扶桑

扶桑朝霞似耀眼灯笼似闪亮是谁给了你这美妙的名字呵——扶桑花蕊是你纯洁的心灵绿叶是你欲飞的翅膀我知道你是樱花之国飞来的恒星一颗不落的太阳扶桑...     

榆林地区引种适应度的分析

运用模糊数学方法对榆林地区樟子松适宜情况进行分析,分析结果将榆林地区分成三种类型:适宜区、较适宜区和排灌条件好的引种适宜区。说明水分条件是樟子松引种成败的关键。     

多色扶桑的嫁接方法

扶桑,在我省的温、热地带都有栽培。由于易繁殖、易管理、花色多,深受广大城乡群众所喜爱,有的栽培于家庭,有的盆栽于阳台,玉溪市还将扶桑选定为市花。扶桑品种较多,常见的有红灯笼、醉西施、粉牡丹、黑牡丹、御黄底等。这些不同品种的扶桑,有鲜红、粉红、桔黄、桔红等多种颜色,花朵还有重瓣、单瓣之分,形态各异。近两年来,笔者采取嫁接的方法,将不同花形、花色的扶桑集于一株,其嫁接方法如下: 一、培养砧木:不同花色、花形的扶桑都可互作砧木,互作接穗,但一般以选用春天萌发较早的黑牡丹,醉西施作砧木较好。砧木上盆栽植后,首先要注意培养分枝骨架和造形,从而为嫁接和树形打好基础。先让砧木中、上部的萌发枝自然生长(扶桑多为扦插繁殖,一般没有顶梢),主茎下部5厘     

扶桑

每月一花扶桑扶桑（Ｈｉｂｉｓｃｕｓｒｏｓａ－ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ），别名，佛桑、朱槿、大红花，属锦葵科，木槿属。原产中国、印度。扶桑是南方庭园和道路美化的重要木本花卉。北京则多作温室盆花，在室内或门口摆放。扶桑为灌木或小乔木，高１～３ｍ。叶互生，先端...     

治沙造林是个系统工程要全社会来干

林业部徐有芳部长1994年8月中旬专程到榆林地区视察治沙工作,对榆林地区的治沙给予了充分肯定。并于8月20日对今后进一步搞好沙区综合治理做了重要指示。现根据徐部长的讲话录音整理如下,标题系本刊所加。     

光艳照人扶桑花

扶桑（Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)是优美的园林观赏植物，隶属于锦葵科木槿属，原产于马来西亚及我国云南、广东、台湾、福建、广西、四川等地。扶桑叶色浓绿，花大色艳，花期特长，在热带地区可全年开花，马来西亚人把它视为兴旺发达的象征，定为国花。扶桑花也是斐济的国花。扶桑不仅其花美丽，而且有较好的药用价值，根皮可治月经不调、白带、宫颈炎、腮腺炎、急性结膜炎、尿路感染、支气管炎等症；花叶可治痈疥、疮疖等症。扶桑还有许多别名。因其花大红艳，与木槿相似，故又名朱槿、赤槿；因重瓣扶桑可与牡丹媲美，又名朱槿牡丹；因其叶…     

榆林地区旅游资源与其市场吸引力的矛盾分析

通过实地考察发现榆林地区旅游资源丰富且类型多样,尤以历史遗存、民俗风情独具魅力;但榆林的旅游市场发展现状在陕西省排名靠后.现就榆林地区旅游资源与其市场吸引力的矛盾进行相应分析和阐释,并提出五点具体的解决措施.     

