Removal of Atrazine Contamination in Soil and Liquid Systems Using Bioaugmentation

Reported levels of atrazine in soils at pesticide mix-load sites can vary between 7·9×10^-5 mM and 1·9 mM . We report on a mixed microbial culture, capable of degrading concentrations of atrazine in excess of 1·9 mM . At initial concentrations of 0·046 M and 0·23 M , the mixed population degraded 78% and 21% of atrazine in soil (100 days), respectively. At the same initial concentrations in liquid cultures, 90% and 56% of the atrazine was degraded (80 days), respectively. Decreased degradation in soil samples may have resulted from atrazine sorption to soil surfaces or decreased contact between the population and the herbicide. In the 0·23 M system, we attribute incomplete degradation to phosphorous depletion. Data for carbon dioxide evolution was fitted to a three-half-order regression model, but we feel that there are limitations of the application of this model to atrazine degradation. The population uses the herbicide as a nitrogen source and little carbon is incorporated into biomass, as the energy status of carbons in the ring leads to their direct evolution as [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide. This situation contributes to an evolution pattern that, when fitted to the three-half-order model, results in underestimation of the biomass produced. Data from our study suggest that our mixed culture could be used for bioremediation of atrazine at concentrations up to and exceeding those currently reported for agrochemical mixing-loading facilities. © 1997 SCI.     

氰津·莠30%悬浮剂的气相色谱分析

本文采用气相色谱法,使用CP7906X;英毛细管柱和FID检测器,对混剂中的氰草津和莠去津进行分离与定量。邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯为内标物。分析结果表明氰草津和莠去津的线性相关系数分别为0．99995、0．99999;标准偏差分别为0．23、0．16：变异系数分别为1．49％、1．06％;回收率分别在98．94～100．11％和98．38～101．51％之间。     

水中莠去津、乙草胺残留量检测方法研究

本文确立了水中莠去津、乙草胺残留量检测方法。样本采用固相萃取提取净化，用气相色谱法在同一根色谱柱上分离后分别进入氮磷检测器、电子捕获检测器进行检测。莠去津、乙草胺平均回收率分别为88．9％—91．5％和90．7％-96．5％；相对标准偏差分别为9．7％和5．6％；线性相关系数分别为0．989和0．995。     

异丙·莠悬浮剂的气相色谱分析方法

本文介绍了用５％ＯＶ－１０１,长度为１ｍ的玻璃填充柱,以正二十碳烷为内标物,在１８０℃的柱温下用ＦＩＤ检测器对异丙·莠悬浮剂中有效成分异丙甲草胺及莠去津同时进行定量分析。分析测得异丙甲草胺变异系数为０．３０７％,平均回收率１００．１１％,线性相关系数０．９９９９;莠去津的变异系数为０．４１６％,平均回收率９９．９７％,线性相关系数０．９９９９。     

气相色谱法测定玉米中莠去津和丁草胺农药残留

采用丙酮和石油醚(1:1)提取玉米中莠去津、丁草胺的农药残留,用中性氧化铝进行柱净化,气相色谱法(NPD检测器)进行测定,2种农药的回收率在85.44～95.71%之间,变异系数在4.44～15.19%之间,莠去津的最低检出限为0.004mg/kg,丁草胺的最低检出限为0.016mg/kg。     

Accelerated Degradation and Mineralization of Atrazine in Surface and Subsurface Soil Materials

In surface soils, atrazine is considered to be a moderately persistent herbicide, with half-lives ranging generally from one to two months. In subsoils, however, its degradation is generally slower. This paper reports the degradation of atrazine in soil and subsoil samples taken from six Belgian maize fields. Rapid degradation can take place in some samples taken from surface and in some from subsurface soils. Subsoil samples were found to degrade atrazine either very strongly or not at all. Experiments with [ring-U-¹⁴C] atrazine showed that the micro-organisms responsible for the rapid degradation cleave the triazine ring and extensively mineralize the molecule. © 1997 SCI.     

