粤、桂、苏、皖四省稻瘟病菌有性态的研究

应用国际稻瘟病菌标准交配型菌株KA3和THl6对2000年从广东、广西、江苏和安徽4省采集的145个稻瘟病菌菌株的育性和交配型测定结果表明,广东、广西和安徽3省稻瘟病菌群体中存在着Matl.1和Matl.2两种交配型,江苏省的23个可交配菌株均为Matl.1。各省间稻瘟病菌群体的可交配率差异不大,总的可交配率为48.3%。有9个菌株与标准菌株交配产生了子囊孢子,可育率为6.2%。检测到2个两性菌株,不同地区稻瘟病菌群体雌雄性别的比例有显著性差异。用不同交配型的可育菌株进行互交,14个组合中只有1个组合产生子囊壳,但没有形成成熟的子囊孢子。     

小麦赤霉菌有性阶段的生物学特性研究

小麦赤霉菌(Fusarium graminearum Schw.)子囊壳形成的温度范围为5—35℃,子囊和子囊孢子形成的温度范围为13—33℃。子囊壳和子囊孢子形成的最适温为25—28℃。基物湿润是子囊壳形成和发育的基本条件。基物处于干燥状态,如空气湿度达到饱和,仍可形成子囊壳和子囊孢子,但时间延迟,如空气湿度在95%以下,则不能形成子囊壳。基物保持湿润,即使空气湿度低至55%,仍能形成子囊壳和子囊孢子。散射光有利于子囊壳的形成,特别在培养的初期阶段更为重要。如培养初期处于黑暗下,即使以后给予光照,子囊壳的形成时间被推迟,且数量少。面子囊和子囊孢子的形成不受光照的影响,在黑暗下亦可形成。子囊壳的发育和子囊孢子形成可以间歇式进行。水滴的存在有利于子囊孢子从子囊壳中释放。在饱和湿度和95%以上湿度时,子囊孢子虽能释放,但时间延缓。空气湿度低至95%以下,子囊孢子则不能释放。温度对子囊孢子释放的影响似乎较小,在3℃下也可释放,只是温度很低时释放时间有延缓趋势,特别是和低的水湿配合时更为明显。子囊孢子释放不受光的影响。孢子的释放由于受水湿影响,而呈现一定的规律变化。表现为夜晚多于白天,雨天多于晴天。在一日中,一般以22时至次日8时前子囊孢子释放最多。子囊孢子萌发的温度范围为4—35℃,以25—30℃为最适,经4—8小时萌发率可达90%以上。子囊孢子在无水滴的情况下也可萌发,但空气湿度低至81%以下,则不能萌发。子囊孢子萌发不需要光照和补充营养,萌发后,在玻片上可形成很多菌丝,并很快形成单生的大型分生孢子。子囊孢子寿命较长,在室内条件下,约可存活25天以上,在室外麦穗上可存活6天以上。     

云南省稻瘟病菌的有性世代研究初报

为了解云南省稻瘟病菌有性世代的形成状况,用云南省14个地区采集的约300个稻瘟病菌株和分离自龙爪稷上的A.a交配型标准菌株,在燕麦片培养基上作了交配。交配结果是:西双版纳州、曲靖地区的分离菌中A,a两交配型菌都有;楚雄州、大理州的分离菌中仅有A交配型菌:昆明、保山、玉溪、文山、昭通、迪庆、临沧及怒江等地的分离菌中仅有a交配型菌,红河州和丽江地区的分离菌都末形成子囊孢子,无法确定其交配型。此外,曲靖地区龙爪稷上分离10个梨孢属菌株及日本茨城县糠稷上分离的7个梨孢属菌株,分别与上述标准菌株、云南省稻瘟病菌株、日本秋田县稻瘟病菌株作了交配,都末形成有性世代。     

小麦白粉菌子囊孢子形成过程观察

小麦白粉菌在小麦生长后期发生有性生殖;在病叶上形成黑色的子囊壳。子囊壳经过一段时间的后熟作用才成熟。成熟的子囊壳经保湿培养能够释放子囊孢子。我们对成熟子囊在保湿培养过程中的细胞学变化进行了观察,下面为观察结果。 1.材料和方法 于小麦蜡熟期,在感病植株的下部,采集着生子囊壳多的病叶,置于阴凉处风干,在4℃冰箱中贮存半年左右,取出进行实验。     

