Effect of Formulation and Application Method on the Efficacy of Aerial and Submerged Conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride for Locust and Grasshopper Control

A study was carried out to investigate the relative infectivity of aerial and submerged conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride to Schistocerca gregaria and Zonocerus variegatus. The effect of formulation and application method on initial infectivity and field persistence of these conidia was investigated. Strain IMI 330189 was highly virulent to S. gregaria but showed relatively low virulence to Z. variegatus. Direct contact with conidia from the initial spray application resulted in 100% mortality of S. gregaria for all formulation and application combinations. The mean survival time of infected locusts was significantly shorter for treatments using a knapsack sprayer containing submerged conidia in water plus 10 ml litre⁻¹ ‘Codacide’™ (seven days), than treatments with aerial conidia in oil using ULV techniques (8.9 days) or submerged conidia in modified (water plus adjuvants) ULV (MULV) (nine days) or in water-based (VLV) applications (9·3 days). Both aerial and submerged conidia persisted long enough in the environment to effect significant mortality via secondary pick-up of spray residue from vegeta-tion. Persistence was greatest in the ULV and MULV treatments, where the oil component of the formulations provided greater protection of the conidia from environmental stresses. The consequences of secondary pick-up of conidia from the different treatments on total mortality from a single application were examined using a simple host–pathogen model. This predicted that the ULV treatment would be much more effective than the other treatments under conditions where direct contact with the spray was limited. The results of these investigations are discussed in the context of development of optimum spray strategies for control of locusts and grasshoppers, and other pests, under different environmental conditions.     

Spray retention and distribution on apple trees

Total deposits and their distribution on bush and dwarf hedgerow apple trees, sprayed at the late dormant and full foliage stages with a copper fungicide by five different methods, were estimated by colorimetric determination of the acid-extracted copper from all the tree parts, and for comparison purposes were converted to equivalent volumes retained. The bush trees were sprayed by hand lance (4500 litresha-¹), by automatic nozzle mast sprayer (2250 litres ha^?1), by conventional air-blast sprayer at medium volume (1125 litres ha^?1) and low volume (560 litres ha^?1), and by hand-directed ultra-low-volume (ULVH) fan-assisted spinning-disc sprayer (6 litres ha^?1). The hedgerow trees were sprayed by conventional air-blast sprayer at low volume (560 litres ha^?1) and by an experimental tractor-mounted ultra-low-volume air-blast sprayer (45 litres ha^?1). At the late dormant stage, the bush trees retained only 9–22 % of the total spray applied by all methods, except that those sprayed by the hand-directed ULVH sprayer retained 57%. At the full foliage stage, when most of the spray was deposited on the leaves, retention for all methods of application was 22–37%. The hedgerow trees at late dormancy retained 6% of the spray applied in low volume and 10% of that by tractor-mounted ultra-low-volume methods, but at full foliage, retention was 25 and 63 %, respectively. On both types of tree the proportions of the spray deposited on the tree components were related to the surface areas of those components.     

水稻田几种常用喷雾法的药液沉积率测定

对稻区常用的几种喷雾方法所产生雾滴的沉积率进行了测定。手动喷雾器的大容量喷雾法的药液沉积率虽高,但药剂有效成份之沉积率较低。低容量喷雾法的药液沉积率较低,而药剂有效成份沉积率较高。对稻区流行的喷雨法和水唧简法的沉积率不稳定和偏低,进行了评价。湿润展布剂对于药液的沉积能力有显著影响,在有湿润展布剂时,药液沉积率显著提高。不合湿展剂时,增加喷雾量对于药液沉积率的提高作用较小。大容量喷撒法有大量农药散落到田水中,而在株冠层内的穿透和分布能力并不好。     

Persistence of Metarhizium flavoviride and Consequences for Biological Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts

The residual infectivity of an oil formulation of the fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium flavoviride was measured during a field trial against the rice grasshopper, Hieroglyphus daganensis, in north Benin. The pattern of infectivity was shown to decline exponentially following application, with a half-life of 6·8 days. In this environment, infections due to residual spores from the spray were identified as a key route of infection and accounted for 40–50% of the total infection measured 12 days after application. To examine the within- and between-season consequences of such residual infection, a simple host–pathogen model was developed. The model revealed that even very small increases in residual activity could provide large increases in total mortality and that under certain conditions, residual infection was essential for effective pest control. This aspect of the activity of mycopesticides is rarely considered. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of developing optimum spray strategies for locust and grasshopper control under different ecological conditions. © 1997 SCI.     