莠去津在土壤中的残留动态和淋溶动态

利用HPLC法对土壤中莠去津的残留动态、淋溶动态进行了研究。结果显示,莠去津以有效成分2.25 kg/hm2和4.50 kg/hm2的剂量施用时,在土壤中的半衰期分别为19.1 d和18.1 d,即其半衰期与莠去津的施用浓度无关,属于典型的一级动力学反应。在120 d的玉米生长期中,土壤中莠去津在不断降解代谢的同时,逐渐向深层土壤中淋溶,多数莠去津持留在表层土壤中。施用莠去津27 d后,高浓度处理小区莠去津的淋溶深度超过30 cm,深度为10~15 cm处的土壤在施用后27 d莠去津的浓度最大。同一土壤深度,莠去津在高浓度处理小区的残留量要远高于低浓度处理小区。这些结果显示,减小莠去津的用量可以减少莠去津在土壤中的移动,表明低剂量施用莠去津是保护地下水免受污染的一种有效措施。影响莠去津的淋溶作用的主要因素包括使用量和土壤的理化特性。     

42%甲草·异丙草·莠悬乳剂的气相色谱分析

本文介绍了在HP-5毛细管柱上以邻苯二甲酸二乙酯做内标,用FID检测器对42%甲草·异丙草·莠悬乳剂进行气相色谱定量分析的方法。3种有效成分甲草胺、异丙草胺、莠去津在同一条件下测定,方法简便,方法的精密度和准确度良好。     

利用正交试验设计优选氰·莠水悬浮剂配方

采用流点法初步选定氰·莠(氰草津·莠去津)水悬浮剂润湿分散剂组份,通过分散剂含量与粘度曲线确定其较佳用量,在此基础上利用正交试验设计方法以常温贮存分层率和悬浮率为指标对润湿分散剂、粘度调节剂组份及其配比进行优选,确定了较佳配方并进行了贮存稳定性和除草效果验证。该方法提高了筛选配方的科学性和效率。     

Predicted impact of transgenic, herbicidetolerant corn on drinking water quality in vulnerable watersheds of the mid-western USA

In the intensely farmed corn-growing regions of the mid-western USA, surface waters have often been contaminated by herbicides, principally as a result of rainfall runoff occurring shortly after application of these to corn and other crops. In some vulnerable watersheds, water quality criteria for chronic human exposure through drinking water are occasionally exceeded. We selected three settings representative of vulnerable corn-region watersheds, and used the PRZM-EXAMS model with the Index Reservoir scenario to predict corn herbicide concentrations in the reservoirs as a function of herbicide properties and use pattern, site characteristics and weather in the watersheds. We compared herbicide application scenarios, including broadcast surface pre-plant atrazine and alachlor applications with a glyphosate pre-plant application, scenarios in which losses of herbicides were mitigated by incorporation or banding, and scenarios in which only glyphosate or glufosinate post-emergent herbicides were used with corn genetically modified to be resistant to them. In the absence of drift, in almost all years a single runoff event dominates the input into the reservoir. As a result, annual average pesticide concentrations are highly correlated with annual maximum daily values. The modeled concentrations were generally higher than those derived from monitoring data, even for no-drift model scenarios. Because of their lower post-emergent application rates and greater soil sorptivity, glyphosate and glufosinate loads in runoff were generally one-fifth to one-tenth those of atrazine and alachlor. These model results indicate that the replacement of pre-emergent corn herbicides with the post-emergent herbicides allowed by genetic modification of crops would dramatically reduce herbicide concentrations in vulnerable watersheds. Given the significantly lower chronic mammalian toxicity of these compounds, and their vulnerability to breakdown in the drinking water treatment process, risks to human populations through drinking water would also be reduced.     

Degradation of [14C]Terbuthylazine and [14C]Atrazine in Laboratory Soil Microcosms

The degradation and formation of major chlorinated metabolites of terbuthylazine and atrazine in three soils (loamy clay, calcareous clay and high clay) were studied in laboratory experiments using molecules labelled with ¹⁴C on the s-triazine ring. Soil microcosms were treated with the equivalent of 1 kg ha^-1 of herbicide and incubated in the dark for 45 days at 20(±1)°C. The quantity of [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide evolved in the soils treated with atrazine was negligible and could not be attributed to mineralization of the parent molecule. The mineralization of terbuthylazine accounted for 0·9–1·2% of the initial radioactivity. In the soils studied, the extrapolated half-lives varied from 88 to 116 days for terbuthylazine and 66 to 105 days for atrazine, with no significant differences for the three soils and the two molecules. The deethyl metabolites of the two s-triazines and the deisopropyl-atrazine metabolite appeared during the incubation in the three soils. The completely dealkylated metabolite was not detected in any of the soils. After 45 days of incubation, the non-extractable soil residues for the high clay, loamy clay and calcareous clay soils represented for terbuthylazine, 33·5, 38·3 and 43·1% and for atrazine, 19·8, 20·8 and 22·3% of the initial radioactivity. © 1997 SCI.     

干旱区节水灌溉模式研究

根据内蒙古西部地区的水土资源现状及非充分灌溉原理 ,自 1 991年至 1 994年 ,我们对该地区的小麦、玉米和高粱 ,做了非充分灌溉试验 ,选择了适合当地条件的作物—水模型 ,采用系统经济灌溉制度及多目标规划方法 ,制定了本地区的节水灌溉模式 ,旨在探索节水农业的新途径     

Uptake and translocation of non-ionised pesticides in the emergent aquatic plant parrot feather Myriophyllum aquaticum

The uptake of four (14)C-labelled non-ionised compounds, the methyl carbamoyloxime insecticide/nematicide oxamyl and three model phenylureas, from solution by rooted stems of the aquatic plant parrot feather [Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc], together with translocation to the emergent shoots, was measured over periods of 24 and 48 h. Uptake into the submerged tissues of roots and stem base could be ascribed to two processes: movement into the aqueous phase of cells and then partitioning onto the plant solids. This latter process was related to lipophilicity (as measured by the l-octanol/water partition coefficient, K(ow)) and gave rise to high uptake rates of the most lipophilic compounds. Translocation to shoots was passive and was optimal at log K(ow) approximately 1.8, at which the efficiency of translocation of compound was about 40% of that of water. This optimum log K(ow) was identical to that observed previously in barley, although the translocation efficiency was somewhat less in parrot feather. Solvation parameters were applied to model uptake and translocation of a set of ten compounds by barley with the particular objective of understanding why translocation efficiency is lower at log K(ow) > 1.8.     

Abiotic persistence of atrazine and simazine in water

Hydrolysis and photolysis experiments have been undertaken to investigate the abiotic persistence of atrazine and simazine in a variety of waters. Hydrolysis only occurs to a significant extent at pH values at the lower limit of those found in the natural aquatic environment (pH 4.0 or less). Photolysis was initiated by a wide range of wavelengths in waters at pH 4.0, but only by more energetic wavelengths of less than 300 nm at higher pH values (pH 6 to 8). Based on these data, the aquatic half-life of atrazine and simazine in well-lit acidic upland waters will be typically six days. In lowland rivers with higher pH (7 to 8.5), these triazines are likely to exhibit half-lives of months rather than days. In groundwaters, atrazine and simazine will have half-lives in the order of years, due to the exceedingly slow rate of hydrolysis. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

氮素水平对单作和间套作小麦玉米叶片叶绿素含量及品质的影响

以间套作小麦玉米、单作小麦和单作玉米为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了氮素水平对单作和间套作小麦玉米叶片叶绿素及品质的影响。主要结果为:在同一施氮水平下,间套作小麦旗叶叶绿素含量大于相应单作;单作和间套作小麦开花期旗叶叶绿素含量和蛋白质含量、沉淀值之间都呈显著正相关(r分别为0.960*,0.948*,0.968*,0.957*)。在相同施氮水平下,单作玉米叶绿素含量高于相应间套作玉米;单作和间套作玉米孕穗期叶绿素含量与其蛋白质含量之间也呈显著正相关(r分别为0.861*和0.870*)。     

不同耕作方式对黑土农田土壤水分及 利用效率的影响

在土壤耕作长期定位试验的基础上,研究了免耕秸秆覆盖(NT)和少耕(RT)对东北黑土区农田土壤水分及利用效率、玉米产量及特性的影响。结果表明:在作物生长季3种耕作措施土壤剖面含水量整体上呈先降低后增加的变化趋势,各时期20～40 cm土层含水量均较低。免耕可显著提高0～90 cm土层土壤含水量,90 cm土层以下三种措施土壤含水量差异逐渐降低,到190 cm土层差异不明显。土体储水量主要受降雨及不同耕作措施的影响,在干旱的春季以及降水量较少的秋季土体储水量较低,表现为:免耕>传统>少耕,而在降水量较大时土体储水量相应增加,表现为:少耕>免耕>传统。3种耕作措施下玉米叶面积指数变化趋势一致,总体表现为:传统>少耕>免耕,其中传统和少耕最高分别比免耕高0.22和0.26。在生长季少耕蒸散量最高。传统耕作玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较免耕和少耕高30%和17%,29%和11%,籽粒产量均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),表现为:传统>少耕>免耕,所以对于玉米而言,在该区不适宜实施免耕秸秆覆盖和少耕这两种保护性耕作体系。     

玉米油甲酯制备及对高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂应用效果的影响

为研制并应用绿色溶剂玉米油甲酯以替代5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂中芳香烃类溶剂,以酸催化法研究了玉米油甲酯最佳合成工艺,采用浸渍法、液滴干燥法、白金吊环法、激光粒度分布仪测定法和点滴法测定了不同用量玉米油甲酯对5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂最大稳定持留量、液滴干燥时间、表面张力、粒度分布和生物活性的影响。结果表明:醇油摩尔比12∶1、反应温度65℃、反应时间6 h、催化剂浓硫酸用量为油重6%时,玉米油甲酯收率最大为85%;玉米油甲酯溶剂用量由10%提高至30%,5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂稀释药液在甘蓝、玉米、油菜叶片上的最大稳定持留量呈增大趋势,最大提高率为158.18%;在甘蓝叶片和石蜡载玻片上的干燥时间分别延长16min和17 min;表面张力降低18.4 m N/m;乳粒中位径保持在1μm左右,跨距略有增大。生物活性测定结果显示玉米油甲酯对甜菜夜蛾4龄幼虫的致死率明显提高。表明玉米油甲酯作为5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂助溶剂,可以保证水乳剂物理稳定性,且可提高药剂施用效果。     

Effect of Mono-oxygenase Inhibitors on Uptake,Metabolism and Phytotoxicity of Propanil in Resistant Biotypes of Jungle-Rice,Echinochloa Colona

The effect of the mono-oxygenase inhibitors tridiphane, piperonyl butoxide and prochloraz on propanil uptake, metabolism and phytotoxicity was measured in a resistant (R) biotype of Echinochloa colona. The uptake of propanil was not significantly affected by any of the three mono-oxygenase inhibitors. The first metabolite of propanil metabolism, 3,4-dichloroaniline, was found to accumulate to higher levels in E. colona treated with each of the mono-oxygenase inhibitors mixed with formulated propanil, compared to propanil applied alone. Accumulation of further metabolites of propanil (glucosyl-3,4-dichloroaniline and bound products) was reduced in the presence of mono-oxygenase inhibitors, compared with propanil application alone. Leaf damage caused by a single drop of propanil compared to propanil+mono-oxygenase inhibitor was used to assess the degree of propanil tolerance in E. colona biotypes. Leaf damage was significantly greater in propanil+mono-oxygenase inhibitor treatments. No leaf damage was observed in mono-oxygenase inhibitor treatments alone at the concentrations used. Peroxidase activity was measured in crude extracts of the R-biotype of E. colona using 3,4-dichloroaniline as substrate, in the presence and absence of mono-oxygenase inhibitors and the specific peroxidase inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid. Peroxidase activity was inhibited by all three mono-oxygenase inhibitors at 10 μM and by salicylhydroxamic acid at 1 μM . Glucosyl-3,4-dichloroaniline was found not to be a substrate for peroxidase activity. These results suggest that the incorporation of 3,4-dichloroaniline into bound residues involves peroxidase activity which can be inhibited by mono-oxygenase inhibitors. When peroxidase activity is inhibited, the precursor metabolite 3,4-dichloroaniline accumulates, and propanil resistance in E. colona is reduced, possibly as a consequence of phytotoxicity of this metabolite and/or product inhibition of the first step in propanil metabolism, responsible for the formation of 3,4-dichloroaniline. Glasshouse trials have demonstrated that the application of mono-oxygenase inhibitors, (particularly tridiphane which is also known to inhibit glutathione transferase activity) with propanil offers a promising approach to the control of propanil resistant biotypes of Jungle-Rice. © 1997 SCI.     

玉米叶气孔特征对氮素和水分的响应及其与叶气体交换的关系

采用二因素三水平的盆栽试验,研究了玉米叶气孔特征[气孔密度、气孔长、气孔宽、气孔面积、气孔孔径面积指数(SPI)和理论最大气孔导度(gsmax)]对氮肥和水分的响应及其与叶光合气体交换参数的关系,以揭示叶生理功能对水氮响应的结构基础.结果表明:(1)施氮显著增加玉米叶上表面的气孔密度、气孔长、气孔宽、气孔面积、SPI和...