影响扶桑扦插生根因素研究

为了探明影响扶桑扦插成活的因素,开展了穗条不同木质化程度、IBA不同浓度、不同基质3因素3水平正交试验。结果表明,将扶桑半木质化穗条在IBA500倍液中速蘸5~10s后,扦插于红土+草炭(3:1)基质中(A2B2C3处理组合),扦插成活率显著高于其他处理组,并且该处理组合能够显著促进扦插苗根系的萌发和生长。3因子中,对扶桑扦插成活率影响的主次顺序为:ABC,对扶桑扦插苗生根影响的主次顺序为:BAC。     

扩繁扶桑绵粉蚧及班氏跳小蜂寄主材料的研究

选用驳骨丹Buddleja asiatica苗、扶桑Hibiscus rosa-sinensis苗、蟛蜞菊Wedelia chinensis、马铃薯Solanum tuberosum块茎和南瓜Cucurbita moschata果实等材料繁殖与饲养扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley,综合分析蚧虫存活率、接种蚧虫的难易、蚧虫发育情况、寄主材料的耐存性及管理、寄生蜂采收难易、材料成本、发育历期等因素。结果表明:南瓜是室内扩繁扶桑绵粉蚧的最适寄主。天敌班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat在5种寄主繁育的扶桑绵粉蚧上的世代历期均在15 d以上,其中,在蟛蜞菊上发育所需要的时间最长,达(17.6±2.4)d,在驳骨丹苗、扶桑苗、马铃薯与南瓜上的发育历期差异不显著。     

陕北地区水库景观环境中植物配置方式探讨——以榆林王圪堵水库库区景观环境为例

通过对陕北榆林地区王圪堵水库库区植物配置方式的探讨,论述了库区植物配置原则,分析了整体植物的配置布局,提出了榆林地区水库景观环境中植物品种的选择,以及各个品种的组团搭配方式,以期营造库区景观绿化环境,提升及美化库区整体生态环境。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

泡桐叶片蛋白质多态性及其聚类分析(英文)

根据白花泡桐（Paulownia fargesii）、白花兰考泡桐（P.elongata f. alba）、毛泡 桐（P. tomentosa）、川泡桐（P. fargesii）、山明泡桐（P. lamprophylla）、成都泡桐 (P. albiphloea var chengtuensis)、鄂川泡桐（P. albiphloea）、南方泡桐（P. austra lis）、白花泡桐（P. fortunei）、兰考泡桐（P. elongata）叶片蛋白质单向电泳和双向 电泳结果，可将它们聚类分为白花泡桐组（白花泡桐和白花兰考泡桐）、南方泡桐组（南方 泡桐和成都泡桐）和毛泡桐组（毛泡桐、川泡桐、鄂川泡桐、山明泡桐和兰考泡桐）。该结 果为泡桐属植物的分类提供了参考依据，也为泡桐属植物种确立、杂种鉴定和新品种培育奠 定了基础。     

Ectomycorrhizal inoculation of Douglas-fir transplanted container seedlings with commercially produced inoculum

Commercially produced vegetative inocula of Laccaria laccata and Hebeloma crustuliniforme successfully formed ectomycorrhizae with Douglas-fir transplanted container (plug+1) seedlings. After 4.5 months in containers, 83% and 90%, respectively, of short roots were mycorrhizal. L. laccata- or H. crustuliniforme-inoculated seedlings had significantly more mycorrhizal and total short roots than Pisolithus tinctorius-inoculated (4% mycorrhizal root tips) or uninoculated control seedlings. No significant differences were detected in seedling growth at the end of the container phase.After transplantation and growth in nursery beds for 17 months, mean new short root colonization of all seedlings was 80%. H. crustuliniforme persisted as a dominant mycorrhizal fungus on seedlings initially inoculated with this fungus. L. laccata-inoculated seedlings had 40% of their short roots colonized by L. laccata and another 40% by native fungi Rhizopogon and Thelephora spp. All mycorrhizae of control seedlings and those inoculated with P. tinctorius were formed by fungi native to the nusery beds. A significant fungal treatment effect was detected for shoot height only. Control seedlings were significantly taller than L. laccata-inoculated seedlings after transplanting.This article is part of senior author's thesis in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Forest Science at Oregon State University, Corvallis.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein diversity ofPaulownia plant leaves and clusters

