趋势;洪峰、沙峰、洪量以及输沙量突变年份集中在1998和2003年;径流侵蚀功率和输沙模数之间满足幂函数分布,幂指数参数b能够表征降雨和下垫面因素对流域产沙和输沙的影响,参数b受气候变化和人类活动影响较大.突变前后径流侵蚀功率和输沙模数关系显示:突变前参数b倾向于0.60,突变后参数b倾向于0.85;因此次暴雨输沙模型中参数b可以作为水土保持防治以及改善水土流失区域生态环境的参考指标.     

Evaluation of runoff,peak flow and sediment yield for events simulated by the AnnAGNPS model in a belgian agricultural watershed

The AnnAGNPS model, widely utilized as a practical tool for addressing erosion problems and land use planning, was implemented in a small agricultural watershed located in central Belgium, to assess its prediction capacity of runoff, peak flow and sediment yield in humid temperate conditions. Model performance was evaluated at the event scale by using a database reporting hydrological, geomorphologic and land use data collected during a 2‐year period. Seventeen events were modelled and compared with the corresponding observations at the watershed outlet. The model performed well in predicting the largest runoff volumes, as shown by the high values achieved for the coefficients of efficiency (E = 0·89) and determination (r² = 0·92). However, some events resulted in zero runoff simulation. The prediction capability for peak flow and sediment yield was poor (E = 0·35 and 0·16, respectively). This inaccuracy can have several causes: the internal model deficiencies may be due to the incomplete representation of watershed complex processes, while external problems may be related to the conditions within the modelled watershed and the quality of recorded data. On the whole the AnnAGNPS model may be considered as being suitable to simulate the significant runoff events in the experimental watershed. However, the model may be seen as better suited for comparative assessments of alternative management and policy scenarios and for gross estimation of nutrient loads rather than the precise prediction of a single event, consequently helping in the prediction of land degradation problems in the experimented conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

日光温室滴灌条件下黄瓜氮、磷、有机肥肥效与施肥模式研究

采用N、P、有机肥三因素五水平最优设计,在陕北黄土高原进行了日光温室黄瓜N、P和有机肥肥效与施肥模式的田间试验。得到了日光温室黄瓜N、P和有机肥的肥效反应模式,以及N、P和有机肥单因素对日光温室黄瓜产量的影响。结果表明N、P、有机肥对日光温室黄瓜产量增加的影响是有机肥 N P,施用有机肥是日光温室黄瓜增产的主要措施。当施P2O5量小于750 kg/km2、施氮量小于1150 kg/hm2时,N、P肥有增产效果,用量大于此施肥量时N、P肥效降低。根据反应模式提出在黄瓜目标产量在83000~88000 kg/hm2之间,95%置信区间的N、P、有机肥最佳施肥用量为N 807.5～1309.3、P2O5 576.6～991.6 kg/hm2;有机肥41.3～148.9 t/hm2。N∶P2O5为1∶0.714～0.757。日光温室黄瓜种植应以有机肥为主,氮磷肥配合施用。     

Assessing the potential of changing land use for reducing soil erosion and sediment yield of catchments: a case study in the highlands of northern Ethiopia

Reservoir sedimentation is the most serious threat for water harvesting schemes and hydroelectric power dams in Ethiopia. Designing watershed conservation strategies and management is crucial to reduce the rate of sedimentation. Because different landscape types have varying potentials for enhancing erosion processes, site‐ and process‐specific conservation measures are needed to target an appropriate intervention to the most needed locations. In this study, a GIS‐based distributed soil erosion/deposition model was used to simulate the potential of land‐use and cover (LUC) changes and conservation measures for reducing water induced soil erosion and potential sediment yield for two catchments in northern Ethiopia. LUC change and conservation measures targeted gully and stream buffers, protection of steep slopes and protection of areas with soil loss greater than a given threshold. The results show that land management measures targeted at hot‐spot areas of erosion and gully formation could reduce potential annual sediment yield from catchments by approximately 60% compared with the current losses. The study demonstrates the potential of a GIS‐based LUC‐redesign approach as a tool for optimizing land‐use and management strategies to reduce run‐off and erosion rates in the highlands of northern Ethiopia.