Effect of nitrogen fertilization on methane flux in a structured clay soil cultivated with onion in Central Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of N fertilization on the soil CH₄ flux during the growing season of onion in a structured clay soil with stagnant water at depths of 70–80 cm and with a peat-mixed subsoil. The following 4 treatments were analyzed over a period of two years: T1) fertilized, onion growing, T2) fertilized, bare field, T3) unfertilized, onion growing, and T4) unfertilized, bare field. In the fertilized T1 and T2 treatments, fertilizers (mixture of 3 : 1 NH₄NO₃ : (NH₄)₂SO₄) at rates of 322 kg N ha^?1 in 1999 and 242 kg N ha^?1 in 2000 were applied as basal fertilizers before onion was transplanted. CH₄ fluxes among the treatments ranged from ?0.06 to 0.12 mg CH₄-C m^?2 h^?1 in 1999, and from ?0.03 to 0.01 mg CH₄-C m^?2 h^?1 in 2000, which were high after heavy rain in summer. Cumulative CH₄ flux from May to November in the fertilized T1 and T2 treatments was 59 mg CH₄-C m^?2 for both treatments in 1999, and 3.2 and ?0.9 mg CH₄-C m^?2 in 2000, respectively. On the other hand, in the unfertilized T3 and T4 treatments, the cumulative CH₄ flux was 0.2 and ?9.2 mg CH₄-C m^?2 in 1999, and ?26 and ?20 mg CH₄-C m^?2 in 2000, respectively. Although the cumulative CH₄ flux in each treatment was higher in 1999 than in 2000, the fertilized treatments in both years showed a significantly higher cumulative CH₄ flux than the unfertilized treatments. This might be ascribed to the higher level of nitrification in the fertilized treatments, because a high nitrate concentration was observed in the fertilized treatments in the onion growing season. The results also revealed that onion growing did not exert a significant influence on the CH₄ flux. The precipitation from May to November was 642 mm in 1999 and 1,008 mm in 2000, and the CH₄ emission increased when the precipitation was low. In addition, the CH₄ concentration in the soil profile increased with the increase of the depth in summer as the soil was dry. These findings indicated that CH₄ diffusion from the soil to the atmosphere was inhibited by rainwater.     

Soil respiration and carbon balance of gray forest soils as affected by land use

 Soil respiration was measured by closed chamber and gradient methods in soils under forest, sown meadow and crops. Annual total soil respiration determined with the closed chamber method ranged from 180 to 642 g CO₂-C m^–2 year^–1 and from 145 to 382 g CO₂-C m^–2 year^–1 determined with the CO₂ profile method. Soil respiration increased in the order: cropland<sown meadow<forest. The C balance calculated as the difference between net primary production (sink) and respiration of heterotrophs (source) suggested an equilibrium between the input and output of C in the cropland, and sequestration of 135 and 387 g CO₂-C m^–2 year^–1 in the forest and meadow, respectively. Received: 1 December 1997     

Effect of nitrogen deposition on CH4 uptake in forest soils in Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

It has been well documented by short-term artificial experiments that the CH⁴ uptake is inhibited by N input, especially NH^{4 p+}-N input. To investigate the effect of the natural N input by throughfall and other factors on the CH⁴ uptake in forest soils, we measured the CH⁴ uptake rates for 6 months during the snow-free period of the year and N input by throughfall throughout the year at 10 sites in Hokkaido, Japan, from 1997 to 2002. Water filled pore space (WFPS) and pH values in the soils varied widely among the sites (38-93% and 3.9-6.2, respectively). The rates of NH^{4 p+}-N and NH^{3 p-}-N inputs ranged from 1.3 to 6.9 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1 and from 0.8 to 2.9 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1, respectively. The NH^{4 p+}-N input was generally higher than the NH^{3 p-}-N input. Total N input by throughfall amounted to 2.3-9.4 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1. The highest CH⁴ uptake rate occurred within the period from July to September (41-215 μg CH⁴ m^p-2 h^p-1) each year at most sites. CH⁴ uptake rate was relatively low (~50 μg CH⁴ M-2 h^p-1) at northern sites, while a high CH⁴ uptake rate was observed throughout the year 100 (? CH⁴ m^p-2 h^p-1) at southern sites. The mean CH⁴ uptake rates were significantly different among the sites. Cumulative CH⁴ uptake ranged from 1.4 to 6.6 kg CH⁴ ha^p-1 [184 d]^p-1 with a mean values of 3.22 ± 1.36 kg CH⁴ ha^p-1 [184 d]^p-1. Cumulative CH⁴ uptake increased with increasing temperature and decreased with an increase in precipitation (Rain), NH^{4 p+}-N input (TF^NH4) WFPS, soil total C (TC), and total N (TN). There was a quadratic relationship between the CH⁴ uptake and NH^{3 p-}-N input (TF^NO3), soil pH, and C / N ratio in soil. A regression equation was obtained as follows to predict the CH⁴ uptake in forest soils: Cumulative CH⁴ uptake = 0.47 / Rain + 0.38 / TF^NH4 + 0.34 / TC - 0.30 / TF^N03 (R ^p2 = 0.74, p = 0.0001). This equation indicates that atmospheric N input into forest soils is one of the main factors that control cumulative CH⁴ uptake with precipitation, total carbon content in soil in Hokkaido, Japan.     

Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide fluxes from cornfield,grassland, pasture and forest in a watershed in Southern Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

To develop an advanced method for estimating nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from an agricultural watershed, we used a closed-chamber technique to measure seasonal N₂O and nitric oxide (NO) fluxes in cornfields, grassland, pastures and forests at the Shizunai Experimental Livestock Farm (467 ha) in southern Hokkaido, Japan. From 2000 to 2004, N₂O and NO fluxes ranged from –137 to 8,920 µg N m^?2 h^?1 and from –12.1 to 185 µg N m^?2 h^?1, respectively. Most N₂O/NO ratios calculated on the basis of these N₂O and NO fluxes ranged between 1 and 100, and the log-normal N₂O/NO ratio was positively correlated with the log-normal N₂O fluxes (r ² = 0.346, P < 0.01). These high N₂O fluxes, therefore, resulted from increased denitrification activity. Annual N₂O emission rates ranged from –1.0 to 81 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 (average = 6.6 kg N ha^?1). As these emission values varied greatly and included extremely high values, we divided them into two groups: normal values (i.e. values lower than the overall average) and high values (i.e. values higher than average). The normal data were significantly positively correlated with N input (r ² = 0.61, P < 0.01) and the “higher” data from ungrazed fields were significantly positively correlated with N surplus (r ² = 0.96, P < 0.05). The calculated probability that a high N₂O flux would occur was weakly and positively correlated with precipitation from May to August. This probability can be used to represent annual variation in N₂O emission rates and to reduce the uncertainty in N₂O estimation.     

淮北平原四种土地利用类型非生长季土壤呼吸速率

为了探讨杨树人工林撂荒地、农耕地、农林复合模式的林地和农林复合小麦地的4种土地利用方式对温室气体CO2增长及其通量的影响,利用Licor-8100土壤碳通量测定系统对以上4种不同土地利用的土壤呼吸速率变化进行了研究。结果表明：4种土地利用类型的土壤呼吸速率在非生长季冬季的月内变化和日变化不明显,都保持在低的CO2释放水平;不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率表现出明显的空间异质性;农林复合小麦地土壤呼吸速率在非生长季与其影响因素的关系在2009年12月份的关系不明显,2010年1月份和2月份随着气温的升高,土壤呼吸速率与温度的相关性逐渐增大,与其他因子的相关性也变大,但增加的幅度较小;4种土地利用类型中,农林复合冬小麦地的CO2平均通量为最小,CO2的释放量比例最小,为22.55%,比农田小麦地、撂荒地和农林复合隔离带林地分别减少3.02%、0.85%和6.00%的CO2释放。农林复合模式的CO2释放量比农田小麦地多释放2.85%,与人工林撂荒地的土壤呼吸速率相同。     

Intensive management enhances mycorrhizal respiration but decreases free-living microbial respiration by affecting microbial abundance and community structure in Moso bamboo forest soils