梨果生刺盘孢子囊孢子单孢菌系的生物学特性及致病性研究

 梨果生刺盘孢的2种致病型菌株FJ-85(产生黑点症状)和菌株FJ-11-2(产生坏死斑症状)的子囊孢子单孢培养均可产生正、负2种类型的单孢菌系。正型单孢菌系菌落浅白色,其上形成的子囊孢子再培养,可形成正、负2种类型的单孢菌系;负型单孢菌系菌落深灰色,其上形成的子囊孢子再培养,只形成负型一种单孢菌系。2个菌株的单孢菌系中,负型的比例明显多于正型。2种类型的单孢菌系对峙培养,在菌落内及菌落交界处均可形成子囊壳,而同种类型的单孢菌系对峙培养仅在菌落内产生子囊壳。结果表明同种类型的单孢菌系可同宗配合,而正、负2种类型的单孢菌系还可异宗配合。正型单孢菌系的致病力与原始菌株相近,而负型单孢菌系较原始菌株弱。2个菌株的单孢菌系在翠冠梨上引起的症状差异与其原始菌株相同。研究结果为解析梨果生刺盘孢的有性生殖与致病的关系提供了新的有用信息。     

甜瓜黑点根腐病菌生物学特性及其对药剂敏感性测定

为明确甜瓜黑点根腐病的发生和流行规律及有效防治方法,在不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH等培养条件下,测定甜瓜黑点根腐病菌的生物学特性及其对多种瓜类作物致病性,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定菌株对不同药剂的敏感性。结果表明,甜瓜黑点根腐病菌MC8菌丝生长的适宜培养基为马铃薯蔗糖培养基、燕麦粉琼脂和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基,马铃薯蔗糖培养基、燕麦粉琼脂和玉米琼脂粉这3种培养基可产生子囊壳;碳源和氮源对菌丝生长无明显促进作用,但乳糖可显著促进子囊壳产生,该发现为国内外首次报道;MC8菌丝生长的适宜pH为5～7,菌丝和子囊壳生长最适温度为30℃。致病力试验结果显示MC8菌株可侵染西瓜、甜瓜、南瓜和葫芦多种瓜类作物。咪酰胺和嘧菌酯在PDA上对瓜类黑点根腐病菌的菌丝生长有较好的抑制效果。     

麦类赤霉菌子囊壳发生条件的调查和试验

麦类穗期赤霉病的菌源主要是土表植物残体上产生的子囊孢子。在1959、1960年对赤霉病子囊壳发生的条件作了初步的调查和试验。用属于49科的134种植物残体作为产生子囊壳的试验基质。经人工接种,当长满赤霉菌菌丝后,移在含水量占沙重15—20％的沙木框内,在20—24℃下诱发子囊壳。经二周后检查,肯定能     

邻烯丙基苯酚对植物病原真菌抑制机理初探

用含毒介质培养法测定了邻烯丙基苯酚(银果)对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、苹果腐烂病菌Valsa mali和小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis的影响。通过培养观察发现,邻烯丙基苯酚可抑制番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子的产生、促进灰霉病菌菌核的形成及苹果腐烂病菌子囊壳的形成。光学显微观察表明:用50μg/mL的邻烯丙基苯酚处理番茄灰霉病菌菌丝后,菌丝伸长缓慢,分支间距缩短,分生孢子形成受到抑制。电镜观察表明:经邻烯丙基苯酚处理后,番茄灰霉病菌菌丝内液泡增多,苹果腐烂病菌菌丝细胞壁增厚,小麦纹枯病菌菌丝中内质网处泡囊增多。     

