Design and Applicationos of Land Resources and Ecological Environment Information System： A Case Study of Zigui County in the Three Gorges Area of China

The design and applications of a land information system built upon ARC/INFO and ArcView are presented.The proposed system not only maintains all the advantages of the more conventional implemen-tations but also enhances them in the following ways:1)the application program interfaces(API)are used to transmit data and messages among different parts of the system;2)the integrated system can support studies on land evaluations and ecological analyses by efficient management of attribute and spatial data and 3)correspondingly,spatial records and attributive records are linked by the same identifiers(ID).A case study application in Zigui County of the Three Gorgas Area in China demonstrates that the system could employ land-use maps and land property data to predicate and analyze the land utilization changes in the past,present and future.The ecological environment analysis can be carried out with the data of land,economics and terrain map used,showing that the system can be widely applied,especially to survey land and environment resources in the countryside area.     

普通克里格法在土壤有机碳制图中的应用

The quantification of the pattern and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) is fundamental to understand many ecosystem processes.This study aimed to apply ordinary kriging (OK) to model the spatial distribution of SOC in a selected part of Zambia.A total of 100 soil samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for SOC by determining soil oxidizable carbon using the Walkley-Black method.An automated fitting procedure was followed when modeling the spatial structure of the SOC data with the exponential semivariogram.The results indicated that the short range spatial dependence of SOC was strong with a nugget close to zero.The spatial autocorrelation was high to medium with a nugget to sill ratio of 0.25.The root mean square error of the predictions was 0.64,which represented 58.18％ of the mean observed data for SOC.It can be concluded that the generated map could serve as a proxy for SOC in the region where evidence of spatial structure and quantitative estimates of uncertainty are reported.Therefore,the maps produced can be used as guides for various uses including optimization of soil sampling.     

GIS/RS集成技术在叙利亚滨海土壤侵蚀评价和模拟研究上的应用

An integrated remote sensing(RS) and geographic informtion system(GIS) technique was employed to characterize the spatial distribution of the risk of soil erosion by water on Lakaia district ,Syria,The universal soil loss equation(USLE)was used to calculate the annual soil loss rates for Latakia soils ,Mainly,remote sensing data soil survey,land use inventory,elevation data and climatic atlases are used as resource data sets to generate USLE facto values ,The results revealed that integration of GIS/RS with USLE was a practical and effective approach for monitoring soil erosion over large areas.     

斯洛伐克农田土壤环境学指标的研究

The soil environmental index(SEI),which is a four digit code system,represents relatively homogenous spatial unit with specific soil capacity to provide ecological or non-production functions.This work aimed to present information on rating and economic evaluation of SEI,which is a spatial identifier used for expressing heterogeneity of Slovak agricultural soil to support analysis of soil ecological functions.In this study,SEI index expressed the capacity of soil to accumulate water,immobilise the risk elements and substances and transform risk substances(organic pollutants).Partial evaluations of soil capacity to provide above mentioned functions were used to derive final SEI values.Within the agricultural soils of Slovakia there were 493 combinations of soil environmental index.Each index was expressed through rating(point)value and economic value.Average value of Slovak agricultural land to provide selected ecological soil functions was 55.3 points,which corresponded to 35.946 billionper agricultural land or approximately 1.42per square meter.Spatial identification of SEI codes and relevant database were developed in vector form via geographical information systems of Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute,Bratislava.In addition to using the national soil database system,a strategy was presented for evaluating and pricing of soil ecological function,and the development of an soil environmental index.Assessment and evaluation of vitally important soil functions expressed by SEI can significantly contribute to planning and protection of the soil,and can regulate indiscriminate anthropic interventions in land use decisions.     

基于GIS和改进型土地生态适宜性评价模型的茶叶适宜性综合评价

Tea(Camellia sinensis) is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China;however,the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom.In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province,the annual mean temperature,the annual accumulated temperature above 10 C,the frequency of extremely low temperature below 13 C,the mean humidity from April to October,slope,aspect,altitude,soil type,and soil texture were selected from climate,topography,and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops.These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system(GIS).The grey relational analysis(GRA) was combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability,and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation(LESE) model was built.Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province,the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS.The results demonstrated that the highly,moderately,and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27 552.66,42 724.64,and 26 507.97 km 2,and accounted for 28.47%,44.14%,and 27.39% of the total evaluation area,respectively.Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province.The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops,providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.     