球孢白僵菌孢子萌发促进剂的筛选及其对杀蚜效果的增强作用

以生物学相容性较好的聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚为乳化剂,从五大类生化营养基质中筛选出海藻糖、葡萄糖、蛋白胨、酪氨酸和菜籽油作为孢子萌发促进剂的基本成份,采用5因子正交旋转组合设计并实施了36个组配试验以优化配方。将所获孢子萌发促进剂加入球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)孢子乳悬液中喷雾接种桃蚜(Myzus persicae)无翅成蚜,在20℃和12L:12D的条件下饲养并逐日观察发病死亡数。所获数据经时间-剂量-死亡率模型模拟分析,桃蚜接种后第4～6天为死亡高峰,在10~6～10~8个孢子/ml的浓度下喷雾处理6天后的累计死亡率为62.9％～88.7％,LT_(50)估计值为3.8～4.8天,接种后第4、5和6天的LD_(50)估计值分别为3.75×10~7、3.73×10~5和2.08×10~5个孢子/ml。在连续6天的观察中,接种成蚜日均产若蚜数比对照分别下降了40.7％～85.0％,下降幅度随孢子乳悬液浓度提高而增大。这些结果表明,以上孢子萌发促进剂具有作为球孢白僵菌孢子制剂添加剂的应用潜力。     

Development and assessment of a novel servo-controlled spraying system for real time adjustment of the orientation angle of the nozzles of a boom sprayer

Background

Pesticide spray drift, which is the movement of pesticide by wind to any location other than the intended area, is hazardous to human, animal, food safety and environmental health. It is not possible to completely eliminate spray drift during spraying with field crop sprayers, but spray drift can be reduced by developing new technologies. The most common methods to reduce spray drift are carrying the droplets to the target with air-assisted spraying, electrostatic spraying, preferring air induction nozzles and boom shields. With these methods, it is not possible to make a change on the sprayer depending on the wind intensity during spraying. In this study, a novel servo-controlled spraying system was designed and developed to change the nozzle orientation angle in the reverse direction of the wind current to reduce the ground spray drift in real time and automatically in a wind tunnel. The displacement in the spray pattern (D_c) was used as a ground drift indicator for each nozzle to evaluate the spray drift.

Results

The developed system, operated by LabVIEW software, calculated different nozzle orientation angles depending on nozzle types, wind velocities and spraying pressures. Orientation angles calculated for different test conditions achieved in reduction were up to 49.01% for XR11002 nozzle, 32.82% for AIXR11002 nozzle and 32.31% for TTJ6011002 nozzle at 400 kPa spray pressure and 2.5 m s⁻¹ wind velocity.

Conclusion

The developed system, which has a self-decision mechanism, calculated the nozzle orientation angle instantaneously according to the wind velocity. It has been observed that the adjustable spraying nozzle system, sprayed with high precision towards the wind in the wind tunnel, and the developed system have advantages compared to conventional spraying systems. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

10th British Weed Control Conference

The performance of different spray droplet spectra of cypermethrin from cone nozzles applied to brassica leaves was evaluated by bioassay using Plutella xylostella larvae. A spray droplet spectrum containing small droplets (VMD = 119 μm) caused a significantly higher knockdown and mortality compared to a coarser spray (VMD = 210 μm). No significant difference in the responses was observed when cypermethrin was sprayed over the top of the plants compared to plants sprayed from both sides using either nozzle; but the fine spray consistently gave better knockdown and mortality regardless of spray direction. The results indicated that spray effectiveness of cypermethrin could be improved by using a fine spray nozzle.     

