Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antiglycation Effects of Byrsonima crassifolia Fruit and Seed in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

The hypoglycemic effects of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts from fruits and seeds of Byrsonima crassifolia were evaluated by oral administration to normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced severe diabetic rats (SD). The anti-diabetic effect was examined by blood glucose, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, total cholesterol levels in the serum, glycogen content of liver and skeletal muscles, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. The most active extracts were obtained with hexane. Hexane and chloroform extracts from fruits and seeds of Byrsonima crassifolia increased the levels of SOD, GSH, GSSG and CAT, hepatic glycogen content, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and the plasma insulin levels. They also decreased glucokinase (GK) and TBAR (thiobarbituric acid assay). In conclusion, Byrsonima crassifolia possesses significant antihyperglycemic properties after 4 h of a single oral dose. It can also improve hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Both extracts exhibited significant inhibitory activity against AGEs (advanced glycation end products) formation with IC₅₀ values ranging from 94.3 to 138.7 μg/ml. Therefore, B. crassifolia can be considered as a potential safe anti-diabetic agent.     

Effects of Two Energy-Restricted Diets Containing Different Fruit Amounts on Body Weight Loss and Macronutrient Oxidation

The consumption of specific foods in energy-restricted diets may affect the weight loss process. The purpose of this research was to evaluate whether obese women following two hypocaloric diets with distinct fruit content differ in weight loss and metabolic responses. Fifteen obese women were included, who were randomly assigned to follow a low or a high-fruit energy-restricted diet for 8 weeks. The main outcome variables were weight and fat losses. Metabolic measurements concerning macronutrient oxidation were also assessed by using ¹³C labelled fructose and indirect calorimetry. The induced weight loss was similar for both diets (6.9 ± 2% vs. 6.6 ± 2%, p = 0.785). Both experimental diets similarly improved the lipid plasma profile in the participants, but the cholesterol fall was higher in obese subjects receiving the diet containing more fruit. No statistical differences in lipids carbohydrates and ¹³C labelled fructose utilisation were observed, but protein oxidation was differently affected by the experimental diets. The compensatory effects of the associated fibre/fructose intake may explain the lack of a specific effect of the fruit amount on hypocaloric diets designed to weight loss, although the increased fibre content from enriched fruit diets may be involved in the favourable effects on cholesterol plasma levels.     

茶叶对老龄大鼠血糖、血脂及抗氧化功能的影响

108只12月龄退役SD大鼠分成13组经二个半月的红、绿茶添加饲料和茶汤的饲喂试验,结果表明,红茶和绿茶无论是干茶添加在饲料中还是茶汤,各处理均能显著降低老龄大鼠的血糖含量（P＜0．05）、血脂含量（P＜0．01）;显著提高其SOD酶活力（P＜0．01）;显著降低其MDA含量（红茶达P＜0．01水平,绿茶达P＜0．05水平）,其中绿茶降血脂能力比红茶强,而红茶抗氧化效果比绿茶显著。后者说明,茶叶的生物抗氧化机制除茶多酚类物质起作用外,还存在着其他更为重要的机制。     

茶叶中EGCG改善肥胖大鼠肠黏膜屏障损伤的作用研究

为探究EGCG对高脂诱导肥胖大鼠肠黏膜屏障损伤的保护作用,将雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、肥胖组、EGCG低剂量及高剂量干预组,每组8只.通过分析大鼠的体重、血清指标、脏器指数及脂肪组织病理切片评估肥胖大鼠脂质聚集与炎症状况及EGCG的干预作用.通过分析肠道病理切片、绒毛长度/隐窝深度值(V/C值)以及血清中脂多糖(LP...     

Effect of a Barley Breakfast Cereal on Blood Glucose and Insulin Response in Normal and Diabetic Patients

Prowashonupana (Prowash) is a shrunken-endosperm, short awn, waxy starch, hulless barley with low starch, high fiber, high protein, and a relatively high concentration of free sugars. The study was designed to compare equivalent breakfast meals (w/w) of Prowash and oatmeal for glycemic response in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. A commercial liquid meal replacer (LMR) was included as a reference standard. A substantial reduction of the post-prandial glycemic peak following ingestion of Prowash was observed as compared to LMR or oatmeal. In the non-diabetic subjects, the maximal rise in glucose from baseline was 26.3± 3.9 mg/dL after LMR, 41.3± 3.9 mg/dL after oatmeal and 6.4± 2.7 mg/dL after Prowash (p < 0.01). The maximal increase in glucose in the diabetic patients was 69.9± 4.5 mg/dL after LMR, 80.8± 8.8,mg/dL after oatmeal and 28.4± 3.5 mg/dL after Prowash (p < 0.01). The maximal increase in insulin post-LMR was 33.9± 3.6 mIU/ml in the diabetic patients and 54.0± 9.8,mIU/ml in the non-diabetic controls. Oatmeal elicited a maximal insulin increase of 29.9± 4.2, mIU/ml in the control subjects and 21.4± 2.5 mIU/ml in the diabetic patients. In contrast, the maximal insulin increase after Prowash was 8.6± 1.5 mIU/ml in the non-diabetic controls and 6.8± 1.2 mIU/ml in the diabetic patients (p < 0.01).     

Effects of Protein-Bound Polysaccharide Isolated from Pumpkin on Insulin in Diabetic Rats

To investigate hypoglycemic substances from pumpkin, protein-bound polysaccharide was isolated by activity-guided isolation from water soluble substances of the fruits. The protein-bound polysaccharide from pumpkin fruits (PBPP) was identified to consist mainly of polysaccharide (approximately 41.21%) and protein (approximately 10.13%) by anthrone test and Lowry-Folin test. Different doses of PBPP were evaluated for hypoglycemic activity and the effect on serum insulin levels in alloxan diabetic rats. The results indicated that PBPP can obviously increase the levels of serum insulin, reduce the blood glucose levels and improve tolerance of glucose. The hypoglycemic effect of big dose PBPP group (1000 mg/kg body weight) excelled that of small dose PBPP group (500 mg/kg body weight) and antidiabetic agent group. The results suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of PBPP depends on the dose and PBPP possesses the possibility of being developed from a new antidiabetic agent.     

咖啡碱与儿茶素组合对小鼠体重和脂类代谢的影响

采用不同浓度咖啡碱与儿茶素组合粉末饲料喂养小鼠12周,通过称量小鼠体重、脏器及腹腔脂肪（IPAT）等器官重量,测定血清中的生化指标和肝脏中脂类含量的方法,研究不同浓度咖啡碱与儿茶素组合对小鼠体重、脂类代谢的影响。结果表明,所有实验组的小鼠体重增加与对照组相比有下降趋势,其中Ⅳ组（0.06%咖啡碱+0.6%儿茶素）从第4周开始小鼠体重增加显著减少。咖啡碱与儿茶素组合处理的IPAT重量与对照组相比均明显减少。Ⅰ组（0.03%咖啡碱+0.3%儿茶素）、Ⅱ组（0.03%咖啡碱+0.6%儿茶素）可显著降低血清中游离脂肪酸（NEFA）浓度;Ⅲ组（0.06%咖啡碱+0.3%儿茶素）、Ⅳ组（0.06%咖啡碱+0.6%儿茶素）与对照组相比血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）与瘦素浓度明显降低;咖啡碱与儿茶素组合能降低肝脏中TC或TG浓度。以上结果表明,绿茶成分咖啡碱与儿茶素组合通过降低血液与肝脏中的脂类含量,可能引起体内脂肪沉积减少,抑制体重增加。     

Beneficial Effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC) on Blood Glucose and Pancreatic Antioxidant System in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of S-allyl cysteine (SAC) on the antioxidant defense system of pancreas in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetes in rats. The levels of blood glucose and TBARS in plasma and pancreas were estimated in control and experimental groups of rats. To assess the changes in the cellular antioxidant defense system, the level of reduced glutathione in plasma and pancreas and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were assayed in pancreatic tissue homogenate. The levels of glucose, TBARS and enzymatic antioxidants were altered in diabetic rats. These alterations were reverted back to near control levels after the treatment of SAC. The antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of SAC was compared with glyclazide, a well-known hypoglycemic drug. These findings suggest that SAC treatment exerts a therapeutic protective nature in diabetes by decreasing oxidative stress.     

不同栽培技术对大豆土壤水分、容重及产量的影响

以不同栽培技术为切入点,用大豆半矮秆品种绥农22为试材,于2010年开展了不同栽培技术组合对大豆增产效果的研究.结果表明:苗期0～ 10 cm的土壤含水量,覆膜+垄沟深松、大垄密植+垄沟深松、平播密植、平播密植+化控+深松栽培技术分别较对照(“垄三”栽培)增加10.57％、3.17％、4.41％和2.62％;分枝期0～...     

不同来源有机物料降低水稻镉积累的效果

采用盆栽试验,研究了水稻生长过程中添加紫花苜蓿与蚓粪对土壤理化性质及水稻镉积累的影响。结果表明,添加外源有机物料使土壤Eh值显著下降,当有机质添加量相同时,紫花苜蓿处理组土壤Eh值显著低于蚓粪处理组;在水稻生育前期紫花苜蓿处理组较蚓粪处理组土壤pH下降更为显著,进入抽穗扬花期后两者无显著差异。添加外源有机物料均使土壤中高活性态镉向低活性态镉转化,当有机质添加量相同时,紫花苜蓿处理组土壤低活性态镉含量总体上低于蚓粪处理组。与不添加外源有机物料对照相比,添加外源有机物料的处理水稻各部位镉含量显著降低;当有机质添加量相同时,紫花苜蓿处理组水稻根、茎叶、籽粒镉含量较蚓粪处理组降幅更显著。     

不同钾肥品种及用量对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

以‘荷兰15’为试验品种,采用随机区组设计进行田间试验,研究不同钾肥品种(氯化钾和硫酸钾)及其用量对马铃薯产量和品质的影响,以期指导马铃薯钾肥的施用。结果表明,不同钾肥品种均提高了马铃薯的产量,降低了还原糖含量。与施用硫酸钾相比,施用氯化钾后,单薯重提高,产量增加幅度较大。若施用氯化钾,用量以18 kg/667m2(K2O)为佳;若施用硫酸钾,用量以21 kg/667m(2K2O)为佳。以优质为目的,钾肥用量低时,氯化钾为优,钾肥用量高时,硫酸钾为优。     

Anti-hyperglycemic Effect of Bilberry, Blackberry and Mulberry Ultrasonic Extracts on Diabetic Rats

Small fruits like bilberry, blackberry and mulberry are rich sources of anthocyanins and other phenols, compounds with a certified antioxidant activity and spectacular effects in some chronic diseases. Romanian bilberry, blackberry and mulberry extracts were tested as anti-hyperglycemic agents on diabetic rats. Anthocyanins extraction was carried out with 80 % acidified ethanol in ultrasonically conditions at 23?±?2 °C and 40 kHz. Monomeric anthocyanins content was determined by pH differential method and varied between 1200 and 2800 mg/L. The analyses of anthocyanins were achieved using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Phenolics content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and values varied between 2320 and 4250 mg/L gallic acid. Antioxidant activities of extracts were estimated by DPPH scavenging method and the values varied between 8 and 16 miliequivalents Trolox. In order to evaluate the toxicology of the extracts, the heavy metals concentration and pesticides content were analyzed. The extracts were administrated to diabetic rats in drinking water for five weeks. The administration of bilberry extract offered no satisfactory results. Treatment with blackberry extract determined a significant decrease of glucose level from 360 to about 270 mg/dL (p?<?0.05). The mulberry extract administration determined a significant decrease of glucose level from 252 mg/dL at the start day to 155 mg/dL at the final of experiment (p?<?0.05).     

收获期对不同栽培措施玉米产量及粒重的影响

试验选用6个不同类型玉米品种,在2种密度、2种施氮水平和2种灌水处理下进行大田试验,对不同收获期的百粒重和产量进行分析。结果表明,不同栽培措施下不同玉米品种百粒重和产量随收获时期的变化而不同,低密、高氮和正常灌水条件下,各品种间的变化差异较小;高密、低氮和干旱下,各品种间的变化差异较大。不同栽培措施下,收获期与百粒重和产量呈线性相关关系,可用y=ax+b来表示,从9月17日至10月8日,收获期每推迟1 d,百粒重增加0.605 5～0.845 3 g,产量增加174.71～232.33 kg/hm2。综合品种和栽培措施因素,陕西关中夏玉米从9月17日开始,收获期每推迟1 d,百粒重增加0.444 4 g,产量增加205.78 kg/hm2。     

不同植物生长调节剂对小麦籽粒灌浆特性及粒重的影响

为了探明不同植物生长调节剂(PGRs)对小麦籽粒灌浆特性及粒重的影响,以淮麦25为材料,用Logistic方程对不同PGRs作用下小麦籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,研究了籽粒干物质、灌浆速率及粒重的变化动态,并通过相关性分析探讨了灌浆参数与粒重的关系。结果表明,不同PGRs处理下,小麦籽粒干重均呈"S"型曲线增长,Logistic方程的决定系数R2均在0.998~0.999之间,达极显著水平,拟合效果较好。灌浆参数中最大灌浆速率出现时间(Tmax)、灌浆持续期(T)和平均灌浆速率(R)与粒重均呈极显著正相关,且粒重与灌浆持续期(T)的相关性大于平均灌浆速率(R)。从各阶段灌浆参数来看,粒重与渐增期灌浆速率(R1)、快增期持续时间(T2)和缓增期持续时间(T3)均呈极显著正相关,与其他参数相关不显著。理论最大千粒重与灌浆结束时强势籽粒的千粒重变化相一致。劲丰和GA3处理能显著增加籽粒千粒重,而多效唑、硝酸钴和乙烯利则显著降低了千粒重。因此,始穗期外施劲丰和GA3能提高渐增期灌浆速率(R1),延长快增期持续时间(T2)和缓增期持续时间(T3),改善籽粒灌浆参数,达到增加粒重的目的。     

不同LED光源对碧玉兰组培苗淀粉含量的影响

采用LED光源单色红光、蓝光、绿光及白光不同光质配比7种组合处理,以荧光灯为对照,研究其对野生碧玉兰组培苗叶片淀粉含量的影响。结果表明：在红蓝绿复合光(RBG)下,组培苗的淀粉含量最高,为9.977 8 mg/g,极显著高于荧光灯处理。在单色蓝光(B)下,组培苗的淀粉含量最低,为3.684 5 mg/g,极显著低于荧光灯(CK)和单色红光(R)处理,说明蓝光会明显抑制碧玉兰组培苗的淀粉合成。因此,在碧玉兰组培苗培育过程中,利用LED红蓝绿复合光源(RBG)取代传统的荧光灯光源是值得推荐的。     

Effects of Strobilanthes crispus Tea Aqueous Extracts on Glucose and Lipid Profile in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Strobilanthes crispus (Acanthaceae) has been used traditionally as antidiabetic, diuretic, antilytic, and laxative and has been proven scientifically to possess high antioxidant activity, anti-AIDS, and anticancer properties. It is commonly consumed in the form of herbal tea. The ethnopharmacological value of this plant, such as the development of nutraceutical S. crispus herbal tea (fermented and unfermented) and assessment of their antihyperglycemic properties were investigated. The antidiabetic properties of S. crispus fermented and unfermented tea was carried out in normal and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats for 21 days. Glucose and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) were determined at day 0 (baseline), day 7, and day 21. The results showed that the hot water extract of both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea reduced blood glucose in hyperglycaemic rats. S. crispus unfermented tea also reduced glucose level in normal rat. Both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea also showed to improve lipid profile. Antioxidant and polyphenol content that present in the extracts might contribute to the antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic properties. Further study is needed to be carried out in pre-clinical and clinical environment to prove its efficacy in human.     

春季不同时期低温对小麦光合特性和粒重形成的影响

为探讨春季低温导致小麦粒重下降的生理机制,以春性品种扬麦16和半冬性品种徐麦30为材料,分别于倒二叶出生期、孕穗期和开花期对小麦进行人工气候室低温处理,研究不同时期低温对小麦光合生理特性、干物质积累和转运及强、弱势粒粒重形成的影响。结果表明,不同时期低温对叶片SPAD值的影响均表现为低温处理开始至结束后3 d持续下降,结束后6～9 d逐渐回升,两品种在低温处理结束当天和处理后3 d均以孕穗期低温处理下SPAD值降幅最大。不同时期低温处理显著降低叶片净光合速率和气孔导度,并影响花前干物质转运和花后干物质积累。与孕穗期、开花期低温处理相比,倒二叶出生期低温处理显著降低小麦花前干物质转运量,但提高花后干物质积累及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,千粒重降幅最小,扬麦16和徐麦30分别仅为4.49%和4.20%。不同时期低温处理下小麦强势粒粒重的降幅均小于弱势粒,倒二叶出生期低温处理下弱势粒粒重降幅显著低于孕穗期和开花期低温处理。相关性分析表明,低温胁迫下小麦平均千粒重和强势粒粒重相关性不显著(r=0.319,P>0.05),但与弱势粒粒重显著相关(r=0.691,P<0.05)。综上,春季低温胁迫主要通过影响小麦开花前后的光合作用和同化物向籽粒的转运,限制弱势粒的灌浆充实,最终导致粒重下降。     

大豆异黄酮和皂苷对糖尿病大鼠脂蛋白氧化修饰的抑制作用

脂质过氧化和低密度脂蛋白的氧化修饰在动脉硬化的发生中起着极其重要的作用.大豆异黄酮和皂甙具有多种药理作用.为研究大豆异黄酮和皂甙对糖尿病大鼠血浆及脂蛋白脂质过氧化水平的影响和低密度脂蛋白氧化易感性的变化,从大豆胚轴提取大豆异黄酮和皂甙,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析其有效成分.给糖尿病大鼠饲喂添加100 g kg-1大豆异黄酮和皂甙的饲料20周,观察血浆脂蛋白过氧化脂质(LPO)含量及氧化易感性的变化.结果表明,饲喂大豆异黄酮和皂甙后糖尿病大鼠血总LPO、LDL及HDL-LPO明显减少;在体外进行氧化修饰时,LDL氧化延滞时间明显延长.说明大豆异黄酮和皂甙可降低脂蛋白过氧化程度和增强LDL抗氧化修饰能力,因此能够起到防治糖尿病及其并发症的积极作用.     

过量锰处理对柱花草次级代谢物、酶活性和SgPALs基因表达的影响

以热研二号（RY2）柱花草为材料,分析过量锰处理（100~600 μmol/L）对柱花草生长、次级代谢物、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）及SgPALs基因表达的影响,探讨金属锰毒害对柱花草次级代谢途径的影响。结果表明：相对对照锰（5 μmol/L）处理,400、600 μmol/L锰处理显著抑制柱花草叶片叶绿素浓度、最大光化合速率（F_v/F_m）、地上部和根部生物量。随着外源锰处理浓度（100~600 μmol/L）的增加,叶片原花青素、总酚和单宁含量呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,而叶片类黄酮含量逐渐降低。此外,400、600 μmol/L锰处理显著增加叶片PAL酶活性,但对PPO活性影响不明显。定量PCR结果表明,过量锰处理对SgPAL1和SgPAL2基因表达影响不明显,但过量锰处理增强了SgPAL3和SgPAL4基因在柱花草叶片中的表达。以上结果说明,柱花草可能通过苯丙氨酸途径调控次级代谢响应金属锰毒胁迫,且SgPAL3和SgPAL4基因可能参与该响应过程。研究结果为探索柱花草响应金属锰毒胁迫机理提供重要依据。