Assessing air-drying and rewetting pre-treatment effect on some soil enzyme activities under Mediterranean conditions

Soil enzyme activities are useful indicators of soil quality as they are very sensitive to disturbance. Sample storage or pre-treatments could affect the results in these assays, which are normally determined in fresh samples, kept cold or frozen. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effect of air-drying or air-drying and rewetting on β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and urease activities in soils from different locations, degradation status and sampling seasons, and (ii) assess if air-drying or air-drying and rewetting is an accurate sample storage and pre-treatment procedure for enzyme activities in soil quality evaluations under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Our results showed that urease, phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities were hardly affected by air-drying of degraded and non-degraded soils from the two locations studied in all seasons. Short incubations (4, 8 and 12 d at 23 °C) of rewetted air-dried soil at 55% of water-holding capacity showed different patterns depending on the enzyme studied. Urease and β-glucosidase activities were relatively stable during incubation, with several significant (P<0.05) shifts up and down in some soils and samplings. However, acid phosphatase showed an increase in activity with incubation, of between 5% and 50% relative to air-dried samples. These increases followed no pattern and were unrelated to soil characteristics or sampling date. Hence, urease, phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities determined in air-dried soil samples seem to be representative of those obtained under field-moist conditions. In contrast, short incubations of rewetted soil samples can produce fluctuations in these enzyme activities, mainly of acid phosphatase, and estimations in these conditions are not so representative of field-moist soil values.     

Stability of urease in soils

Studies with surface samples of Iowa soils selected to obtain a wide range in properties showed that the following treatments of field-moist soils had no effect on urease activity: leaching with water ; drying for 24 h at temperatures ranging from 30 to 60°C ; storage for 6 months at temperatures ranging from ?20 to 40°C; incubation under aerobic or waterlogged conditions at 30 or 40°C for 6 months. No loss of urease activity could be detected when field-moist soils were air-dried and stored at 21–23°C for 2yr, but complete loss of urease activity was observed when they were dried at 105°C for 24 h or autoclaved (120°C) for 2h. Inactivation of urease in moist soils was detected at temperatures above 60°C.Treatment of field-moist soils with proteolytic enzymes which cause rapid destruction of jackbean urease did not decrease urease activity, but jackbean urease was destroyed or inactivated when added to sterilized or unsterilized soils.Although no decrease in urease activity could be detected when field-moist soils were air-dried, an appreciable (9–33%) decrease in urease activity was observed when air-dried soils were incubated under aerobic or waterlogged conditions. This decrease occurred within a few days, and prolonged incubation or repetition of the drying-incubation treatment did not lead to a further decrease in urease activity. Treatment of incubated air-dried soil with urease or glucose initially increased urease activity to a level exceeding that of the undried soil, but this activity decreased with time and eventually stabilized at the level observed for the undried soil.The work reported supports the conclusions from previous work that the native urease in Iowa soils is remarkably stable and that different soils have different levels of urease activity determined by the ability of their constituents to protect urease against microbial degradation and other processes leading to inactivation of enzymes.     

Effects of earthworms and ryegrass on respiratory and enzyme activities of soil

The effects of earthworms (Allolobophora caliginosa (Savigny)) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) on the respiratory and enzyme activities of the subsoil of Judgeford silt loam, from which 15 cm of topsoil had been removed, were studied in a glasshouse pot trial over some 13 months. Treatments were subsoil alone, subsoil + ryegrass, subsoil + earthworms, and subsoil + earthworms + ryegrass; activities were assessed every 4 months.In subsoil alone, oxygen uptakes and xylanase, urease, phosphatase, and sulphatase activities declined, but invertase activity increased, during the trial. The presence of earthworms resulted in increased oxygen uptakes, and cellulase and sulphatase activities at some samplings.Generally, the presence of ryegrass enhanced all of the biochemical activities. The additional presence of earthworms further stimulated the activities of invertase, amylase, urease, and phosphatase.Earthworms therefore stimulate biochemical activities and nutrient cycling, and thereby contribute to the restoration of pasture productivity after topsoil removal.     