冠层推拨装置对喷杆喷雾机雾滴飘失与沉积特性的影响

喷杆喷雾机具有作业效率高、雾滴覆盖率高、沉积分布均匀、防治效果好等优点,是目前大田作物最主要的施药机具.但受作物冠层遮挡和侧风等气象条件的影响,导致喷杆喷雾机作业时雾滴难以穿透到植株中下部并伴随飘失.为改善喷杆喷雾机喷雾雾滴在作物冠层的穿透性并降低飘移量,本文优化设计了一种适用于大田作物的喷杆喷雾机冠层推拨装置.并分别...     

Laboratory shelf-life of oil-formulated conidia of the locust and grasshopper fungal pathogen Metarhizium flavoviridae Gams & Rozsypal,in mixtures with the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin

The addition of 20 ppm lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroid insecticide to Metarhizium flavoviridae (Fungi: Deuteromycetes) dry conidia in oil kept germination above 80% for 2 and 12 months at temperatures of approximately 30 and 8°C respectively. At 30°C, conidia in oil alone maintained viability for only a few weeks, but this was doubled at 8°C. Even dry conidia retained good viability for only 5 months at the higher temperature. The extended viability of conidia given by adding the pyrethroid to the oil formulation is regarded as very valuable for areas where the fungus is to be used against locusts and grasshoppers.     

Deposition of aerially applied tebufenozide (RH5992) on balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and its control of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.])

A field trial was conducted in 1994 to determine the foliar deposit of tebufenozide (RH5992), applied aerially, and its efficacy against spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). A commercial 240 g litre^-1 formulation of the insecticide (Mimic 240LV) was mixed with water, dyed with a tracer dye (Rhodamine WT) and sprayed with a light fixed-wing aircraft. Six application strategies were tested. Five used 70 g AI ha^-1 in a spray volume of 1 or 2 litre^-1 ha^-1 with single or double applications; the sixth was an unsprayed control. Results show that the spectra of the spray applications were, with one exception, fairly uniform. Volume and number median diameters ranged from 100 to 130 μm and 27 to 72 μm, respectively. Mean number of drops cm^-2 on Kromekote cards were <2·0 for strategies where either 1 or 2 litre ha^-1 were sprayed. Nevertheless no one strategy produced droplet densities that were significantly different (P<0·05) from the other strategies. Tebufenozide recovered from foliage averaged 2·5 to 5·9 μg g foliage^-1 when 1 litre ha^-1 was sprayed and 5·8 to 6·8 μg g foliage^-1 after 2 litre ha^-1 were sprayed. When a single application was the strategy used, the mean number of droplets cm^-2 and μg tebufenozide g foliage^-1 ranged from 1·2 to 1·4 and 2·5 to 5·9, respectively. With double applications, the same response parameters ranged from 0·3 to 1·9 and 2·5 to 6·8, respectively. Budworm population reductions (%) and the number of larvae that survived tebufenozide treatments were significantly different (P<0·05) from the controls. After strategies that used 1 litre spray ha^-1, mean percentage population reductions ranged from 61·4 to 93·6 whereas populations were reduced by 85·6 to 98·3% when 2 litre ha^-1 were sprayed. After double applications the mean percentage population reductions ranged from 93·6 to 98·3, but single application strategies resulted in mean reductions of 61 to 86%. Mean population reductions in the controls were 61%. The mean number of larvae per branch that survived spray strategies of 1 litre ha^-1 ranged from 1·3 to 7·4, and from 0·4 to 1·3 when 2 litre ha^-1 was the spray volume. In the controls an average of 10·2 larvae survived. With one exception, mean percentage defoliation in the treated areas was also significantly less (P<0·05) than that in the control. Mean defoliation in trees sprayed at 1 litre spray ha^-1 ranged from 40 to 62·8% whereas those treated at 2 litre ha^-1 had mean defoliation levels from 31·5 to 62·8%. In contrast, average defoliation in the controls was 92·1%. When a single application was the spray strategy, mean defoliation ranged from 31·5 to 62·8%. These data imply that a double application of tebufenozide at 70 g in 2 litre ha^-1 was the most efficacious strategy. However, analyses of the data also show that the primary influence on deposits and defoliation was interactions between number of applications and spray. Nevertheless the two independent variables acted without significant interactions when influencing percentage reductions of spruce budworm populations. © 1998 SCI     