快速诱发禾谷镰刀菌有性世代的试验及其应用

 本文是报道一种简易的方法诱发Gibberella zeae的子囊壳,以鉴定禾谷镰刀菌的菌株。即:在泥钵内装灭菌的砂或(石至)石,其上种植纯菌株培养的带菌麦粒,然后在钵面复盖消毒纱布,并保持砂和纱布的潮湿。在20℃和装置20瓦黑光灯为光源照射的温箱中,3~6天形成子囊壳,10~12天发育成熟的子囊孢子,提供镜检鉴定。在15~25℃的自然散射光下,供试的481个禾谷镰刀菌菌株,获同样结果。同时,选用其他四种镰刀菌(即燕麦、锐顶、串珠、雪腐镰刀菌)和禾谷镰刀菌的代表菌株,进行交错污染试验,在限定的观察时间内,未见有相互干扰。
禾谷镰刀菌寄主广,所致麦、玉米上的病害损失大。本研究所提出的方法可以解决该菌在PSA培养基上大型分生孢子不易产生或产生亦形态多变所造成鉴定上的困难,且在病害测报和防治研究上有其应用价值。     

苯甲酸对植物病原菌的离体抗菌活性研究

苯甲酸对植物病原菌的活性受pH值影响较大,通常在酸性条件下的活性较高。在pH=5条件下,苯甲酸对供试的8种植物病原真菌表现出不同程度的抑制活性,其中对黄瓜疫霉病菌和水稻纹枯病菌的活性相对较高,EC50分别为24.40μg/mL和62.65μg/mL,其次是水稻稻瘟病和番茄灰霉病菌,而对小麦赤霉病菌及苹果斑点落叶病菌的活性相对较差,对辣椒炭疽病菌和苹果腐烂病菌基本无活性;苯甲酸对稻瘟病菌的菌丝干重增加、孢子萌发和芽管伸长均有较高的抑制活性,但对产孢量无影响。     

Germination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gibberella zeae</Emphasis> ascospores as affected by age of spores after discharge and environmental factors

The effects of age of ascospores (0–18 days after discharge), photon flux density (0–494 mol m^–2 s^–1 PAR), temperature (4–30 °C), frost (–15 °C for 30 min), relative humidity (RH; 0–100%), pH (2.5–6.5) and dryness (0 and 53% RH for up to 40 min) on the germination of the ascospores of the mycotoxin-producing fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) were studied. Freshly discharged ascospores germinated within 4 h at 20 °C and 100% RH. The rate of germination and the percentage of viable ascospores decreased over time after the spores were discharged from perithecia. The time course of ascospore germination was not significantly affected by photon flux density. The period of time required to obtain 50% germinated ascospores at 100% RH was 26.90 h at 4 °C, 10.40 h at 14 °C, 3.44 h at 20 °C and 3.31 h at 30 °C. There was no significant effect of frost on the percentage of viable ascospores. A small percentage (6.6 ± 3.8%) of the ascospores germinated at 53% RH. At RH 84% and 20 °C almost 100% of the freshly discharged ascospores germinated. The time course of ascospore germination was affected by pH. The maximum rate of ascospore germination was estimated to be at pH 3.76. Ascospores lost their ability to germinate following exposure to 0% RH almost instantaneously. No germinating spores were detected after an incubation period of 1 min at 0% RH. Incubating the ascospores at 53% RH decreased the percentage of viable spores from 93 to 6% within 10 min. The data demonstrate that age of spores, relative humidity, temperature and pH, but not photon flux density, are key factors in germination of G. zeae ascospores.     

番茄茎基腐病病原菌的生物学特性

对番茄茎基腐病病原菌生物学特性研究结果表明:病菌菌丝在供试PDA、PSA、2%水琼脂、Richard、番茄煎汁、燕麦片和番茄燕麦等7种培养基中均能良好生长,而在2%水琼脂培养基上生长较为缓慢;菌丝在2～32℃范围内均能生长,最适20℃,致死温度为50℃,10min;菌丝生长的pH范围为3～10,最适为5～7;光照对菌丝生长影响较小。病菌在7种供试培养基上均能产生菌核;菌核在10种供试营养物质中均能萌发,萌发温度范围为5～30℃,最适20℃,致死温度为59℃,10min;菌核萌发pH范围为3～10,最适为7。     

Coffee berry disease in Kenya. II. The role of Glomerella cingulata in the Colletotrichum population,colonizing the bark of Coffea arabica

