Idiogram and standardized G-band karyotype of the goat (Capra hircus)

Contents: The aim of this paper is to present the idiogram and the standardized G-band karyotype of the goat (Capra hircus). The results are discussed and compared to those published before.     

Sequence analysis of Toll-like receptor genes 1-10 of goat (Capra hircus)

This study involved cloning and sequencing of the coding regions of all 10 Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes of goat. Goat TLR 1-10 gene sequences revealed a high degree of nucleotide identity with sheep and cattle sequences (>90%) and 75-85% with pig, mouse and human sequences. At the amino acid level, 85-99% similarity was observed with sheep and cattle and 60-85% with pig, mouse and human. TLR9c DNA of goat showed the highest amino acid identity to that of sheep (99%) while TLR8 cDNA showed the lowest identity of 88.7% to that of sheep. Variations were seen in the number of leucine rich repeats (LRRs) of goat TLRs as compared to other ruminant species with maximum differences in the TLR3 gene. Phylogenetic analysis through molecular evolution and genetic analysis (MEGA) software and multi dimensional scaling revealed a high degree of conservation of goat TLRs with those from other species. However when the TIR domain of all the TLRs were compared, goat TLR7 TIR alone showed a high divergence of 19.3 as compared to sheep sequences. This is the first report of the full-length cDNA sequences of all the 10 TLR genes of goats which would be a useful tool for the study of evolutionary lineages and for phylogenetic analysis.     

Origin of enzootic intranasal tumor in the goat (Capra hircus): a glycohistochemical approach

Enzootic intranasal tumor (EIT) appears glandular in type and has recently been classified as an adenocarcinoma of low malignancy. The aim of this study was to characterize the secretion of surface glycoconjugates (GCs) in EIT and in normal respiratory and olfactory mucosae of the goat by means of conventional and lectin histochemistry, in order to shed light on the histogenesis of EIT. Morphologic and ultrastructural investigations showed two growth types of EIT: i.e., tubular and papillary patterns. Conventional histochemistry revealed the presence of neutral and carboxylated GCs in the olfactory glands and in the tubular part of EIT, as well neutral and sulphated GCs in the respiratory glands and in the papillary part of EIT, suggesting that the papillary pattern tumor arises from the respiratory glands, whereas the tubular portion of EIT arises from the olfactory glands. Lectin histochemistry gave further information on the expressed GCs.     

Rumen ciliate faunae of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and goat (Capra hircus) in Nepal

Rumen ciliate composition of river-type water buffalo and goat in Nepal was surveyed. As the result of survey, 13 genera representing 52 species and 20 formae of the ciliates were identified. Of them 13 genera with 44 species and 9 formae were found from the water buffalo and 8 genera with 21 species and 12 formae from the goat. The present paper shows the first report of Hsiungella triciliata, Entodinium brevispinum, E. convexum, E. javanicum, E. rectangulatum f. rectangulatum, E. rectangulatum f. lobosospinosum, Diplodinium nanum, D. psittaceum, D. sinhalicum and Ostracodinium quadrivesiculatum from water buffalo and Epidinium ecaudatum f. parvicaudatum from goat.     

Postnatal development of the pineal gland in the goat (Capra hircus)--light and electron microscopy studies

This study was conducted to investigate structural transformations of the goat pineal gland during postnatal development. The pineals of newborn, 4-week-, 4-month-, 1-year- and 3-year-old male goats were prepared for qualitative and quantitative investigations at both light and transmission electron microscopy levels. In the first 4 months after birth, the pinealocytes developed very intensively, which was connected with enlargement of their volume as well as distinct qualitative and quantitative transformations of their cytoplasmic organelles. Parallel to these changes, the pineal parenchyma underwent deep reorganization and the mosaic pattern, characteristic for newborns, disappeared. At the same time the meshwork of blood vessels supporting the goat pineal gland developed conspicuously. From fourth months to one year of postnatal life continuation of the growth of some pinealocyte organelles and very intensive development of all components of the pineal connective tissue were observed. In the three-year-old goats some decrease in the relative volume of most cytoplasmic structures of pinealocytes as well as increase in collagen fibers in stroma were noticed. The investigations established intensive growth of the goat pineal to the age of 4 months, which included mainly some increase in the pinealocyte and their structures. The pineal gland of 4-month- and 1-year-old goats showed morphological features which are considered as symptoms of high secretory activity. The structure of the pineal gland in 3-year-old animals and the changes observed both in their pinealocytes and connective tissue in comparison with 1-year-old individuals point to some decrease in the goat pineal activity in this age.     