Intensive management is known to markedly alter soil carbon (C) storage and turnover in Moso bamboo forests compared with extensive management. However, the effects of intensive management on soil respiration (R_S) components remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in different R_S components (root, mycorrhizal, and free-living microorganism respiration) in Moso bamboo forests under extensive and intensive management practices. A 1-year in-situ microcosm experiment was conducted to quantify the R_S components in Moso bamboo forests under the two management practices using mesh screens of varying sizes. The results showed that the total R_S and its components exhibited similar seasonal variability between the two management practices. Compared with extensive management, intensive management significantly increased cumulative respiration from mycorrhizal fungi by 36.73%, while decreased cumulative respiration from free-living soil microorganisms by 8.97%. Moreover, the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased by 43.38%, but bacterial and fungal abundances decreased by 21.65% and 33.30%, respectively, under intensive management. Both management practices significantly changed the bacterial community composition, which could be mainly explained by soil pH and available potassium. Mycorrhizal fungi and intensive management affected the interrelationships between bacterial members. Structural equation modeling indicated that intensive management changed the cumulative R_S by elevating AMF abundance and lowering bacterial abundance. We concluded that intensive management reduced the microbial respiration-derived C loss, but increased mycorrhizal respiration-derived C loss.     

日本北海道地区森林、牧场、草原和玉米田温室气体排放及模型研究

Information on the most influential factors determining gas flux from soils is needed in predictive models for greenhouse gases emissions.We conducted an intensive soil and air sampling along a 2 000 m transect extending from a forest,pasture,grassland and corn field in Shizunai,Hokkaido (Japan),measured CO 2 ,CH 4 ,N 2 O and NO fluxes and calculated soil bulk density (ρ b ),air-filled porosity (f a ) and total porosity (Φ).Using diffusivity models based on either f a alone or on a combination of f a and Φ,we predicted two pore space indices: the relative gas diffusion coefficient (D s /D o ) and the pore tortuosity factor (τ).The relationships between pore space indices (D s /D o and τ) and CO 2 ,CH 4 ,N 2 O and NO fluxes were also studied.Results showed that the grassland had the highest ρ b while f a and Φ were the highest in the forest.CO 2 ,CH 4 ,N 2 O and NO fluxes were the highest in the grassland while N 2 O dominated in the corn field.Few correlations existed between f a ,Φ,ρ b and gases fluxes while all models predicted that D s /D o and τ significantly correlated with CO 2 and CH 4 with correlation coefficient (r) ranging from 0.20 to 0.80.Overall,diffusivity models based on f a alone gave higher D s /D o ,lower τ,and higher R 2 and better explained the relationship between pore space indices (D s /D o and τ) and gases fluxes.Inclusion of D s /D o and τ in predictive models will improve our understanding of the dynamics of greenhouse gas fluxes from soils.D s /D o and τ can be easily obtained by measurements of soil air and water and existing diffusivity models.     

Root, rhizosphere and root-free respiration in soils under grassland and forest plants

Plants significantly affect rates of carbon (C) turnover in soils, both because they are sources of carbon through exudation in the rhizosphere and litter‐fall, and because rhizosphere microbes stimulated by roots also metabolize native soil carbon. Different plant species affect these components of soil carbon turnover in different ways, but the quantitative information on this is lacking for different ecosystems and soil‐plant combinations. To compare the effects of grassland and forest plant species on the components of rhizosphere respiration in different soils, we grew ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) in two silt loam soils in pots in a glasshouse, and in seven samplings over 45 weeks measured total (R_total), root (R_root) and root‐free soil respiration (R_rfs), the latter from respiration in unplanted controls. We calculated rhizosphere respiration (R_rhizo), defined here as the net of that fuelled by native soil C and root‐derived C, from R_total less R_root+R_rfs. We also measured plant growth and total, water‐soluble and microbial biomass C in the soils at each sampling. Results showed that R_rfs decreased over the experimental period in both soils. Under ryegrass, R_root, R_rhizo and R_total increased up to 14 weeks after planting and then stabilized, whereas under radiata pine, they continued to increase throughout the experiment. By the end of the experiment, the R_root, R_rhizo and R_rfs components accounted for 49–58, 31–50 and 1–11% of soil total respiration under ryegrass, respectively, and 43–66, 29–53 and 1–5% under radiata pine. The greater R_root, R_rhizo and R_total values under radiata pine were related to greater root biomass and root‐derived organic C, and enhanced microbial mineralization of native soil organic C.     

