Wind deposition of mud aggregates and their role in development of lamellae in the Fair Oaks Dunes,Indiana

Three parabolic dunes from the Fair Oaks Dune field in northern Indiana were excavated, in order to study the properties and genesis of lamellae. Reddish lamellae with sharp upper boundaries and diffuse lower boundaries are intercalated with yellowish sand layers within the upper 3–5 m of each dune. The thicknesses of the lamellae decrease from > 2 cm in the east (Winamac dune) to < 0.3 cm in the west (Shelby dune). In deeper parts of the dunes lamellae were absent, but straight or slightly convex, clay rich depositional laminae were present. Thin sections of lamellae reveal that most of the clays are depositional with a lesser clay amount resulting from in situ weathering of feldspar grains. Clays were deposited as sand-size mud (silt/clay) aggregates that winds removed from glacio-fluvial valleys. Lithic fragments, primarily mud aggregates and carbonates, are much more abundant in unweathered depositional laminae than in weathered lamellae. Weathering and depletion of exchangeable Ca⁺ and Mg⁺ led to breakdown of mud aggregates and clay dispersion from clay rich sand laminae through clay-poor sand laminae. The reddish color of lamellae results from oxidation of mafic grains. Sand-size mud aggregates were lighter than quartz or feldspar grains and were carried further downwind and, as a result, the clay in the dunes, and the thickness of the lamellae, increases to the east. At 5.6 m depth in the Winamac dune we found the straight depositional laminae transitioning into wavy lamellae. This is the most direct evidence of depositional lamellae (petrogenic) formation in the literature to date.     

騰格里沙漠地区沙地土壤微生物学特性的研究

沙漠的严重危害主要是流沙的移动。因此,沙漠改造和治理中的重要工作之一。是采取各种措施固定流沙^[1]。一般說来,固定流沙有两种方法:一种是植物固沙,一种是机械固沙。机械固沙是暂时的固沙法,为固定流沙不可缺少的一环;而植物固沙是一种最根本最可靠的永久固沙方法^[2,3]流沙一经生长植物,它的基本性质就要改变,形成固定沙丘。这就为进一步改造利用沙漠,创造了先决条件。时的固沙法,为固定流沙不可缺少的一环;而植物固沙是一种最根本最可靠的永久固沙方法^[2,3]流沙一经生长植物,它的基本性质就要改变,形成固定沙丘。这就为进一步改造利用沙漠,创造了先决条件。     

Aggregation of sand from a maritime embryo sand dune by microorganisms and higher plants

The effects of the interactions between higher plants and microorganisms and the addition of selected microorganisms on aggregation of sand from an embryo dune were examined. Addition of microorganisms to sand increased both plant growth and the amount of aggregation. Roots alone had little effect on aggregation but in association with microorganisms there was a noticeable increase. The number of microorganisms isolated from aggregates in four different treatments varied each month over the course of the experiment. Aggregates from a treatment receiving Penicillium spores were colonized by the greatest number of microorganisms, and the least colonized aggregates were from a treatment where the sand was initially sterile.     

Studies on the ecology of actinomycetes in soil— VII. Actinomycetes in a coastal sand belt

Distribution of actinomyeetes in beach and dune sand at two sites was studied. At one site. dunes were eroding while at the other accretion of sand and dune development occurred. Actinomycetes occurred in low numbers in beach sand hul increased sharply when dunes were colonized by Ammophila arenaria (L) Link or Agropyron junceiforme (A & D Löve) A & D Löve. Micromonospora strains predominated in beach sand but Streptomyces was the predominant genus in dunes.Salinity tolerance of isolates was not clearly related to their source but tolerance of dune isolates was generally greater than those from the beach. Tolerance of Streptomyces strains varied but all Micromonospora isolates were intolerant of salinities above that of sea water.Evidence for increased growth of actinomycetes in the root region of A. arenaria and A. junceiforme was obtained but there was little qualitative difference between those in the root region and root-free sand. In laboratory experiments actinomycetes colonized old. dead Ammophila roots more readily than young ones and arose carly in succession on the former. Young, living roots stimulated bacteria and fungi but not actinomyeetcs. It was concluded that most activity of actinomycetes in the Ammophila root region occurred on old root tissue and it was suggested that this might be true of other plants.     