应用数字遥感图像对泰国Chanthaburi省土地利用动态的监测

A comprehensive method of image classification was developed for monitoring land use dynamics in Chanthaburi Province of Tailand.RS(Remote Sensing),GIS(Geographical Information System),GPS (Global Positioning System) and ancillary data were combined bythe method which adopts the main idea of classifying images by stekps from decision tree method and the hybridized supervised and unsupervised classification.An integration of automatic image interpretation,ancillary materials and expert knowledge was realized.Two subscenes of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper(TM) images of bands 3,4 and 5 obtained on December 15,1992,and January 17,1999,were used for image gprocessing and spatial data analysis in the study.the overall accuracy of the results of classification reached 90%,which was verified by field check.Results showed that shrimp farm land,urban and traffic land,barren land,bush and agricultural developing area increased in area,mangrove,paddy field,swamp and marsh land,orchard and plantation,and tropical grass land decreased,and the forest land kept almost stable.Ecological analysis on the land use changes showed that more attentions should be paid on the effect of land development on ecological environment in the future land planning and management.     

厦门市土地利用变化的时空格局及驱动力

Using Landsat TM data of 1988, 1998 and 2001, the dynamic process of the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use changes during 13 years from 1988 to 2001 in the special economic zone of Xiamen, China was analyzed to improve understanding and to find the driving forces of land use change so that sustainable land utilization could be practiced. During the 13 years cropland decreased remarkably by nearly 11 304.95 ha. The areas of rural-urban construction and water body increased by 10 152.24 ha and 848.94 ha, respectively. From 1988 to 2001, 52.5% of the lost cropland was converted into rural-urban industrial land. Rapid urbanization contributed to a great change in the rate of cropland land use during these years. Land-reclamation also contributed to a decrease in water body area as well as marine ecological and environmental destruction. In the study area 1） urbanization and industrialization, 2） infrastructure and agricultural intensification, 3） increased affluence of the farming community, and 4） policy factors have driven the land use changes. Possible sustainable land use measures included construction of a land management system, land planning, development of potential land resources, new technology applications, and marine ecological and environmental protection.     

中国坡耕地分布特征与退耕还林草政策影响分析

The Grain-for-Green Policy in China could not only improve China's ecological quality, but also influence grain supplies for a short term. Based on data from the detailed nationwide land use survey in 1996 and the steep cultivated land survey update in 2000, a regression model for the driving forces affecting steep cultivated lands was developed, and cluster analysis was used to identify seven steep cultivated land types in order to analyze the grain availability impact of the project with land usage estimates for 2010 and 2030. The results suggested that consecutive days with minimum daily temperature over 10 ℃ and the dominant slope in a county constrained the spatial distribution of steep cultivated lands. In terms of socioeconomic factors, steep cultivated land was a complex interaction of population size, gross domestic production level, and the richness and quality of cultivated lands having slopes less than 15°. The trends for steep cultivated land in 2010 and 2030 were forecast using a driving forces model and China's grain security criteria and showed that the Grain-for-Green Policy at the national level would not cause a grain shortage or threaten food security criteria. However, if steep sloped lands were to be retired from production, some regions would need grain supplements as early as 2010. Also, assuming that only 60% of the cultivated land at the national level was needed, population and economic development pressures in 2030 would require some steep cultivated lands to be used for grain production.     