Study of the efficiency of chemically assisted enucleation method for handmade cloning in goat (Capra hircus)

The present investigation was carried out to find an efficient chemically assisted procedure for enucleation of goat oocytes related to handmade cloning (HMC) technique. After 22-h in vitro maturation, oocytes were incubated with 0.5 μg/ml demecolcine for 2 h. Cumulus cells were removed by pipetting and vortexing in 0.5 mg/ml hyaluronidase, and zona pellucida were digested with pronase. Oocytes with extrusion cones were subjected to oriented bisection. One-third of the cytoplasm with the extrusion cone was removed with a micro blade. The remaining cytoplasts were used as recipients in HMC. Goat foetal fibroblasts were used as nuclear donors. The overall efficiency measured as the number of cytoplasts obtained per total number of oocytes used was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in chemically assisted handmade enucleation (CAHE) than oriented handmade enucleation without demecolcine (OHE) (80.02 ± 1.292% vs. 72.9 ± 1.00%, respectively, mean ± SEM). The reconstructed and activated embryos were cultured in embryo development medium (EDM) for 7 days. Fusion, cleavage and blastocyst development rate were 71.63 ± 1.95%, 92.94 ± 0.91% and 23.78 ± 3.33% (mean ± SEM), respectively which did not differ significantly from those achieved with random handmade enucleation and OHE. In conclusion, chemically assisted enucleation is a highly efficient and reliable enucleation method for goat HMC which eliminates the need of expensive equipment (inverted fluorescence microscope) and potentially harmful chromatin staining and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for cytoplast selection.     

波尔山羊MyoG基因的鉴定和序列分析

为了探明山羊MyoG基因的序列结构及其对肌肉的分化调控机制,用PCR产物直接测序的方法获得了波尔山羊MyoG基因2 363 bp长的DNA序列,并对该序列进行了分析.结果表明,波尔山羊MyoG基凶包括3个外显子、2个内含子及部分5'UTR(74 bp)和3'UTR(260 bp)区,编码序列长675 bp,共编码224个氨基酸.结构分析表明,该序列所编码的肽链没有信号肽,第1～138个氨基睃为波尔山羊MyoG基因的bHLH结构域.通过比对分析波尔山羊与已知的GenBank中的人类及其它物种MyoG基因发现,该基因编码区核苷酸以及推测的氨基酸同源性和物种间的亲缘关系相一致,无根系统进化树的聚类结果与这些物种本身的生理特性以及传统分类学中已知的生物分类结果相一致.波尔山羊MyoG基因的鉴定及序列分析为山羊肌肉发育调控的机理以及肉质改良等的研究提供了很好的生物学基础信息.     

CONTRAST CYSTOGRAPHY IN THE GOAT (Capra hircus)

Contrast cystography was performed by four different methods in 24 normal adult goats. Methods included pneumocystography, positive-contrast cystography, and double-and triple-contrast cystography. Sodium iothalamate and air were used as positive- and negative-contrast media. Amputation of urethral process in male goats was necessary for retrograde catheterization and complete evacuation of the bladder. Placement of the catheter tip beyond the neck of the bladder was not possible in male goats. Positive- and negative-contrast cystography were satisfactory for demonstration of the shape, size, and location of the bladder, while double- and triple-contrast cystography were better for visualization of bladder wall. Double-contrast cystography with pneu-moperitoneum was superior to double-contrast cystography alone for evaluation of the mucosal surface of the bladder. Complications were not encountered during or after cystography. Vesi-coureteral reflux was seen in 29% of the goats.     

Overexpression of Krueppel like factor 3 promotes subcutaneous adipocytes differentiation in goat Capra hircus

Previous research reported that KLF3 plays different roles in the regulation of adipose deposition across species. However, the exact function of KLF3 in goat subcutaneous adipocyte remains unknown. Here, the goat KLF3 gene was firstly cloned and showed that the mRNA sequence of the goat KLF3 gene was 1,264 bp (GenBank accession number: KU041753.1) and its coding sequence was 1,037 bp, encoding 345 amino acids with three classic zinc finger domains of KLFs family at its C-terminus. The alignment of the amino acid sequence of KLF3 among various species demonstrated that goat had the highest homology to that of sheep, presenting 99.4% similarity, while the homology similarity to that of mice presented only 93.62% in contrast. Furthermore, KLF3 had highest mRNA level in fat tissue and lowest level in the heart in comparison. Additionally, the mRNA level of KLF3 gradually tended to increase during adipogenesis. Interestingly, overexpression of KLF3 increased lipid accumulation. In line with this, the gain-of-function of KLF3 dramatically elevated the mRNA levels of TG synthetic genes and adipogenic maker genes (p < .01) . Moreover, overexpression of KLF3 upregulated all the potential target genes, except for C/EBPα. These results suggested that KLF3 is a positive regulator for subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation in goats.     

利用Samtools挖掘山羊生产繁殖相关Indels标记

随着研究的深入,从最初认为单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)是导致遗传和表型多样性的主要原因,逐渐意识到插入/缺失(insertion/deletion,Indel)的普遍存在,并且与山羊生产繁殖性状密切相关。随着山羊参考基因组序列的公布及测序成本的降低,为大规模开发山羊Indels标记提供了可能。本研究就12个山羊个体(大足黑山羊,DBG,n=6;内蒙古绒山羊,IMCG,n=6)全基因组重测序结果,利用Samtools筛选群体间的差异In-dels。结果表明,12个山羊个体获得192.747GB基因组数据,平均每个个体检测到高质量的Indels位点为334 151个;比较基因组获得2个群体特有的Indels分别为110和100个,注释基因38和30个。其中大足黑山群体特有su-fu、sycp2位点和内蒙古绒山羊群体特有kdm4c位点可能是山羊生长繁殖相关候选Indel标记,为进一步精细解析山羊生产繁殖性状遗传机理奠定基础。