Microbial aggregation of sand in an embryo dune system

The importance of microorganisms in the aggregation of sand in an embryo dune system was examined. Of three main types of aggregates formed, microbial aggregates were found to be more important at stabilizing sand than either root-microbial or debris-microbial aggregates on the beach and at the edge of the dune but roots and their associated microorganisms were more important on the hummock of the dune. The amount of microbial and root-microbial aggregated sand was higher during the winter when the vegetation was dying down and decaying. In the absence of roots, microorganisms, in particular bacteria, play a major role in aggregating sand. The bacteria are well adapted to the unfavourable habitat of the beach as they are motile and tolerant to sea water, being able to grow in a salinity of 3.5%. Bacteria may play a major role in aggregating and stabilizing sand prior to colonization by higher plants.     

Distribution of earthworms and influence of soil properties across a successional sand dune ecosystem in NW England

An investigation of earthworms across a sand dune system in NW England examined species distribution and abundance with respect to soil physico-chemical conditions and management. Replicated 0.1 m² quadrats were examined every 50 m along 700 m transects across areas of vegetation succession and samples were then taken every 10 m where earthworms were first encountered. A translocation of Aporrectodea longa assessed the ability of this species to live in soils with a high sand content and laboratory work examined growth, maturation and survival of this species in soils with increasing proportions of sand (0–100%). Nine earthworm species were found on the dunes, but none in yellow dunes where organic matter (OM) content was <1%. Dendrobaena octaedra and Lumbricus rubellus were located 300 m from the strand line in grey dunes with an OM content of 3.9%. Allolobophora chlorotica and Lumbricus castaneus occurred within a wet dune slack at 340 m (OM content 11%). In areas of human disturbance (dune car park), A. longa, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris were present, and in soil below pine trees L. castaneus and L. rubellus were present in litter. Laboratory growth of A. longa demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) increases in growth (2–2.75 g) with 25 and 50% sand compared with 0, 75 and 100% over 24 weeks and a greater rate of maturation. Initial results show earthworm colonisation to be influenced by dune successional stage. Laboratory findings suggested A. longa could exist in higher sand content areas but experimental design needs development. The translocation was unsuccessful. Future investigations could examine soil properties more closely and undertake monitoring on site throughout the year.     

Soil aggregate stabilization by a saprophytic lignin-decomposing basidiomycete fungus I. Microbiological aspects

 We studied the effects of a saprophytic lignin-decomposing basidiomycete isolated from plant litter on soil aggregation and stabilization. The basidiomycete produced large quantities of extracellular materials that bind soil particles into aggregates. These binding agents are water-insoluble and heat-resistant. Water stability of aggregates amended with the fungus and the degrees of biodegradation of the binding agents by native soil microorganisms were determined by the wet-sieving method. The data demonstrated that aggregates supplemented with a source of C (millet or lentil straw) were much more water-stable and resisted microbial decomposition longer than when they were prepared with fungal homogenates alone. Moreover, retrieval of fungal-amended aggregates supplemented with millet during the first 4 weeks of incubation in natural soil exhibited more large aggregate fractions (>2 mm) than the ones supplemented with lentil straw. The possible relationship of the role of basidiomycetes in litter decomposition and soil aggregation is discussed. Received: 27 September 1999     