基于土壤传递函数的土壤持水特性间接估计及其空间变异性研究

A total of 107 soil samples were taken from the city of Qingdao,Shandong Province,China.Soil water retention data at 2.5,6,10,33,100,300,and 1 500 kPa matric potentials were measured using a pressure membrane apparatus.Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for single point estimation and van Genuchten parameter estimation based on readily measurable soil properties,i.e.,MLR-based point (MLRP) PTF and MLR-based parametric (MLRV) PTF.The double cross-validation method was used to evaluate the accuracy of PTF estimates and the stability of the PTFs developed in this study.The performance of MLRP and MLRV PTFs in estimating water contents at matric potentials of 10,33,and 1 500 kPa was compared with that of two existing PTFs,the Rawls PTF and the Vereecken PTF.In addition,geostatistical analyses were conducted to assess the capabilities of these PTFs in describing the spatial variability of soil water retention characteristics.Results showed that among all PTFs only the Vereecken PTF failed to accurately estimate water retention characteristics.Although the MLRP PTF can be used to predict retention characteristics through traditional statistical analyses,it failed to describe the spatial variability of soil water retention characteristics.Although the MLRV and Rawls PTFs failed to describe the spatial variability of water contents at a matric potential of 10 kPa,they can be used to quantify the spatial variability of water contents at matric potentials of 33 and 1 500 kPa.     

应用危险确认模型评估土地管理的可持续发展

New Zealand is highly dependent on its soil resource for continued agricultural production.To avoid depleting this resource,there is a need to identify soils and associated land management practices where there is a risk of soil degradation.Environmental integraity and ecosystem services also need to be maintoained.Accordingly,to ensure sustainable production,The on -and off-site environmental impacts of aldn management need to be identified and managed.We developed a structural vulnerability index for New Zealand soils.This index ranks solis according to their inherent susceptibility to physical degradation when used for agricultural (pasture,forestry and cropping) Purposes.We also developed a rule-based model to assess soil sompaction vulnerability by characterising the combined effects of resistance and resilience,Other soil attributes have been approatised using seven chemical,physical and biological indicators of soil quality.These indicators have been applied in a nation -wide project involving data collection from over 500 sites for a range of land uses.These soil quality data can be interpreted via the World Wide Web -through the in teractive decisionsupport tool SINDI,The land-use impact model is a framework to assess agricultural land management and environmental sustainability,and may be applied to land units at any scale.Using land resource data and information the model explicitly identifies hazards to land productivity and environmental integrity,It utilises qualitative expert and local knowledge and quantitative model-based evaluations to assess the potential environmental impacts of land-management pratices.The model is linked to a geographic information system(GIS),allowing model outputs.such at the environmental impacts of site-specific best management practices,to be identified in a spatially explicit manner,The model has been tested in New Zealand in an area of pastoral land use.Advantages of this risk identification model include:utilising current knowledege of the causes and effects of land-management practices on soil degradation;linking land management practice to both on-and off-site environmental consequences;identifying important gaps in local knowledge,and providing spatially explicit information on the environmental impact of land-management practices.     

基于CA-Markov的土地利用时空变化与生境质量预测——以宁夏中部干旱区为例

探究干旱半干旱区土地利用结构动态变化特征，评估并预测生境质量，可为区域生态规划和恢复提供决策性依据。本研究以搭载OLI和ETM+传感器遥感影像和气象数据、社会经济数据等为基础，采用土地利用转移流概念、InVEST模型和CA-Markov模型研究2000-2030年宁夏中部干旱区土地利用和生境质量时空变化特征及规律，对未来情境进行模拟和预测。研究结果表明：宁夏中部干旱区土地系统结构变化与生态建设规划高度一致，具有黄河流域两侧集中分布的特征，土地系统综合动态度逐期减小，活跃度具有稳中有变、部分较活跃的特征。土地系统信息熵特征值呈逐年降低趋势。随着时间变化土地系统受人类活动干扰强度低，自我调整程度高，修复能力强，系统向稳定状态转化。2000-2015年研究区生态环境质量呈“U”型特征，以优秀等级为主。2015-2030年土地系统结构将发生显著变化，生境质量优秀、差和良好等级面积逐渐扩大，生态系统呈现稳定向好的趋势。本研究的多模型集成应用可为区域土地规划和生态恢复建设提供理论依据和支撑。     