A comparison of sulphatase,urease and protease activities in planted and in fallow soils

Sulphatase, urease and protease activities were studied in 12 New Zealand topsoils over 5 months during which the soils were held at 10, 18 and 25°C in pots sown with perennial ryegrass and in pots left fallow.Sulphatase activity in the planted soils showed little significant change over the period of examination. In contrast, sulphatase activity in the fallow soils decreased significantly in almost every instance, the extent of the decrease becoming larger with increasing temperature. Urease behaved similarly to sulphatase, except that in the planted soils several significant increases in activity occurred. Protease activities proved to be very variable. Because of this few significant differences in protease activity were recorded, although it showed the same trends as the other two enzymes.It is suggested that temperature-dependent denaturation could have caused the decrease in enzyme activity in the fallow soils. Replacement of activity lost in this manner by enzymes liberated from plants and microorganisms, and by intracellular enzymes, may have been responsible for the maintenance or increase of activity in the planted soils.     

A principal components analysis of some biochemical activities in a climosequence of soils

Ten biochemical properties, comprising oxygen uptakes with and without added glucose, dehydrogenase, invertase, amylase. protease, urease, phosphatase, and sulphatase activities, and the invertase/amylase ratio, were measured in a climosequence of nine soils in tussock grasslands in New Zealand. Generally, these properties had no consistent distribution pattern. Some activities, however, were greater in the more developed soils of the sequence while others were lower in the “alpine” soil.The influence of 10 environmental and soil factors on the activities was assessed by principal components analysis. Nearly 90% of the total variance could be accounted for by only three components. The amounts of variance in individual activities accounted for by these components differed, but were usually high. The percentage of organic C, soil moisture regime, and mean annual temperature accounted for much of the variance in all three components; total N was unimportant. As a result of the principal components analysis, the soils could be grouped biochemically into arrangements that were consistent with either the pedological classification of the soils or the influence of a dominant environmental factor. The usefulness of principal components analysis for other ecological studies of soil biochemical properties is indicated.     

铅对两个红壤中酶活性的影响

Enzyme activities have the potential to indicate biological functioning of soils. In this study, soil urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and invertase activities and fluorescein diacetate（FDA） hydrolysis were measured in two red soils spiked with Pb^2＋ ranging from 0 to 2 400 mg kg^-1 to relate the enzyme activity values to both plant growth and the levels of available and total Pb^2＋ concentrations in soils, and to examine the potential use of soil enzymes to assess the degrees of Pb contamination. Soil samples were taken for enzyme activities assaying during 3 month’s incubation and then after planting of celery（Apium graveolens L.） and Chinese cabbage（Brassica chinensis L.）. Enzyme activities in the red soil derived from arenaceous rock（RAR） were generally lower than those in the red soil developed on Quaternary red earths（REQ）. At high Pb^2＋ loadings, in both incubation and greenhouse studies, urease activity and FDA hydrolysis were significantly inhibited. But there were no significant relationships between soil dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase or invertase activity and soil Pb^2＋ loadings in both RAR and REQ soils. The growth of celery and Chinese cabbage increased soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis, but had minimal effect on dehydrogenase and invertase activities. There were positive correlations between celery biomass and soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that urease activity and FDA hydrolysis are more sensitive to Pb^2＋ than acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase activities in the RAR and REQ soils.     

Effect of air-drying treatment on enzymatic activities of soils affected by anthropogenic activities

The influence of air-drying on dehydrogenase, invertase, -glucosidase, urease, phosphatase, arylsulphatase and phenoloxidase activities was measured in three soils affected by anthropogenic activities and in control soils sampled from neighbouring areas. The air-drying changed enzyme activity, but the behaviour was neither site-specific nor enzyme-sensitive. Canonical discriminant analysis of enzymatic activities of both moist fresh and air-dried samples was able to discriminate between altered and unaltered soils irrespective of the site. Numerical alteration indices were developed as a linear function of the seven enzyme activities and the one obtained from fresh sample data was more successful. Air-drying apparently alters in unpredictable ways enzyme activities of soils, which could lead to misinterpretation of results.     

长期有机无机肥配施对土壤水稳性团聚体酶活性的影响

The activities of invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase in different fractions of waterstable aggregates (WSA) were examined in long-term (26 years) fertilised soils. The long-term application of organic manure (OM) with chemical fertiliser (CF) significantly increased macroaggregate and decreased microaggregate percentages, enhanced the mean weight diameter, and significantly increased soil total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents of WSA in different size fractions. Combined fertilisation with OM and CF also increased invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase activities of WSA in different size fractions. Enzyme activities were higher in macroaggregates than in microaggregates. The distribution of enzyme activities generally followed the distribution of TC and TN in WSA. The geometric mean of the enzyme activities in different WSA of OM-treated soils was significantly higher than that in soils treated with 100% CF or no fertiliser. The results indicated that the long-term combined application of OM with CF increased the aggregate stability and enzyme activity of different WSA sizes, and consequently, improved soil physical structure and increased soil microbial activity.     