On the maturing bark of cut branches ofCoffea arabica previously sprayed with copper fungicides perithecia ofGlomerella cingulata were easily found after two to ten days of incubation. Without fungicides the number of perithecia was decidedly lower. On prunings left on the ground under the coffee trees for 6 to 24 weeks the perithecia could also be found, but the numbers declined rapidly with time. Perithecia ofG. cingulata could forcibly discharge ascospores under laboratory conditions. Monospore cultures obtained by catching ascospores on agar, invariably belonged to threeColletotrichum types. It was rarely possible to isolate aColletotrichum able to infect green coffee berries. Growthrate, colour of the mycelium, number of conidia producedin vitro and infectivity on green coffee berries, however, differed substantially fromC. coffeanum, the cause of coffee berry disease. In Kenya no evidence has been obtained that ascospores from perithecia on bark could infect wounded or unwounded green coffee berries. Neither has any infection been obtained with ascospores from perithecia grownin vitro. Possible explanations for the difference with previous findings are offered. Based on the data presented in this paper, it is concluded thatG. cingulata is not likely to play a role in the epidemiology of the coffee berry disease in Kenya.     

Spatio-temporal development of pycnidia and perithecia and dissemination of spores of Mycosphaerella pinodes on pea (Pisum sativum)

The pattern of development of pycnidia and perithecia of Mycosphaerella pinodes was studied in the glasshouse on pea plants (cv. Solara) sprayed with a pycnospore suspension and in field plots inoculated with barley grains colonized by the fungus. The numbers of pycnidia and perithecia were estimated on each stipule and internode of infected plants, and were related to ratings of disease severity (0–5 scale). Pycnidia were produced on both green and senescent organs, whereas perithecia only appeared on senescent organs. The development and quantity of pycnidia were related to initial inoculum concentration and the physiological stage of the plants. The formation of fruiting bodies progressed from the bottoms to the tops of plants during crop development. Spore trapping showed that both pycnospore dispersal and ascospore discharge were initiated by rainfall or dew. Pycnospores were principally trapped in the first 20 cm above the soil surface while ascospores were also trapped above the crop canopy. Pycnospores and ascospores were dispersed throughout the growing season, suggesting that ascospores also play an important role in secondary infections.     

温度、湿度和光照对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌(Glomerella cingulata)产孢的影响

苹果炭疽叶枯病(Glomerella cingulata)是我国苹果上新发现的一种病害,为了了解病原菌的产孢条件和产孢动态,为病害的预测预报与防控提供依据。本研究在人工控制条件下,测试了温度、湿度和光照对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌产生分生孢子和子囊孢子的影响。结果表明,苹果炭疽叶枯病新形成的病叶润湿后,在15℃~30℃下保湿培养2~6 d后可产生大量橘黄色的分生孢子堆,其中30℃下产孢量最大,产孢速度最快,仅需2 d时间。炭疽叶枯病菌在新形成的病叶上于15℃~30℃下培养20~30 d可形成子囊孢子,最适温度为25℃,子囊孢子的形成需要高湿环境或叶片润湿。炭疽叶枯病菌的单孢分离菌株于15℃~25℃下,在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)上培养20~30 d也可形成子囊孢子,最适产孢温度25℃。紫外光、黑光和日光都能促进子囊孢子的形成。     

Sexual Recombination in Gibberella zeae

ABSTRACT We developed a method for inducing sexual outcrosses in the homothallic Ascomycete fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph: Fusarium graminearum). Strains were marked with different nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutations, and vegetative compatibility groups served as additional markers in some crosses. Strains with complementary nit mutations were cocultured on carrot agar plates. Ascospores from individual perithecia were plated on a minimal medium (MM) containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Crosses between different nit mutants segregated in expected ratios (3:1 nit(-):nit(+)) from heterozygous perithecia. Analysis of vegetative compatibility groups of progeny of two crosses indicated two and three vegetative incompatibility (vic) genes segregating, respectively. For rapid testing of sexual recombination between nit mutants, perithecia were inverted over MM to deposit actively discharged ascospores. Development of proto-trophic wild-type colonies was taken as evidence of sexual recombination. Strains of G. zeae group 2 from Japan, Nepal, and South Africa, and from Indiana, Kansas, and Ohio in the United States were sexually interfertile. Four group 1 strains were not interfertile among themselves or with seven group 2 strains. Attempts to cross G. zeae with representatives of F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. crookwellense, F. oxysporum, and three mating populations of G. fujikuroi were not successful.     