Carbon stocks, soil respiration and microbial biomass in fire-prone tropical grassland, woodland and forest ecosystems

A thorough understanding of the role of microbes in C cycling in relation to fire is important for estimation of C emissions and for development of guidelines for sustainable management of dry ecosystems. We investigated the seasonal changes and spatial distribution of soil total, dissolved organic C (DOC) and microbial biomass C during 18 months, quantified the soil CO₂ emission in the beginning of the rainy season, and related these variables to the fire frequency in important dry vegetation types grassland, woodland and dry forest in Ethiopia. The soil C isotope ratios (δ¹³C) reflected the 15-fold decrease in the grass biomass along the vegetation gradient and the 12-fold increase in woody biomass in the opposite direction. Changes in δ¹³C down the soil profiles also suggested that in two of the grass-dominated sites woody plants were more frequent in the past. The soil C stock ranged from being 2.5 (dry forest) to 48 times (grassland) higher than the C stock in the aboveground plant biomass. The influence of fire in frequently burnt wooded grassland was evident as an unchanged or increasing total C content down the soil profile. DOC and microbial biomass measured with the fumigation-extraction method (C_mic) reflected the vertical distribution of soil organic matter (SOM). However, although SOM was stable throughout the year, seasonal fluctuations in C_mic and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) were large. In woodland and woodland-wooded grassland C_mic and SIR increased in the dry season, and gradually decreased during the following rainy season, confirming previous suggestions that microbes may play an important role in nutrient retention in the dry season. However, in dry forest and two wooded grasslands C_mic and SIR was stable throughout the rainy season, or even increased in this period, which could lead to enhanced competition with plants for nutrients. Both the range and the seasonal changes in soil microbial biomass C in dry tropical ecosystems may be wider than previously assumed. Neither SIR nor C_mic were good predictors of in situ soil respiration. The soil respiration was relatively high in infrequently burnt forest and woodland, while frequently burnt grasslands had lower rates, presumably because most C is released through dry season burning and not through decomposition in fire-prone systems. Shifts in the relative importance of the two pathways for C release from organic matter may have strong implications for C and nutrient cycling in seasonally dry tropical ecosystems.     

不同土地利用方式下降雨对土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响

全球气候变化会导致陆地生态系统干旱频繁,强降雨增多,深入研究降雨对土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响,有利于理解陆地生态系统中土壤碳、氮的循环.研究以北京市延庆县上辛庄水土保持科技示范园内的标准径流小区为对象,探讨不同土地利用方式下降雨对土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响及差异.结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤干旱时,降雨使土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸产生激增效应.2010年8月3日降雨后经果林、裸地、农用地的土壤微生物量碳与干旱期的相比分别增加了0.40,1.51,1.95倍;土壤微生物量氯与干旱期的相比分别增加了1.77,1.83,3.7倍;土壤呼吸与干旱期的相比分别提离了12.4%,12.5%,20.5%.激增幅度依次为农用地>裸地>经果林.农用地的土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸值均低于经果林、裸地的,但是降雨使其产生的激增幅度明显大于经果林和裸地的.     

Effect of intermittent drainage in reduction of methane emission from paddy soils in Hokkaido,northern Japan