盐胁迫对蔬菜地土壤微生物及土壤酶活的毒害效应

采用外源投加盐分培养室模拟方法,研究了不同强度盐胁迫对蔬菜地土壤微生物和土壤酶的生态毒理效应。结果表明,在盐胁迫试验强度条件下,蔬菜地土壤细菌种群遭遇盐胁迫后,生长受抑、数量减少,放线菌种群抗逆性强、数量上升,土壤真菌种群数量因细菌种群数量的减少而出现暂时性增长现象,但随胁迫时间延长也呈现毒害效应,数量下降,且低于对照;盐胁迫造成土壤微生物优势种群演替和微生态失衡,细菌比例降低,真菌比例上升;盐胁迫明显抑制土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性,抑制程度与外加盐量呈正比,即盐胁迫强度越大,土壤蛋白酶和脲酶活性越低;而土壤转化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性在低盐胁迫强度（外加盐量为1g·kg-1）时略高于对照组,但随盐胁迫强度的加重,转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性相应降低,盐含量越高,酶活性越低;土壤盐胁迫强度与土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均呈高度线性负相关,其中蛋白酶和转化酶与盐胁迫程度的相关性高且稳定,0.930≤r≤0.993。     

原始土壤酶活性与肥力形成实质初探

本文首次对我国原始土壤的酶活性及其与土壤肥力因素的相关性作了初步研究。结果表明:随着岩生地衣向苔藓、草甸的演替。过氧化氢酶。转化酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶活性逐渐降低,多酚氧化酶活性逐渐升高;转化酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性与有机质非常显著相关(10.0相似文献   

风干土保存时间和湿土培育时间对黄淮海平原潮土酶活性的影响

以经历18年不同施肥管理的土壤为研究对象,阐明它们经过4个不同时间保存或处理后的土壤脲酶、转化酶、脱氢酶、及FDA酶活性的动态变化。处理包括:风干保存30天或鲜土状态、风干保存210天、风干土湿润至田间持水量(25℃)条件下分别培育15天和51天;同时评估这些酶活性的变化程度与土壤本身有机碳含量之间的关系。结果表明,风干土保存时间和风干土湿润后短期培育均对脲酶活性影响很小,但风干土湿润培养51天后其活性则显著降低;随风干土保存时间延长,转化酶活性显著降低;与鲜土相比,风干土湿润培养15天后,脱氢酶活性显著提高,但继续湿润培养至51天后,其活性又降至与鲜土相当,因此风干土湿润培育一定时间后测定的脱氢酶活性可用来代表其田间自然湿度时的状态;FDA酶活性的变异程度最大,与其从鲜土状态至风干状态的活性急剧下降有关。土壤本身有机碳含量与脲酶和脱氢酶的活性变化程度成显著负相关关系,说明土壤有机碳含量是决定它们随环境条件改变而变化的主要因素之一。另外,土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N和可溶性有机碳含量对上述4种处理的响应程度也存在差异。其中风干状态土壤经湿润培育处理后,NH4+-N含量呈先降后升趋势,正好与脲酶活性变化趋势相反;而NO3--N含量整体上呈上升趋势,可溶性有机碳含量则正好相反。     

黄土高原旱地轮作与施肥长期定位试验研究 Ⅱ.土壤酶活性与土壤肥力

本文分析了长期试验土壤酶活性与土壤有机C、全N、有效P含量、主要微生物类群之间的关系。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶活性随土壤有机C含量的增加而增加,蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性与有机C之间的关系因施肥种类及种植方式的不同而不同;微生物数量仅真菌与脲酶、蛋白酶活性之间的相关性达到显著水平。除过氧化氢酶外,其它4种酶的活性均与当年种植冬小麦处理的产量存在显著相关关系。利用主成分分析与通径分析揭示了土壤酶活性与养分之间的内在关系及酶活性对土壤养分的影响。根据主成分分析结果,旱地土壤肥力状况用脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶活性作为综合评价指标优于过氧化氢酶与蔗糖酶。     

Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils

Hedley labile phosphorus(P)pools in soil tend to be several times larger than annual forest requirements,even in highly weathered soils characterized by P limitation.The discrepancy between plant and soil P status could be partly attributable to the frequently adopted air-drying pretreatment that tends to increase soil P solubility.In this study,the effects of air-drying on the distribution of Hedley P fractions were examined using soils collected under 4 forest types at Gongga Mountain,southwestern China.The results showed that the microbial biomass P(Pmic)in the organic horizon decreased markedly after air-drying.The concentrations of Hedley labile P in the air-dried samples were 31%–73%more than those in the field-moist samples.Consequently,the air-drying-induced increments of Hedley labile P pools in the surface soil horizons were 0.8–3.8 times the annual plant P requirements.The organic horizon was more susceptible to the air-drying-induced increases in Hedley labile P than the mineral horizon,probably because of the stronger release of Pmicand disruption of soil organic matter.The quality of P,indexed by the ratio of Hedley labile P to slowly cycling P,shifted in favor of the Hedley labile fractions after air-drying,further revealing that air-drying changed the distribution of Hedley P pools in forest soils.These indicated that the effects of air-drying could not be ignored when interpreting the discrepancy between the P status of plants and the Hedley labile P pools in forest soils.To more efficiently evaluate the P status in forest soils via the Hedley fractionation procedure,the use of field-moist soils is recommended.     

长期培肥对烤烟-小麦轮作红壤各级团聚体氮及其酶活性的影响

以云南省烟草农业科学研究院研和试验基地13年长期定位试验为平台,以化肥配施有机肥(CFM)、单施化肥(FM)和不施肥(CK,对照)3种处理土壤为研究材料,利用干筛法分离土壤团聚体,研究长期培肥对烤烟-小麦轮作红壤团聚体、有机质、氮含量、酶活性的影响及其相关性。结果表明:长期化肥配施有机肥有利于大团聚体的形成,2～1mm团聚体土壤的分配率显著高于单施化肥和对照;使耕层土壤有机质、各形态氮(全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮)及酶活性大幅度改善,并且,除硝态氮以外,各级团聚体土壤有机质及各形态氮含量变化趋势为CFM>CF>CK;化肥配施有机肥各级团聚体土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶活性明显高于单施化肥和对照,其中脲酶、蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机质和4种形态氮呈显著正相关,蛋白酶和脱氢酶与上述营养呈负相关,但不显著。化肥配施有机肥有利于增加土壤大团聚体的分配率,提高土壤有机质、全氮及碱解氮等的含量及酶活性,对烤烟、小麦生长意义重大。     

长期定位施肥对小麦玉米间作土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨长期施肥条件下土壤酶活性的动态变化以及土壤酶活性之间的相关性,对灌漠土小麦/玉米间作不同肥料长期定位试验地第26年耕层土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶酶活性进行了测定与分析。结果表明,长期定位施肥下,间作小麦/玉米生育期内土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶总体均呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,在小麦拔节期至灌浆...     

Meta-analysis of experimental warming on soil invertase and urease activities

Soil enzymes are regulate terrestrial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, and how the activity of these enzymes are affected by soil warming duration is unclear. In the study, the effect of experimental soil warming duration (<2 years and >2 years) on invertase and urease activities were examined by meta-analysis. Soil warming increased invertase activity by 22% (<2 years) and 16% (>2 years), respectively, while they increased urease by 29% and 9%. Meta-analysis of soil warming experiments found that warming by less than 1.5°C increased invertase by 22%, while warming it by more than 1.5°C increased invertase by 29%; the corresponding increases in urease were 16% and 8%. These effects of experiment warming differed among ecosystem types, with warming-induced increases being greatest in forest ecosystem. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that invertase and urease become less responsive to warming over longer periods and invertase with greater warming-responsiveness than urease activity.     