Post‐spray effects of an aerial application of fenitrothion on the pine beauty moth,Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller)

Abstract

Panolis flammea that had survived an aerial spraying programme of fenitrothion were compared in a series of laboratory experiments with moths that had not been within the sprayed area, to assess the effects of sub‐lethal spray application on various life history parameters. Emergence success was not significantly different between the two treatments and the sex ratio in both cases approximated 1:1. The bionomics of moths surviving in the sprayed plots were different in several respects from those taken from unsprayed plots. The former emerged from pupae later, had lower levels of fecundity and a longer pre‐oviposition period. Females from sprayed plots were also heavierthan males and their weight was positively correlated with fecundity, whereas neither of those traits were shown by unsprayed moths. A number of other bionomic traits were not significantly different in sprayed or unsprayed groups. Analysis of the population growth rates of P. flammea from areas of the forest where control was either ineffective or effective, revealed no significant differences. The implications of these results for the population dynamics of P. flammea are discussed.     

The effect of molasses on the evaporation and impaction of spray droplets

The addition of 20% molasses to water did not reduce the rate of evaporation of water from spray droplets. The 20% molasses droplets evaporated at the same rate as water droplets until ca 20% of their volume was left. When sprayed under field conditions at 30% relative humdity (r.h.) the volume median diameter (v.m.d.) of the 20% molasses spray (132 μm) was larger than the v.m.d. of the water spray (116 μm) and more droplets smaller than 19 μm were captured on magnesium oxide slides than with the water spray. The addition of molasses improved the impaction efficiency of droplets by increasing their density, and increased the minimum size to which a given droplet could evaporate.     

Weed Problems in Chotanagpur Agriculture

Abstract

Micron Sprayers Ltd have produced a sprayer, the Herbi, designed to produce uniform atomisation with both oil- and water-based formulations. Three different nozzle sizes give low, medium and high flow rates. In performance tests wetting agents were found to be necessary to produce uniform droplets. The volume distribution across the swath showed four peaks and for the flow rate, liquid and atomiser height examined the two major peaks were at 50 and 60 cms either side of the line of the sprayer, indicating a peak to peak width of 110 cm. Of the collected spray, 75% settled within a central band of 120 cm, 99% within 180 cm and 100% within 195 cm. To prevent superimposition of peaks leading to high overdose, a swath width of 150–160 cm is suggested, such that overlap occurs at the outer position of half peak height. To avoid excessive spray drift it is recommended that the sprayer is not used in any but very light wind. The authors conclude that this machine should prove very useful for very low volume application between rows in bush and tree crops, and for treating larger areas.     

Selection of global Metarhizium isolates for the control of the rice pest Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

BACKGROUND: This study was initiated to search for fungal candidates for microbial control of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål, to which little attention has been paid in the past two decades. RESULTS: Thirty‐five isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and M. flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal from different host insects worldwide were bioassayed for their lethal effects against third‐instar BPH nymphs at 25 °C and a 14:10 h light:dark photoperiod at ca 1000 conidia mm^?2. On day 9 post‐treatment, mortality attributable to mycosis ranged from 6.5 to 64.2% and differed significantly among the tested isolates with no apparent relationship to their host origin. Only two BPH‐derived M. anisopliae isolates from the Philippines (ARSEF456) and Indonesia (ARSEF576) killed > 50% of the nymphs. Both isolates were further bioassayed for time–concentration–mortality responses of the nymphs to the sprays of 19–29, 118–164 and 978–1088 conidia mm^?2 in repeated bioassays. The resultant data fitted a time–concentration–mortality model very well. Their LC₅₀ values were estimated as 731 and 1124 conidia mm^?2 on day 7 and fell to 284 and 306 conidia mm^?2, respectively, on day 10. CONCLUSION: The two M. anisopliae isolates are potential biocontrol agents of BPH for further research. This is the first report of the lethal effects of global Metarhizium isolates on the rice pest. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同施药器械对环酰菌胺在番茄叶片上的沉积量及其对灰霉病防治效果的影响