秦岭地区近40年土地利用变化及其生态环境效应

为探究秦岭地区的土地利用和生态环境效应的时空变化,基于1980—2018年的土地利用数据,通过生态环境质量指数、地统计分析、冷热点分析等方法,对秦岭土地利用的时空演变特征及其生态环境效应的时空分异性,以及影响生态环境质量的主要土地利用转型及贡献率进行了研究。结果表明：(1)秦岭地区耕地面积持续减少427 km²,建设用地面积大幅上涨395 km²,其余地类变化较小;(2)研究区生态环境质量指数稳定在0.557～0.559,在研究时段内整体有所下降。空间分布格局呈现“中部高,南北低”的特征;(3)生态环境质量改善区主要分布在华阴市北部、商南县北部等8个热点区域,生态环境恶化区主要分布在商州区的南部、长安区北部等10个冷点区域。(4)旱地转化为草地、林地等生态用地是生态环境质量改善的主要因素;林地退化、草地转化为旱地、旱地变为建设用地导致生态环境质量恶化。土地利用类型的转换是影响生态环境效应的主要因素,秦岭地区实施的生态修复工程取得了一定的效果。在秦岭生态保护工作中应该合理开发建设用地,并提升生态用地的质量。     

土地整治工作中生态建设问题及发展建议

目前,中国正处于经济社会转型期和生态文明建设初期,土地整治生态转型是国家战略发展的必然要求,也是土地整治发展的趋势。当前土地整治仍存在生态系统思维不足、理论方法与技术体系不完善、生态化新材料和新工艺欠缺与实践应用不足以及对乡村文化关注不够等问题。为促进土地整治维护粮食安全、保护生态环境功能的实现,该文针对目前土地整治中存在的生态环境问题,提出了实现土地整治生态转型发展的相关建议:1)强化土地整治的生态系统认知,推进"山水林田湖"生命共同体建设;2)完善土地生态整治的理论与技术体系;3)加快生态化新材料和新工艺的研发;4)强化公众参与,注重乡村景观保护和乡土技法应用。     

基于国土空间"三线"划定与耕地质量自相关的耕地空间布局优化

结合国土空间规划与耕地质量自相关属性优化耕地保护空间布局，对于耕地质量提升、保障粮食安全具有重要意义。该研究采用改进空间自相关模型，将生态环境作为耕地质量空间相关性分析框架的"第四维"，从地块尺度模拟位于"三线"内地块耕地质量指数的空间自相关性，据此提出优化耕地保护空间布局的方案。结果表明：1）高淳区高质量耕地呈现出东部集中连片、西部零散分布的特征，低质量耕地集中分布在高淳东部，各耕地自然指数均呈现出"西高东低"的特征。2）各耕地质量指数正、负相关型分别与高、低质量耕地的空间高度吻合，均表现出较强正相关性的空间聚集特征。自然质量、利用管理、经济价值及生态环境指数的Moran''s I值分别为0.79、0.92、0.89、0.77，空间集聚性从大到小的顺序为利用管理、经济价值、自然质量与生态环境指数。3）结合国土空间规划与耕地质量自相关优化耕地布局，永久基本农田新增968.15hm2，等级提升0.94，确定永久基本农田保护区、城镇发展缓冲区、生态环境保护区及综合调节区4个一级类与14个二级类。其中，永久基本农田保护区综合质量最优，耕地质量表现出较强的空间扩散效应，应禁止非农建设；城镇发展缓冲区耕地质量较差但区位优势突出，是城镇建设理想区；生态环境保护区耕地综合质量较差但生态优势明显，应开展生态防护工程，形成生态保护格网；综合调节区应判明耕地障碍因素的作用机理，有序开展田间整治，实现向永久基本农田的跃迁。     

陕西卤泊滩盐碱地综合治理措施及效益分析

盐碱地作为一种重要的土地资源,对其进行治理和改良的意义重大.陕西省卤泊滩盐碱地综合治理工程,主要应用农业工程技术、生物技术等措施对盐碱地进行综合治理,通过合理规划布置工程体系,平整土地、种植耐盐碱作物、修建方田、逐步恢复区域生态,实现系统自我调节,水地资源动态平衡.实践结果表明,卤泊滩盐碱地综合治理措施效果显著,土壤质量提高,生态环境改善,农作物产量提高,取得了显著的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益.     

高原传统农区土地利用功能演变及其生态环境效应

为探究高原传统农区不同梯度上土地利用功能演变及其对生态环境影响特征的差异性,选取云南省昌宁县作为研究区,基于2000年、2010年、2020年3期土地利用数据,采用土地利用转移矩阵、区域生态环境质量指数等方法对研究区土地利用功能演变特征及其生态环境效应进行了分析。结果表明：(1)高原农区垂直梯度上土地利用功能格局多样,近20 a来研究区土地利用功能结构变化表现为生活用地、生态用地分别增加2 784.18,2 561.29 hm²,而生产用地减少5 345.47 hm²,生态用地主要集中在中、高起伏地貌区,生产、生活用地主要集中在低起伏地貌区。(2)高原农区生态环境效应空间差异明显,研究区土地利用功能演变对生态环境质量的影响总体平稳,生态环境质量指数总体维持在0.598 2的良好水平,尤其在北部和中部的中、高起伏地貌区,坡耕地、低效园地等农业生产用地转入以林地为主的生态用地,促进区域生态环境稳定向好发展;而由于人口集聚、土地承载和利用过度,在中南部的低起伏地貌区,农业结构调整以及城镇化占用耕地、林地和草地等现象多发,致使局部生态环境质量呈退化趋...     

基于土地利用功能测度的"三生"空间识别与优化调控

三生空间的科学划分是国土空间规划与治理体系的基础，而划分的关键在于定量识别与测度土地利用功能。该研究基于土地利用多功能价值评估方法体系，提出"三生"空间表达模式，并以张家口市为例进行"三生"空间识别与分区调控。结果表明：1）张家口市"三生"空间共涵盖9种功能组合模式，其中生态-生产-生活均衡空间比例最大，且超过80%的空间存在三重功能；2）张家口市不同功能组合模式在空间分布上呈现"局部集聚，全局分散"特征。生产功能主导空间与生活功能主导空间主要分布在洋河、桑干河和壶流河谷地，而生态功能主导空间则主要分布于东部的燕山余脉和南部太行山脉附近；3）张家口市"三生"空间优化分区可划为5种类型，生产和生活功能为主的空间分区要在强化主导功能的基础上，实现"三生"功能的协调发展，而生态功能为主的空间分区则以生态保育为首要目标。     

耦合MOP-FLUS模型的滇中城市群“三生”空间格局优化

生产空间、生活空间、生态空间之间联系紧密,决定国土空间的最高演化目标,为了协调区域经济社会的发展,通过构建符合城市群发展实际的“三生”空间分类体系划定国土空间; 基于目标条件与情景设定,通过MOP模型实现“三生”空间综合效益最大化; 利用FLUS模型优化“三生”空间布局,并采用景观格局指数对其优化结果进行了分析评价。结果表明:优先满足生产和生活空间发展情景的生态效益最低,城镇化进程加快的同时生态空间发展受到抑制,生态环境脆弱; 优先满足生态空间发展情景的经济效益最低,生态环境虽然得到良好保护,但同时生产与生活空间面积占比较小,分布破碎,不利于区域经济发展; “三生”空间均衡协调发展情景的经济效益提高4.46%,生态效益提高1.87%,空间布局均衡统一。因此该情景能够合理平衡生态建设与经济发展,在丰富生态过程和格局结构上具有优越性,可为滇中城市群国土空间资源配置、“三生”空间优化等决策提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

基于最小费用距离的土地整治生态网络构建

[目的]构建土地整治生态网络体系,强化生态涵养功能,为减轻县域土地整治对生态环境的负面影响提供技术支撑。[方法]基于最小费用距离模型,利用ArcGIS软件的Cost Path模块生成最小路径,构建"节点—廊道—基质"为一体的生态网络结构;并运用Fragstats 4.2景观格局分析和ArcGIS缓冲区分析,对生态网络景观格局指数和土地利用结构进行了分析。[结果](1)通过选定生态系统服务价值功能大的节点作为关键节点进行重点建设,充分发挥了园林的绿肺功能;(2)通过加强廊道和基质建设,增加了景观连接度,实现了景观功能优化;(3)通过生态连通度优化,改善了现存生态网络斑块的数量和质量,提高了生物物种多样性。[结论]基于最小费用距离模型,通过景观格局指数分析将各种景观斑块整合成一个相对完整、稳定且连续的生态网络,使区域生态景观空间布局更加合理,可为县域土地整治生态网络构建提供理论依据和技术支撑。