Effects of lime and phosphate additions on changes in enzyme activities,microbial biomass and levels of extractable nitrogen,sulphur and phosphorus in an acid soil

Summary The effects of adding lime and/or phosphate to an acid, phosphate-deficient soil on microbial activity, enzyme activities and levels of biomass and extractable N, S and P were studied under laboratory conditions. Following rewetting there was, as expected, an initial flush in microbial growth and activity, as shown by large increases in CO₂ evolution, in levels of biomass N, S and P and by accumulation of extractable mineral N and sulphate in the soil. Following rewetting, additions of lime and phosphate further stimulated mineralization of C, N and S. In the first 4 weeks of incubation, the mineralized N accumulated in the soil as ammonium N and there was a concomitant rise in soil pH. After this initial period, nitrification increased substantially and soil pH decreased again. Additions of lime generally increased protease and sulphatase activities but decreased phosphatase activity. Additions of phosphate decreased the activities of all three enzymes. The positive effect of liming on protease and sulphatase activities persisted for the duration of the experiment while accumulation of mineral N and sulphate effectively ceased after about 4 weeks. Furthermore, although phosphate additions decreased the activities of protease and sulphatase they increased the accumulation of mineral N and sulphate. Thus, protease and sulphatase activities were not reliable indicators of the relative amounts of mineral N and sulphate accumulated in the soil during incubation. Some uncertainty surrounded the validity of biomass S and P values estimated by the chloroform fumigation technique because differing proportions of the sulphate and phosphate released from the lysed cells may have been extracted from the different treatments.     

荒漠盐生植物根际土壤酶活性的变化

利用根袋法研究了荒漠盐土和灌耕灰漠土中6种不同荒漠盐生植物根际养分和酶活性特征.结果表明:两种土壤中,根际土全氮含量比非根际土高,但全磷却比非根际土低.根际土有效态养分的变化则与全态相反,6种植物的根际土有效氮含量均显著低于非根际土,除芦苇外,根际土有效磷含量均高于非根际土.6种植物中,钠猪毛菜根际土有效氮亏缺最高,有效磷富集也最少.分析测定了根际土和非根际土转化酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性及其与土壤养分的关系.结果表明:过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蛋白酶在两种土壤的植物根际表现出相反的变化,荒漠盐土中,根际土3种酶的活性均高于非根际土;而灌耕灰漠土的根际土3种酶活性均低于非根际土.荒漠盐土碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶与几种主要养分含量有很强的相关性,较好地体现了荒漠盐土根际的养分状况,也说明盐生植物对荒漠盐土酶活性有较大的影响.     

尕海湿地不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空分布特征

为探讨高寒湿地退化对土壤酶活性的影响，本文以青藏高原东缘尕海湿地未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4种不同退化梯度的0～10、10～20和20～40 cm层土壤为研究对象，研究不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空变化特征。结果表明：随退化梯度加剧，土壤含水量降低，温度升高；土壤脲酶活性在0～40 cm土层中表现为随退化加剧而逐渐降低，而蛋白酶活性趋势恰好相反；除重度退化外，其他退化梯度土壤两种酶活性均随土层加深而降低；0～40 cm土层中脲酶与蛋白酶活性分别在7、8月和6、7月最高；相关性分析表明土壤脲酶活性与蛋白酶活性和温度极显著正相关(P<0.01)；土壤蛋白酶活性与微生物生物量氮极显著正相关(P<0.01)，与含水量和温度显著正相关(P<0.05)，与硝态氮显著负相关(P<0.05)。沼泽化草甸退化显著增加土壤表层脲酶活性而降低蛋白酶活性；温度对土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性起促进作用，含水量、微生物生物量氮对土壤蛋白酶活性具有促进作用。     

Suitability of soil microbial parameters as indicators of heavy metal pollution

Several microbial parameters (microbial biomass, respiration, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, sulphatase, glucosidase, protease and urease activities) were measured in soils from five sites located in urban green areas close to roads differing in traffic density. Our aims were to evaluate the suitability of such parameters as field biomarkers of stress induced by heavy metal pollution, and to compare results obtained by single microbial parameters with results given by an index expressing the average microbial (AME) response of the microbial community. Data showed that all parameters were significantly reduced in the sites characterized by the highest load of metals in soil. Dehydrogenase, sulphatase, glucosidase activities and respiration, declined exponentially with increasing metal concentration, whereas phosphatase activity and AME decreased following a sigmoidal type relationship. In contrast, protease, urease and microbial biomass were not significantly correlated with soil metal concentration. Microbial parameters differed both in sensitivity to critical metal concentrations and in the rate of decline at increasing metal loads in soil. Due to the complex interplay of chemical, physical and biological factors which influence microbial activities and biomass, the proposed index (AME) appeared more suitable than single microbial parameters for a biomonitoring study of this type.