农药的沉积量是判定农药有效利用率的重要指标之一。采用3种不同的喷雾器喷施防治灰霉病的化学药剂——10%环酰菌胺可湿性粉剂于大棚种植的番茄上,并于2 h后采集番茄叶片,通过构建气相色谱法（带UECD检测器）,分析不同的施药器械对农药沉积量及防治效果的影响。结果表明:采用3WBD-16型背负式电动喷雾器和3WJD-18静电喷雾器施药,环酰菌胺在番茄叶片上的沉积量分别为3.25和5.61 mg/kg,而采用TSP-60（S）热力烟雾器施药,环酰菌胺沉积量最高,达12.83 mg/kg;在防治番茄灰霉病方面,也以热力烟雾器的防治效果最好（对番茄叶片和果实上灰霉病的防治效果分别为86.53%和85.50%）,显著高于背负式电动喷雾器处理（叶防效73.88%,果防效74.03%）,与静电喷雾器处理的叶防效（77.45%）差异显著,而与果防效（79.85%）无显著差异。本研究结果表明,TSP-60（S）热力烟雾器和3WJD-18静电喷雾器均能提高环酰菌胺在番茄叶片上的沉积量,并可提高对大棚番茄灰霉病的防治效果。     

不同助剂、喷头及喷雾压力对自走式喷杆喷雾机稻田喷雾效果的影响

以亿丰丸山3WP-500CN型号自走式喷杆喷雾机为研究对象,以诱惑红85作为指示剂,测定了6种喷雾助剂 (红太阳、倍力、迈丝、融透、印楝油和哈速腾)、3种喷头 (TEEJET-VP80015、ASJ-VP110015和LICHENG-VP11003) 以及3种喷雾压力 (0.2、0.4 和0.6 MPa) 对农药沉积利用率、药液雾化性能 (D₅₀值雾滴密度等)、雾滴分布均匀性等喷雾参数的影响,以及240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂对水稻纹枯病防治效果及水稻产量的影响。结果表明:采用TEEJET-VP80015喷头,在0.4 MPa喷雾压力条件下,助剂哈速腾雾滴分布均匀性显著高于其他助剂,变异系数为0.11,同时对雾滴估计沉积量 (45.74 μL/cm2) 与分布跨度 (1.29) 的影响显著高于其他助剂;助剂迈丝对雾滴密度 (103.78个/cm2) 和农药沉积利用率 (83.88%) 的影响均显著高于其他助剂。采用TEEJET-VP80015喷头,在未添加助剂条件下,不同喷雾压力对雾滴分布跨度、雾滴附着率和农药沉积利用率影响差异显著,其中在0.6 MPa压力下,分布跨度为1.18,雾滴附着率为33.32%,农药沉积利用率为78.19%。在未添加助剂、0.4 MPa喷雾压力条件下,喷头LICHENG-VP11003对雾滴分布均匀性的影响显著高于另外两种喷头,变异系数为0.12,同时对雾滴覆盖率 (69.37%)、雾滴估计沉积量 (42.77 μL/cm2) 和农药沉积利用率 (75.79%) 的影响也显著高于另外两种喷头。各测定条件下,240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果与雾化性能和雾化参数结果一致,其中添加助剂迈丝后防治效果达到89.27%,显著高于添加其他助剂,增大喷雾压力到0.6 MPa,防治效果达到88.67%,显著高于其他压力条件;采用TEEJET-VP80015喷头,在0.4 MPa喷雾压力下,水稻产量为8301 kg/hm2,显著高于人工喷雾。因此,助剂与喷头类型均对自走式喷杆喷雾机施药时的农药沉积利用率、雾滴分布均匀性以及雾滴参数和雾化效果有显著的影响,在适当的喷雾压力下添加助剂可提高农药的防治效果。     

A technique for studying the biological efficiency of small droplets of pesticide solutions and a consideration of the implications

A simple bioassay technique is described for small, uniformly-sized droplets of pesticide solutions obtained by use of a microtip spray nozzle. A soluble fluorescent tracer was added to the spraying solution; droplets of the solution were sprayed on leaf discs and counted under a microscope with the aid of an ultraviolet lamp. The technique was used to study the relationships between the number of drops, their size and the dicofol concentration, on the mortality of Tetranychus urticae eggs. LD₅₀ values decreased as the drop size was reduced; the concentration of the pesticide also affected the LD₅₀ values. The technique can be used to study the biological efficiency of ultra-low volume pesticide formulations in the laboratory.     

Efficacies of low- to high-volume (960-10 700 litre ha− 1) citrus sprayers for applying petroleum spray oil to control chinese wax scale

Petroleum spray oil (2, 4 and 6% in water) was applied to Valencia orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, for the control of Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis del Guercio, using a low-volume ( <2000 litre ha^?1)air-blast (LV AB) sprayer, a low- to high-volume (L-HV) (up to 7000 litre ha^?1) sprayer with four fan-assisted rotary atomiser (FARA) spray heads mounted on a vertical tower, and a high-volume (>7000 litre ha^?1) oscillating boom (HV OB) sprayer. The most effective sprayer was the L-HV FARA sprayer. The most cost-effective treatment was a 20 ml litre^?1 (60 litre oil ha^?1) spray applied at 3000 litre ha^?1 by the L-HV FARA sprayer. It gave mortality equivalent to a standard 20 ml litre^?1, 10 700 litre ha^?1 spray (214 litre oil ha^?1) applied by the HV OB sprayer but with 72% less spray and significantly less oil deposited per cm² of leaf area. Equivalent or significantly (P = 0·05) higher mortality than that given by the 10 700 litre ha^?1 HV OB spray was given by the 40 ml litre^?1, 3000 (120 litre oil ha^?1) and 60 ml litre^?1, 2180 and 3000 litre ha^?1 (130·8 and 180 litre oil ha^?1) L-HV FARA sprays, but the 60 ml litre^?1 sprays deposited more oil per cm² than the 20 ml litre^?1 HV OB spray and were considered to be potentially phytotoxic. The least effective sprayer was the LV AB sprayer, which applied a 60 ml litre^?1 spray (57·6 litre oil ha^?1) at 960 litre ha^?1. Linear relationships were established for Chinese wax scale mortality, transformed using an angular transformation (arcsin proportion), versus log₁₀ spray volume for the 20, 40 and 60 ml litre^?1 sprays applied by L-HV FARA at 1260,2180 and 3000 litre ha^?1, mortality versus log₁₀ μg oil cm^?2 and log₁₀ μg oil versus log₁₀ volume of oil sprayed.     

离心雾化低容量喷杆喷雾与常量喷雾对比研究

为探究装配离心雾化喷头的喷杆喷雾机在小麦田植保作业中的适用性,研发了一种基于低容量离心雾化技术的喷杆喷雾机(BSC),以添加诱惑红示踪剂的3种药剂（5%己唑醇悬浮剂、40%氧乐果乳油和50%吡蚜酮水分散粒剂）的混合复配制剂为供试药液,与装配液力式喷头的背负式喷雾器(KSH)、喷杆喷雾机(BSH)以及装配离心雾化喷头的背负式喷雾器(KSC)进行田间施药对比试验,分析了4种机具的主要作业效果指标——雾滴沉积分布均匀性、小麦冠层药液穿透性、作业效率以及防治效果。结果表明:对于沉积均匀性,离心雾化低容量喷杆喷雾与常量喷雾无显著性差异,而装配离心雾化喷头的背负式喷雾器的沉积均匀性低于其他3种机具;与常量喷雾相比,离心雾化方式有效提高了药液的冠层穿透性,最多可提高2.9倍;与常量喷杆、低容量离心背负和常量背负式喷雾器相比,低容量离心喷杆喷雾机的作业效率分别提高0.5倍、5.6倍和18.6倍;对比空白处理,低容量离心喷雾和常量喷雾方式防治效果显著,但两者之间无显著性差异。该研究可为低容量施药技术、超低容量施药技术和离心雾化技术在喷杆喷雾机上的应用提供参考。