ABSTRACT

Emission of methane (CH₄), a major greenhouse gas, from submerged paddy soils is generally reduced by introducing intermittent drainage in summer, which is a common water management in Japan. However, such a practice is not widely conducted in Hokkaido, a northern region in Japan, to prevent a possible reduction in rice grain yield caused by cold weather. Therefore, the effects of intermittent drainage on CH₄ emission and rice grain yield have not been investigated comprehensively in Hokkaido. In this study, we conducted a three-year field experiment in Hokkaido and measured CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes and rice grain yield to elucidate whether the reduction in CH₄ emission can be achieved in Hokkaido as well as other regions in Japan. Four experimental treatments, namely, two soil types [soils of light clay (LiC) and heavy clay (HC) textures] and two water management [continuous flood irrigation (CF), and intermittent drainage (ID)], were used, and CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were measured throughout the rice cultivation periods from 2016 to 2018. Cumulative CH₄ emissions in 2016 were markedly low, suggesting an initially low population of methanogens in the soils presumably due to no soil submergence or crop cultivation in the preceding years, which indicates a possible reduction in CH₄ emission by introducing paddy-upland crop rotation. Cumulative CH₄ emissions in the ID-LiC and ID-HC plots were 21–91% lower than those in the CF-LiC and CF-HC plots, respectively, whereas the cumulative N₂O emissions did not significantly differ between the different water managements. The amount of CH₄ emission reduction by the intermittent drainage was largest in 2018, with a comparatively long period of the first drainage for 12 days in summer. Rice grain yields did not significantly differ between the different water managements for the entire 3 years, although the percentage of well-formed rice grains was reduced by the intermittent drainage in 2018. These results suggest that CH₄ emission from paddy fields can be reduced with no decrease in rice grain yield by the intermittent drainage in Hokkaido. In particular, the first drainage for a long period in summer is expected to reduce CH₄ emission markedly.     

氮沉降增加和人类干扰对半干旱草地土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是全球碳循环的主要流通途径,但半干旱草地土壤呼吸对全球变化和人类干扰的响应机制尚不清楚。该研究以科尔沁沙质草地为研究对象,研究氮沉降增加、人类干扰（火烧、刈割）及其交互作用对沙质草地整个植物生长季（2017年5－9月）土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,土壤呼吸呈明显的季节动态变化,在7月最高。氮沉降增加使根呼吸显著提高42%,土壤呼吸显著增加17%（P<0.001）,但对微生物呼吸无显著影响。火烧使根呼吸显著提高25%（P<0.01）,但使微生物呼吸降低13%（P<0.001）,从而导致土壤呼吸未显著增加（P>0.05）。刈割显著降低了土壤温度,诱导微生物呼吸和根呼吸分别降低13%（P<0.001）和20%（P<0.05）,从而显著抑制土壤呼吸（P<0.001）。氮沉降增强了火烧对土壤呼吸的促进作用,但未显著影响刈割对土壤呼吸的抑制作用。氮沉降、火烧和刈割对土壤呼吸的不同影响可对全球变化背景下沙质草地土壤碳循环的预测和天然草地的科学管理提供参考。     

Hierarchical Bayesian models for soil CO2 flux using soil texture: a case study in central Hokkaido,Japan

Hierarchical Bayesian (HB) methods are useful tools for modeling multifaceted, nonlinear phenomena such as those encountered in ecology, and have been increasingly applied in environmental sciences, e.g., to estimate soil gas flux from different soil textures or sites. We have developed a model of soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux based on soil temperature (T, 5 cm depth) and water-filled pore space (WFPS, 5 cm depth) using HB theory. The HB model was calibrated using a dataset of CO₂ flux measured from bare soils belonging to four texture classes in 14 upland field sites in a watershed in central Hokkaido, Japan, in the nonsnow-cover season from 2003 to 2011. The numerical software HYDRUS-1D was used to simulate daily WFPS, and the estimated values were significantly correlated with the measured WFPS (R² = 0.68, P < 0.001). Compared to a nonhierarchical Bayesian model (Bayesian pooled model), the CO₂ predictions with the HB model more accurately represented texture-specific observations. The simulation–observation fit of the CO₂ flux model was R² = 0.64 (P < 0.001). More than 90% of the observed daily data were within the 95% confidence interval. The HB model exhibited high uncertainty for high CO₂ flux values. The HB model calibration revealed differing sensitivity of CO₂ flux to T and WFPS in different soil texture classes. CO₂ flux increased with an increase in T, and it increased to a lesser degree with a finer texture, possibly because the clay and silt facilitated soil aggregation, thus reducing temperature fluctuations. WFPS values between 0.48 and 0.64 resulted in optimal conditions for CO₂ flux. The minimum WFPS value increased with an increase in clay content (P < 0.05). Although only a small number of soil types were studied in only one season in this study, the HB model may provide a method for predicting how the effects of soil temperature and moisture on CO₂ flux change with texture, and soil texture could be regarded as an upscaling factor in future research on regional extrapolation.     