假禾谷镰孢子囊壳的田间采集和子囊孢子后代室内杂交条件优化

假禾谷镰孢(Fusarium pseudograminearum,Fp)是我国黄淮麦区小麦茎基腐病(Fusarium crown rot of wheat)的优势病原菌,目前该病害呈不断蔓延和为害加重的趋势.本研究从五月中旬小麦灌浆期至玉米收获期,在河南开封和焦作田间调查采集小麦茎基腐病样,对13份小麦茎秆和小麦残茬上...     

Role of perithecia as an inoculum source for stem rot type of pepper root rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis (teleomorph: Nectria haematococca f. sp. piperis)

Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) root rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis (FSP; teleomorph: Nectria haematococca f. sp. piperis) includes two symptom types called root rot (RR) type and stem rot (SR) type. In this study, the temporal and spatial associations between perithecial formation of FSP and development of SR were investigated in naturally infested fields to verify the hypothesis that ascospores from the perithecia are the major inoculum source of the SR type on vines in the field. In surveys of all vines in two neighboring pepper fields every month from December 2005 to November 2006, I mapped the locations of all vines with perithecia and all vines the SR type. The frequency of vines with perithecia increased during April and May, the late rainy season. In June, the early dry season, the number of vines with SR type greatly increased. The vertical range of perithecial formation on the vines extended to 200 cm in height, but was restricted to 30 cm in the dry season in both fields. The join-count statistics showed a significant spatial association between vines with perithecia and vines with SR type in one field (P = 0.042), while no significant spatial association was recognized in another field. The results suggested that ascospores from perithecia of FSP on pepper vines are likely to be one of the main inoculum sources of the SR type of the disease on adjacent vines, but they may not be the exclusive source.     

Seasonal patterns of dispersal of ascospores of Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight)

Infected barks of chestnut blight cankers, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica , were collected from a naturally infected orchard and incubated at different temperatures. Cankers started to discharge ascospores about a week after incubation at 15–25°C; most ascospores were collected at 20 and 25°C. When incubated at 5, 10 or 30°C, only a few cankers released a small number of ascospores and only during the later stages of incubation. However, the rate of formation of perithecia was not affected by the incubation temperature. The number of airborne ascospores was monitored using a volumetric spore trap in a chestnut orchard during 1996 and 1997. In both years, the number of ascospores trapped daily varied greatly, but in general it increased sharply from March onwards, reached a peak in May, and then declined steeply. There was a significant correlation between daily counts of ascospores and air temperature. Time-series transfer function (TF) analysis showed a positive association of the daily number of ascospores with increasing temperature, rain events and wet/humid conditions. In general, values predicted by the TF model agreed well with the observed pattern. However, a multiple regression equation based on TF analysis failed to provide a satisfactory prediction of the daily number of ascospores.     

Viability and release of Neonectria ditissima ascospores on apple fruit in Brazil

During European canker monitoring in an apple experimental orchard, 14 mummified fruit (two and three trees with 10 and four positive records in 2018 and 2019, respectively) showed perithecia. Perithecium production on apple fruit, confirmation of pathogenicity of Neonectria ditissima isolated from mummified fruit, and ascospore release from fruit tissues has rarely been reported, and their role in the epidemiology of European canker has been largely overlooked. Thus, the objectives of our study were to (a) prove the presence of both conidia and ascospores of N. ditissima in mummified fruit in an experimental field, confirming pathogenesis in different apple cultivars, and (b) monitor production of the two types of inoculum in infected apple fruit over time. Canker incidence in this orchard was 47% of trees with symptoms in 2018 and 48% in 2019. Molecular and morphological tests confirmed that the fungus detected in the mummified apple fruit was N. ditissima. Apple fruit with sporodochia and perithecia washed immediately after collection from the orchard showed conidia but no ascospores of N. ditissima. However, after 4 days’ incubation, perithecia on mummified fruit showed many ascospore cirri. Koch's postulates were fulfilled on apple plants and mature fruit. Fruit inoculated with N. ditissima released spores for over a year under Brazilian field conditions. The release of both spore types peaked in May (Brazilian leaf fall) and October (spring); release of conidia also peaked in February (early harvest). These results support our hypothesis that fruit can serve as primary inoculum for European canker in Brazilian apple orchards.