Paulownia tomentosa, P. fargesii, P. lamprorhylla, P. albiphloea, P. australis, P. fortunei, P. elongata, P. elongata f. alba andP. albiphloea varchenggtuensis were classified into three groups:P. fortunei group (P. fortunei andP. elongata f. alba);P. australis group (P. australis andP. albiphloea varchenggtuensis) andP. tomentasa group (P. tomentasa, P. fargesii, P. albiprhlaca, P. lamproprhylia andP. elongata) accordance to the results of the single and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of protein in thePaulownia tree leaves. The result could lay a foundation for classifying the GenusPaulownia plants. Foundation Item: This paper was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China and Nature Science Foundation of Henan Province. Biography: FAN Guo-qiang (1964-), male, Professor in Institute ofPaulownia Henan Agriculture University. Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Litterfall,litter decomposition and the use of mulch of four indigenous tree species in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica

Litterfall, forest-floor litter biomass and nutrients, short-term litter decomposition and the effects of leaf mulches on initial growth of maize were studied for four indigenous tree species with agroforestry potential:Stryphnodendron microstachyum Poepp. et Endl.(S. excelsum), Vochysia ferruginea Mart,Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Sm. (V. hondurensis) andHyeronima alchorneoides (O), growing in a young experimental plantation in the Atlantic humid lowlands of Costa Rica. Total annual leaf litterfall was higher inV. ferruginea plots, followed byS. microstachyum, V. guatemalensis andH. alchorneoides; all with values comparable to those reported for other tree species grown in agroforestry combinations in humid tropical regions. Forest-floor litter accumulation was highest underV. ferruginea andV. guatemalensis. Both litterfall and forest-floor litter material had similar patterns in nutrient concentrations: N was higher inS. microstachyum, Ca was higher inV. guatemalensis, K was higher inH. alchorneoides; Mg was higher inV. guatemalensis andH. alchorneoides; H. alchorneoides andV. guatemalensis had the highest P.V. ferruginea litter decomposed more slowly, whileS. microstachyum apparently decomposed faster than the other species. The twoVochysia species showed increases in N and P concentration in decomposing litter after seven weeks in the field,H. alchorneoides showed an increase in litter N and a decrease in litter P, andS. microstachyum showed a net decrease in both N and P over the same time period. The patterns found in the litter bag study were confirmed by results obtained in a tethered-leaves experiment.S. microstachyum andV. ferruginea litters lost more weight when mixed in a 11 proportion than either of them alone. Maize seedlings growing in plots mulched withS. microstachyum andH. alchorneoides leaves showed greatest initial growth, confirming patterns found in decomposition and nutrient release studies. The results show that these species could be used in agroforestry combinations with different advantages according to the specific objectives desired, whether these are soil protection, nutrient recycling, or enhancement of the growth of associated crops.     

Some biological interactions between the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anagyrus pseudococci</Emphasis> (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and its host <Emphasis Type="Italic">Planococcus ficus</Emphasis> (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

The development, longevity, fecundity and life-table parameters of the endoparasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), 15 d.o. (3rd-instar nymphs) and 21 d.o. (young adult females) of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10%RH and 16:8h L:D under laboratory conditions. The developmental time of female parasitoids within the host was 17.7 ± 0.39 days in 15 d.o. and 16.65 ± 0.25 days in 21 d.o. hosts; for males, development time was 16.85 ± 0.29 and 15.25 ± 0.09 days, respectively. The average number of offspring per female was 22.35 ± 1.68 in 15 d.o. and 34.8 ± 2.56 in 21 d.o. vine mealybugs. The longevity of female parasitoids was 14.8 ± 0.98 days in 15 d.o. and 15.65 ± 0.92 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs, respectively; for males, longevity was determined as 7.3 ± 0.43 and 6.7 ± 0.54 days, respectively. The mean time of pupation was 7.85 ± 0.003 days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 8.65 ± 0.003 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The aggregate encapsulation rate in the parasitized 15 d.o. mealybugs was 49.73 and 60.36% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Furthermore, effective encapsulation was 24.82% in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 37.50% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Population growth rate (r _m) for A. pseudococci was 0.0999 female/female/days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 0.1269 female/female/days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The mean population generation time was 23.49 days for parasitoids reared in 15-days-old and 22.39 days when reared in 21 d.o. mealybugs.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.