半干旱区不同土地利用方式下土壤呼吸特征

采用动态密闭气室红外CO₂分析法测定了盐碱地、撂荒地和苜蓿地三种土地利用方式下的土壤呼吸速率,并结合水热因子,对不同土地利用方式下土壤呼吸速率的差异性以及其和温度、含水量之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:三种土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率日变化均呈现单峰型曲线,与气温变化趋势一致,一天中气温最高时的土壤呼吸速率均显著高于其他时间;不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸与水热因子均呈正相关,采用线性关系式来分析土壤呼吸速率与土壤水分含量的关系。不同土地利用方式下土壤呼吸速率与近地面气温、不同深度土壤温度的关系可以用指数方程得到较好的拟合（p < 0.05）,撂荒地土壤呼吸的温度敏感性系数Q₁₀值变化较大,从而对土壤温度的响应更为敏感,且不同深度土壤的Q₁₀值存在较大差异,盐碱地和苜蓿地不同土层的Q₁₀值均在2.0左右变化,与全球Q₁₀的平均水平接近。盐碱地、撂荒地和苜蓿地土壤呼吸与土壤温度和湿度的双变量模型关系显著,比相应的单变量模型更好地解释了土壤呼吸变异。     

寿光大棚菜地土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、pH与EC的变化研究

为防治土壤退化、促进农业可持续发展提供科学依据,以寿光地区露地土壤作对照,研究了连作1、5、8和12年大棚蔬菜(番茄)土壤有关生物学指标的变化。结果表明,土壤呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性棚内高于棚外,并随连作年限延长开始增强而后减弱,由于管理差异,12年棚龄土壤又回升。随着连作年限延长,土壤脲酶活性逐渐减弱,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增强;土壤呼吸强度和酶活性都由表层向底层逐渐减弱。土壤pH随连作年限增加逐渐下降,而EC逐渐增加,至12年棚龄时,与对照比0—20 cm土层pH下降了1.06单位,其他层次变化不显著。试验还表明,该地区表层土壤pH变化于6.45~7.51,EC 0.5 mS/cm,能较好地满足作物生长需要,同时,EC是影响土壤pH及酶活性变化的重要因素。土壤EC及过氧化氢酶活性可作为反映大棚菜地土壤质量变化的参考指标。     

Soil respiration as affected by vegetation types in a semiarid region of China

There are variations in soil respiration across vegetation types; however, it is unclear which factors are mainly responsible for the variations. A field experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 in a semiarid region of China to investigate the daytime and monthly variation of soil respiration across vegetation types and to determine the factors controlling the variation. An automated portable soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux measurement system was used to measure the soil respiration in shrubland, grassland, fallow land, and cropland during the growing periods. The results showed that the relative daytime variation amplitude of soil respiration in the fallow land and cropland was as small as that of shrubland and grassland during July, but greater than that of shrubland and grassland during August and October. A hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime soil temperature was observed for all four vegetation types. There was also a hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime air temperature for the grassland. Over the study period, the monthly soil respiration rates of the fallow land and cropland were statistically comparable and significantly lower than those of the shrubland and grassland, with the exception of August, during which the monthly soil respiration of the cropland was as great as that of shrubland and grassland. The factors responsible for the monthly soil respiration variation across the vegetation types differed from month to month. In general, the soil temperature and soil water content were mainly responsible in August and September; however, the root biomass predominated in July and October. The results are valuable for accurately estimating regional carbon fluxes by considering the temporal variability of the soil respiration variation across vegetation types in the Loess Plateau of China.     