库姆塔格沙漠沙丘的粒度特征

通过两次野外实地调查取样和室内分析,结果表明:库姆塔格沙漠中沙丘形态丰富多样,金字塔(星形)沙丘、线形沙垄、格状沙丘、羽毛状沙丘在这里都有分布。组成金字塔沙丘、线形沙垄、格状沙丘、羽毛状沙丘羽轴的沙粒中0.25~0.063 mm颗粒占绝大多数,其次是0.5~0.25 mm和1~0.5 mm的颗粒,形成羽毛状沙丘羽枝的颗粒在暗带以2~0.5 mm的颗粒为主,在明带以0.5~0.063 mm的颗粒为主,各沙丘沙粒的分选性较好。由于各自形成地形、气候等条件的差异,各沙丘类型沙粒粒径在沙丘不同部位都有各自的特点。金字塔沙丘东北坡沙粒粒径从顶部到基部保持一致,南坡和西北坡从顶部到基部沙粒逐渐变粗;线形沙垄除西南坡基部较粗外,其它部位沙粒粒径分布一致;格状沙丘格子外部坡面沙粒相对格子内部坡面的同一部位沙粒要粗;新月形沙丘基部和顶部沙粒较粗,而中部颗粒较细;羽毛状沙丘“羽轴”沙粒分布与新月形沙丘相似,“羽枝”由较粗和较细沙粒含量高低间隔分布形成。     

Dune whitening and inter-dune freshwater ponds in NE Brazil

The changes in color of sand dunes from white to yellow or red is often interpreted to signify their age or their source materials. In this study we demonstrate the effect seasonal inter-dune freshwater ponds have on the bleaching of the color of sand dunes by iron reduction in the anaerobic conditions they create. By combining spectral measurements of field samples of dune sand together with the analysis of satellite images covering three dune fields in NE Brazil (Lençóis Maranhenses, Jericoacoara and Canoa Quebrada) we demonstrate its existence in the field. In areas where ponds cover 41% of the dune field (as in Lençóis Maranhenses) an almost total bleaching in the color of the sand occurs after which the dunes remain white with no relation to distance from the coastline. In areas with less ponds (e.g. Jericoacoara or Canoa Quebrada) dune whitening is less active, and there are areas where dune rubification occurs. As this process may have occurred in other dune fields during past climate conditions that may have been different from current ones, interpretations of dunes age based on their color should be handled with care.     

Relationships between intra-aggregate pore structures and distributions of Escherichia coli within soil macro-aggregates

The study evaluated the effects of soil intra-aggregate pore distributions on movement and fate of E. coli (a global indicator of fecal pollution) within soil aggregates. The first objective was to characterize pore structure of intact soil aggregates (4–6 mm in size) using X-ray computed microtomography and to quantify the differences in pore structures of the aggregates from the same soil type but under >18 year contrasting land use and management settings. The studied settings were (i) conventionally plowed row crop (CT), (ii) no-till row crop (NT), and (iii) native succession vegetation (NS) treatments from Long Term Ecological Research site, W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, southwest Michigan. The second objective was to examine spatial distribution of E. coli introduced into the aggregates and the relationships between E. coli distributions and intra-aggregate pores. The results indicated that E. coli distribution in the aggregates was driven by specific configurations of the intra-aggregate pores. When the aggregates’ initial water contents were relatively low, presence of large (>100 μm) pores in the aggregate interiors limited water and thus E. coli entry. Such centrally located large pores were more abundant in the aggregates from NT and NS treatments as compared to CT aggregates. Medium-sized pores (30–60 μm) were more abundant in the aggregates from CT soil and such pores were relatively homogeneously distributed through entire bodies of CT aggregates. Thus, upon entering the aggregate, E. coli became more uniformly distributed through the CT aggregates, while in NT and NS aggregates it more commonly remained in the aggregate exterior parts without reaching the interiors. Implications of these distributional patterns for E. coli survival and re-entering water flow in soil under different land use need to be addressed in further studies.     

高寒沙区人工沙棘对风沙危害的生态响应

[目的]沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)是高寒沙区典型的优良治沙物种,其风沙危害的抗逆性研究对沙棘生态适应性机理及高寒沙区生物治沙工作具有重大的探究与指导意义。[方法]对不同类型沙丘不同林龄的人工沙棘林进行了样方调查和风沙活动监测。[结果]沙棘群落特征与地表风蚀强度变化具有时空同步性。轻度风蚀与中轻度沙埋现象有助于沙棘的生长与群落的发展,固定与半固定沙丘人工沙棘的株高冠幅均为流动型沙丘沙棘的3~6倍;沙棘各生长指标与株下蚀积深度具有显著的二次函数拟合关系,8年生沙棘生长的最佳沙埋深度在30—40cm。2008—2016年,各沙丘沙棘群落特征与局地输沙率、粗糙度、蚀积深度等风沙活动特征分别表现出显著的指数递减、多函数递增和二次函数先增后加减的变化规律。[结论]高寒沙区沙棘对风沙危害的响应特征反映了沙棘良好的风沙适应能力,也指示沙棘造林技术需要注重立地条件选取、造林结构改进与多物种配置,保障沙棘的稳定生长势态与良好的生态修复效益。     

策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带不同沙丘的沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境

[目的]通过对策勒绿洲—沙漠过渡带不同沙丘类型下风沙沉积物粒度、磁化率分布特征及环境敏感粒级组分进行分析,探讨不同沙丘类型下风沙沉积物相关参数及分布规律。[方法]基于绿洲—沙漠过渡带4种沙丘各部位粒度数据及磁化率数据,采用数理统计方法进行相关性分析。[结果]4种沙丘在不同地貌部位表层的沙物质粒级含量有所差别,回涡、灌丛、新月形及风影沙丘表面沙物质主要由极粗粉砂、极细砂、细砂组成,百分含量总和由小到大依次为96.71%,97.54%,98.48%,98.65%。4种不同沙丘表面沙物质分选性均为分选中度好。不同沙丘的峰态平均值介于0.93～1.02,属于中等峰态,从总体上分析4种沙丘的峰态值从迎风坡底到顶部逐渐增大,顶部到背风坡底部逐渐减小。新月形沙丘偏度值最小,偏度值介于-0.03～0.01,主要表现为对称,风影、回涡及灌丛沙丘偏度值介于-0.04～0.44,为对称和正偏。风影、灌丛及新月形沙丘表面沙物质平均粒径与偏度值呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),表明沙粒平均粒径愈粗愈趋向正偏。风影、回涡及新月形沙丘表面沙物质偏度与峰态呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),沙物质分选性愈差,就...     

PLA沙障对土壤硬度的影响

 为了解新材料聚酯纤维(PLA)沙障对沙丘土壤硬度的影响,通过测定铺设PLA沙障沙丘表层的土壤硬度,并以铺设麦草沙障沙丘及裸沙丘为对照,对比研究各种规格、迎风坡、坡顶及背风坡土壤硬度的差异。结果表明:铺设PLA沙障沙丘表层土壤硬度显著高于麦草沙障沙丘(P<0.001),且2者土壤硬度均显著高于未铺设沙障的裸沙丘(P<0.001);2 m×2 m和1 m×1 m PLA沙障土壤硬度比较接近,均显著小于3 m×3m规格的(P<0.01),而麦草沙障3种规格的土壤硬度差异较小;2种沙障所在沙丘不同部位土壤硬度变化趋势相似,均是迎风坡的最大,坡顶次之,背风坡的最小;PLA沙障及麦草沙障单个障格内的土壤硬度分布都是不均匀的,并且二者的土壤硬度分布规律存在差异。     

No-till soil management increases microbial biomass and alters community profiles in soil aggregates

Aggregation is important for soil functioning, providing physical protection of organic matter and microbial inhabitants. Tillage disrupts aggregates, increases wind and water erosion of soils and exposes formerly protected organic matter to decomposition and losses. Microbial biomass and community dynamics in dry-sieved aggregate-size classes from long-term no-till (NT) and conventionally tilled (CT) soils were examined using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). Bacterial, fungal, and total biomass were up to 32% greater in NT compared to CT aggregates. Aggregate size also affected microbial biomass, which was highest in the 1–2 mm size class. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were particularly affected by tillage disturbance with increases of 40–60% among aggregate-size classes in NT vs. CT, but glomalin related soil protein concentration was not different between tillage treatments or among aggregate-size classes. Bacterial stress biomarkers were higher in CT than NT aggregates but were not significantly correlated with total C, total N or C:N ratio, indicating that the physiological status of bacteria within aggregates was not simply governed by the quantity of available resources. Ordination analysis of PLFA profiles demonstrated a shift in microbial community structure between NT and CT aggregates, correlated with AMF abundance in NT aggregates and increased bacterial stress biomarkers in CT aggregates. Our results demonstrated greater microbial biomass and altered microbial community structure in NT vs. CT aggregates. This work demonstrates that tillage management influences microbial community structure within aggregates and may provide a potential explanation for differences in process rates observed in NT vs. CT soils. Further research into the processes that govern community structure in aggregates from NT and tilled soils is needed to better understand how the interaction of microorganisms with their physical environment affects nutrient turnover and availability.     

青海省共和盆地沙漠化驱动机制

[目的]研究青海省共和盆地沙漠化的形成和发展过程,探讨沙漠化形成机制,为共和盆地生态环境治理提供科学依据。[方法]利用Google Earth和ArcGIS分析不同区域的沙漠化分布特征;通过6期遥感卫星影像解译比对,对沙丘移动速度和古沙丘活化速度进行监测;并利用SPSS对共和盆地气温、降水、风速和牲畜数量进行分析;结合野外调查、实验室粒度分析、地层分析,研究沙漠化的形成过程。[结果]共和盆地流动沙片分布广泛,发育有大量雅丹地貌,沙漠化土地呈斑块状、条带状交错分布。地层分析显示,固定沙丘的表层覆盖有厚度不一的粉沙土,其下为松散古风成沙。土地沙漠化的主要形式是固定沙丘活化、河湖相细沙外露、固定沙带及古沙丘活化。[结论]有胶结作用的粉沙土是古风成沙的保护层,而食草动物的践踏是破坏保护层的主要原因。在动物破坏、风沙流及重力侵蚀作用下,粉沙土层崩塌破坏,更多古风成沙暴露,此过程循环往复,造成沙丘活化,形成风蚀坑,是共和县沙漠化形成和发展的主要过程。     

沙地固定过程不同阶段优势植物种生态特性的比较研究

流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地是沙地固定过程几个明显的阶段，每一阶段发育着典型的群落类型，沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)、差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)、隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)分别是流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地上群落的优势种。沙米种子圆而扁平的形态．种子萌发后胚根的快速伸长。是其适应流动沙地风沙环境的主要特征。沙埋促进生长，生长对水分条件的快速反应以及全季生长型特征是差巴嘎蒿在半固定沙地繁茂生长的主要原因。而隐子草则以增加根系生物量投入比例、须根系形态及其分布的浅表化来适应固定沙地的旱化土壤水分条件。     

荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤无机碳和有机碳的影响

以空间代替时间的方法,通过对宁夏荒漠草原不同沙漠化阶段土壤有机碳(SOC)和无机碳(SIC)的研究,探讨荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤SIC、SOC及不同粒径组分土壤SIC、SOC分布特征的影响。结果表明:(1)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SIC和SOC含量呈下降趋势。半固定沙地和流动沙地各粒径组分土壤SIC含量均表现为黏粉粒无机碳(CSIC)>细砂粒无机碳(FIC)>粗砂粒无机碳(CIC),而SOC含量均表现为细砂粒有机碳(FOC)>粗砂粒有机碳(COC)>黏粉粒有机碳(CSOC)。(2)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—30cm土层土壤无机碳(SICD)、土壤有机碳(SOCD)和土壤总碳(STCD)密度均表现为荒漠草原>固定沙地>半固定沙地>流动沙地。固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地土壤SOCD、SICD分别比荒漠草原降低了18.5%,57.7%,60.5%和6.7%,35.9%,47.0%。(3)0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SOC和SIC含量、全土SOC含量与0—30cm土层SOC和SIC均呈显著正相关关系,其中土壤粗砂粒有机碳和粗砂粒无机碳对SOC影响最大,而土壤黏粉粒有机碳和黏粉粒无机碳与全土SIC含量呈显著负相关关系。因此,沙漠化防治对于减少荒漠草原土壤碳损失极为重要。     

油蒿群落不同恢复阶段的土壤水分空间异质性及植被特征

[目的]分析沙地恢复不同阶段(流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地)油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落的土壤水分空间变异规律以及植被响应特征,为荒漠地区植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]利用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法进行分析。[结果](1)从流动沙地到固定沙地的演替过程中,土壤水分逐步减少,其空间结构呈现出明显的斑块状和条带状布局特点,同时沙地土壤水分空间异质性逐步增加,土壤水分在不同恢复阶段均表现出随着土层深度的增加,空间相关性逐渐增强的特征。(2)在沙地恢复过程中,油蒿种群的植被覆盖度、生物量、密度呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而植被特征的空间变异性则趋于减弱。(3)在流动沙地和固定沙地上,油蒿种群特征与土壤水分呈现显著负相关(p0.01)。[结论]油蒿种群的植被格局在一定程度上改变了土壤水分的空间异质性与分布格局。     

雅鲁藏布江中游河岸交错带沙地土壤水分的空间异质性

土壤水分是制约西藏高寒河谷风沙化土地植物群落自然演替和人工促进植被恢复的重要因子之一,准确把握沙地土壤水分的分布状况,对指导正在进行的沙地植被恢复与重建具有重要实践意义。该文采用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,以雅鲁藏布江中游河谷风沙化土地为对象,研究了河岸交错带沙地土壤水分的空间分布及不同类型沙地和沙丘部位的差异性。结果表明:1)试验地不同深度土壤含水率平均值为6.14%～14.20%,随着湿沙层深度的增加,土壤含水率平均值随之增大。各层土壤含水率均表现为强变异性。2)除0～20cm土壤含水率具有强烈的空间相关性外,其它各层土壤含水率具有中等的空间相关性。随着土层深度的增加,空间相关性减弱。不同深度土壤含水率的空间分布格局存在着较强的相关性,以20～40cm和40～60cm相关性最高。3)流动沙丘迎风坡和河滩地土壤含水率明显高于背风坡、沙砾地、沙丘顶。雅鲁藏布江河水丰枯变化、微地形和风沙运动则是造成不同类型沙地、沙丘部位土壤含水率差异的主要原因。     

沙袋沙障对沙丘植被特征的影响

为了解铺设沙袋沙障沙丘植被生长情况及其与麦草沙障对植被影响的差异,采用样方调查法对乌兰布和沙漠实验地铺设沙袋沙障沙丘植物种数、植株密度、平均高度和平均盖度进行了连续3a的调查,并与铺设麦草沙障沙丘及未做任何处理的裸沙丘作对比,研究了不同规格、不同铺设位置和不同铺设时间的沙袋沙障和麦草沙障对植被生长的影响。结果表明,沙袋沙障和麦草沙障铺设时间越长,所在沙丘植被生长情况越好。随着沙障布设时间增大,2种沙障的植被种数、平均高度无显著变化,植被平均密度能够增加到35%以上,植被盖度也分别能够达到36.8%和33.0%。2种沙障对植被的促进作用排序依次是3m×3m方格沙障最大,2m×2m方格沙障次之,1m×1m方格沙障最小;沙障设置部位不同植被生长情况也存在差异,2种沙障植被最好的位置均是在背风坡底,其次是背风坡中和迎风坡,坡顶植被长势最差。通过方差分析认为,沙袋沙障和麦草沙障对植被生长的影响均无显著差异（p=0.14）,但是2种沙障与对照相比差异显著（p〈0.005）。