小麦-玉米-大豆轮作下黑土农田土壤呼吸与碳平衡

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,探讨农田生态系统的土壤呼吸与碳平衡对于科学评价陆地生态系统在全球变化下的源汇效应具有重要意义。基于中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站的长期定位试验,对不同施肥处理下黑土小麦-玉米-大豆轮作体系2005—2007年的作物固碳量与土壤CO2排放通量进行了观测,并对该轮作体系下黑土农田生态系统的碳平衡状况进行了估算。结果表明:在小麦-玉米-大豆轮作体系中,作物固碳量的高低表现为:玉米>大豆>小麦,平均值分别为6 513 kg(C).hm-2、4 025 kg(C).hm-2和3 655kg(C).hm-2。从作物生长季土壤CO2排放总量来看,3种作物以大豆农田生态系统的土壤CO2排放总量最高,平均值达4 062 kg(C).hm-2;其次为玉米,为3 813 kg(C).hm-2;而小麦最低,为2 326 kg(C).hm-2。3种作物轮作下NEP(净生态系统生产力)均为正值,表明黑土农田土壤-作物系统为大气CO2的"汇",不同作物系统的碳汇强度表现为玉米>小麦>大豆,三者的平均值分别为3 215 kg(C).hm-2、1 643 kg(C).hm-2和512 kg(C).hm-2。长期均衡施用氮、磷、钾化肥或氮、磷、钾化肥配施有机肥后,小麦、玉米和大豆农田生态系统的固碳量和土壤CO2排放总量均明显增加,并在氮、磷、钾配施有机肥处理下达到最高。不同的施肥管理措施将改变土壤-植物系统作为大气CO2"汇"的程度,总体表现为化肥均衡施用下NEP值较高,而化肥与有机肥配施下农田生态系统的NEP值较低。     

喀斯特高原山地土壤抗冲性与土壤物理性质的关系

为探究喀斯特高原山地不同土地利用类型土壤抗冲性及其与土壤物理性质的关系,以马尾松人工林地(PMP)、桂花人工林地(OFP)、天然乔灌混交林地(ASL)、天然草地(NGL)、撂荒地(AL)、农地(CL)为研究对象,采用原状土水槽冲刷试验法,根据研究区地形及气候特点,设置3个坡度(5°,15°,25°),3个冲刷流量(3.2,4.8,6.4 L/min),冲刷时间均为15 min,结合土壤物理性质(容重、孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、机械组成等),定量分析不同土地利用类型下土壤抗冲性及其与土壤物理性质的关系。结果表明:(1)在原状土冲刷试验过程中,各地类初始径流含沙量较高,但随着冲刷时间的延长,径流含沙量呈先降低后趋于稳定趋势,且随着坡度和冲刷流量的增大,径流含沙量趋于稳定的时间有所提前;(2)土壤抗冲系数随坡度和冲刷流量的增大而减小,且坡度对土壤抗冲性的影响比冲刷流量更明显。在同等条件下,各地类土壤抗冲系数依次为NGL＞PMP＞ASL＞AL＞OFP＞CL,土壤抗冲系数分别为13.44~87.84,[JP]8.14~93.15,2.93~45.36,1.21~10.01,1.25~5.48,0.17~1.27(L·min)/g;(3)土壤抗冲性与土壤容重、砂粒含量、水稳性团聚体含量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与总孔隙度、黏粒含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),其关系均可用幂函数表示(R²＞0.78)。研究结果可为喀斯特区土壤侵蚀研究和水土保持防治提供科学依据。     

Effects of N sources and methane concentrations on methane uptake potential of a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard soil

After removal of the above-ground plant debris three different soil layers were taken from a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard in Numata City, Japan. The potentials of soil CH₄ uptake at two initial CH₄ concentrations were studied under aerobic conditions in the laboratory, along with inhibition of soil CH₄ oxidation by urea-N or KNO₃-N addition. Due to long-term N inputs, the CH₄ uptake of the upper mineral layer of the orchard soil was 25.4% and 87.7% lower than that of the surface forest soil at 2.4 and 12.6 l l^–1 CH₄, respectively. Methane uptake of the forest soil decreased with increasing soil depths at two CH₄ levels. However, maximal CH₄-consuming activity occurred in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil at 12.6 l l^–1 methane. Nitrogen additions in the form of KNO₃ or urea at the rate of 200 g N g^–1 soil substantially reduced soil CH₄ uptake in the upper and sub-surface mineral layers at both sites, except that the addition of KNO₃-N had no apparent inhibitory effect on the CH₄ uptake in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil. A strong inhibitory effect of NO₃^– addition on the CH₄ uptake, in contrast to NH₄⁺, occurred in the surface forest soil. The use of KNO₃-N, as compared to urea or urea plus a nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide), resulted in a lower potential to cause inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in the 0- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil.