Root growth and phosphorus uptake in wide‐ and narrow‐row soybeans

Most of the research comparing the effect of different row spacing on seed yield in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has been focused on row spacing effects on aboveground crop characteristics such as leaf area, right interception, pod number, or biomass accumulation and their relationships with seed yield. Little work has been done on the effects of narrow‐row spacing on root distribution. Plant distribution may also affect root distribution and interroot competition, and therefore, exploration and use of soil resources. A field experiment was carried out on the Pampas (Argentina) to determine the effect of narrow‐row spacing on root distribution within the topsoil in soybean, and whether different root distributions affect phosphorus uptake. In December 1993, soybeans were planted at two row spacings, narrow rows (0.35 m) and wide rows (0.70 m). Root density was measured during seed filling (92 days after planting) at several points within the inter‐row space down to a soil depth of 30 cm. Aboveground biomass was harvested at maturity and phosphorus (P) uptake was measured. Below the row line, narrow‐row soybeans showed a greater root density than the wide row treatment at 5–10 cm depth, while roots of the wide‐row soybeans had more lateral growth. Root density at both sides of the row down to a depth of 5 cm was greater for the wide‐row treatment. Average root density for each depth for a section of 70 cm wide across the row line indicated there was no significant difference between treatments at any depth. The fewer number of rows for the wide‐row spacing was compensated by a greater lateral extension of roots within the interrow space. This compensation resulted in a similar root density at each depth for both planting patterns, narrow and wide rows. Aboveground biomass and phosphorus concentration in plant tissue at maturity were not affected by row spacing. A similar phosphorus uptake for both treatments was consistent with the lack of effect of the different plant distribution on soil exploration by roots and on aboveground biomass accumulation.     

Spatial distribution of roots and cracks in soils cultivated with sunflower

The aim of this research was to investigate the spatial distribution of roots and cracks in two clay soils cropped with sunflower under different inter-row spacing in order to identify the optimal management. A latin square experimental design was applied to compare bare soil and soil cropped with sunflower, with three plant densities, obtained by keeping constant the number of plants on the row (3 plants m^?1) and varying the row spacing (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 m). The presence of the crop and the different distance between rows influenced soil moisture content as well as the root spatial distribution and thus the structural features of cracks. Increasingly lower values of moisture were found in both soils as the distance between rows decreased; an opposite trend was observed for both root density and crack size. The volume of cracks in the soil grown with sunflower at 0.4 m row spacing was 201.4 m³ ha^?1, thus 8 times higher than the value on the bare soil and 2.5 times higher compared to the one grown at 0.8 m between rows. Optimal results in terms of root density, soil moisture and crack size were obtained with an inter-row spacing of 0.6 m.     

行距及密度影响玉米密植潜力的干物质累积和产量构成机制

空间布局是决定玉米密植潜力的重要因子,但有关行距配置对不同密度玉米产量及其构成因素的调控研究比较薄弱,使得生产实践中缺乏通过行距配置优化挖掘玉米密植潜力的理论依据。2017-2018年,在带宽相同条件下,研究了7∶3(L1:宽行56 cm∶窄行24 cm)、6∶4(L2:宽行48 cm∶窄行32 cm)、5∶5(L3:行距配置均为40 cm)3种行距配置对5种密度(D1:82 500株·hm~(-2)、D2:90 000株·hm~(-2)、D3:97 500株·hm~(-2)、D4:105 000株·hm~(-2)、D5:112 500株·hm~(-2))玉米产量及其构成因素的影响。行距配置、密度及二者的互作效应显著影响玉米籽粒产量, L1行距配置较L3增产5.2%～10.5%,增幅显著; D2、D3密度处理分别较D1密度处理增产6.1%～12.0%、6.5%～15.0%(P0.05), L1D3、L2D3产量较L3D1提高了8.3%～34.2%、4.8%～27.5%(P0.05), L1D3的增产效果最好,说明宽窄行种植增强了玉米植株的耐密性,提高了玉米群体的密植潜力。宽窄行结合密植有利于提高玉米的生物产量,其中L1行距配置较L3提高3.0%～6.6%(P0.05),D3密度较D1密度高3.4%～8.0%(P0.05), L1D3较L3D1处理提高5.2%～15.0%(P0.05)。宽窄行种植提高玉米密植潜力的原因是:1)提高了玉米生长后期(大喇叭口期至灌浆期)的干物质累积速率,该时期玉米的干物质累积速率L1行距配置较L3提高32.9%～42.0%, D3密度较D1密度高9.2%～23.9%, L1D3处理较L3D1处理高29.1%～34.3%,增幅均显著; 2)提高了光合产物向穗部的转移, 2017年度玉米收获指数D3密度较D1密度高6.4%, L1D3处理较L3D1处理高16.2%,2018年无显著差异;3)提高了玉米的成穗数和穗粒数,D3密度的成穗数较D1密度高16.0%～20.2%,L1D3较L3D1成穗数高16.9%～25.9%,L1行距配置较L2、L3穗粒数分别高3.0%～4.4%、3.9%～7.0%,提高幅度均显著。56 cm∶24 cm宽窄行结合密度97 500株·hm~(-2)是绿洲灌区获得高产,密植潜力充分发挥的理想种植模式。     

Effects of tillage, weed control method and row spacing on soybean yield and certain soil properties

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop in the southeastern United States, and thus there is a need for additional information on the effects of tillage, weed control methods and row spacing on soybean yields, weed populations and soil properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of three weed control methods (none, cultivation, and herbicide) and three row spacings (45, 60 and 90 cm) on soybeans planted in a conventionally prepared seedbed or planted in wheat stubble (no-till (NT)) on a Decatur silty clay loam (Rhodic Paleudult) soil during the 1987 and 1988 growing seasons. Following NT planting, soybean plots produced a seed yield of 3102 kg ha⁻¹ with herbicide, 2911 kg ha⁻¹ with cultivation and 2216 kg ha⁻¹ with no weed control. On a conventionally prepared seedbed, herbicide and cultivation resulted in almost equal seed yields (3898 kg ha⁻¹ and 3954 kg ha⁻¹ respectively) which were significantly higher than those from the no weed control plots (3151 kg ha⁻¹). Soybeans in narrow (45 cm) rows (3997 kg ha⁻¹) consistently out-yielded those in the wider 60 cm rows (3130 kg ha⁻¹) and 90 cm rows (2490 kg ha⁻¹) in both growing seasons, results averaged across years showed that conventionally planted soybeans produced higher yields (3668 kg ha⁻¹) than NT planted soybeans (2743 kg ha⁻¹). The weed infestation was significantly less with herbicide or cultivation than with no weed control and also less in narrow rows (45 cm) than in wider rows (60 and 90 cm). Data on the soil properties (from a depth of 0–15 cm) showed that moisture content, organic matter content and total soil nitrogen were higher in NT plots than in conventional plots. Similarly, disease ratings and infestation of bacterial blight of soybean were significantly higher in NT than in conventional tillage systems.     

Measurement variability in soybean water status and soil‐nutrient extraction in a row spacing study in the U.S. southeastern coastal plain

Abstract

Full‐season determinate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] was grown in the field in a humid climate for three seasons (1979–81). The objective was to examine variability in several methods of determining basic relationships between soil and plant water status in a range of canopy configurations and to examine treatment effects on soil‐nutrient extraction. In each year, two cultivars, “Davis” (group VI) and “Coker 338” (group VIII) were planted in four row spacings. In 1980 and 1981 the experiment was expanded and split for irrigation and row orientation (N—S or E‐W). Post‐harvest soil samples were collected and analyzed to determine if irrigation, row spacing, or cultivar influenced K, Ca, and Mg extraction patterns.

During the growing seasons, parallel leaf diffusive resistance (R_s) was poorly correlated with xylem pressure potential (ψ_x), canopy s x temperature (T_c), canopy minus air temperature (?T), leaf vapor pressure deficit (LVPD), and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in single factor correlations. Xylem pressure potential was highly correlated with T_c , ?T, VPD, and LVPD, but was poorly correlated with soil water potential. Both ψ_x and T_c were significantly affected by the imposition of shade from a 60% shading cloth within as little as 1 minute of shade imposition. The impact of cultivar on seasonal ψ_x was significant and was nearly half the magnitude of the observed difference caused by irrigation. Irrigation raised ψ_x by only 2.2 bars over the two—year observation period, in spite of large differences in soil water potential when irrigation was imposed. The impact of canopy configuration was not measureable in any water relations parameter except infrared‐determined T_c. Correlation of T and ψ_x was significantly more reliable when limited to a single variety, row spacing, and row orientation. Aspect of infrared temperature measurement also significantly affected observed T_c.

Analysis of post‐harvest soil samples indicated that narrow (50 cm) row spacing in 1980 and irrigation in 1981 significantly decreased post—harvest Mehlich No. I extractable K, but none of the cultural practices influenced extractable Ca or Mg at P(0.05). In 1980, ex‐tractable K within soybean rows was significantly greater than between rows. Similar trends were observed for Ca and Mg in 1980 and for all 3 nutrients in 1981, but those differences were not significant at P(0.05). Overall, these measurements quantify the difficulty in relating soil and plant water status and identifying nutrient extraction patterns in sandy soils within the humid U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plain.     

不同种植模式和坡度对片麻岩山坡地氮素流失的影响

通过室外人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了在不同坡度(5°,15°,25°,35°)与不同欧李种植模式(1,2,3行)下对片麻岩山坡地土壤坡面氮素流失和产流的影响。结果表明:(1)产流时间随着坡度增大而提前,平均产流时间从种植模式3行到1行推迟了59.23%,2行到1行推迟了32.28%;不同种植模式下产流强度及波动幅度均为1行>2行>3行;(2)降雨过程中,不同种植模式下氮素流失量和流失浓度表现为1行>2行>3行,不同坡度下,氮素流失量和流失浓度为5°<15°<25°>35°,临界坡度为25°;(3)相同坡度,种植模式由2行到3行时硝态氮流失量减幅最大,5°,15°,25°,35°分别减少了16.78%,44.71%,41.33%,41.89%;(4)氮素流失过程中硝态氮流失量占比40.35%,铵态氮流失量占比10.13%,流失形式以硝态氮为主;(5)相同种植模式,2种氮素流失量和流失浓度与坡度存在二次函数关系,相同坡度,与种植模式存在线性关系,相关系数(R^2)范围分别为0.531~0.999,0.102~0.999;(6)种植模式与硝态氮流失量和铵态氮流失量均呈线性负相关关系,是影响氮素流失的主要因子。在片麻岩山坡地,利用多行交错方式种植欧李可显著降低氮素流失。     

小麦间作菠菜的边际效应与基施氮肥利用率

麦田中设置65cm的空带,采用间作菠菜和不种作物(CK)2种方式并施15N肥料,种小麦处施尿素,研究小麦的边际效应和N肥利用效率。结果表明,CK处理的边行小麦具有显著的产量优势,间作菠菜后边行优势减小,但间作小麦仍具有明显的产量优势。边行优势的形成与小麦植株吸收N素密切相关。在小麦、菠菜共生期间,边行小麦的N素营养变劣,菠菜收获后,边行小麦比内行吸收了较多的N素尤其是基施N肥。小麦间作菠菜比CK处理,基肥N利用率提高,土壤残留量降低,损失量减少。     

Plant density,distribution, and fertilizer effects on yield and quality of irrigated corn silage

Abstract

Grain deficits frequently occur in the Southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain because erratic rainfall patterns and soil properties often limit corn (Zea mays L.) yields, however, harvesting corn for silage may enable farmers to produce a second grain crop during the same calendar year. Effects of row spacing, plant population, and fertilizer program on yield, quality, and mineral concentrations of corn silage grown with irrigation on Typic Paleudult soils were therefore investigated. Two plant population treatments which averaged 7.0 and 10.1 plants m^‐2 were evaluated with two fertilizer programs that differed in N, N and K, and N, P, and K in 1980, 1981, and 1982, respectively. Each plant density by fertilizer combination was evaluated in single rows spaced 96 cm apart and in twin rows which approximately doubled the intrarow plant spacing. Plot size for the 2×2×2 factorial experiment ranged from 30 to 44 m². Yield, quality, and mineral concentrations of corn silage grown in single rows spaced 96 or 75 cm apart and twin rows were also evaluated in large (185 m²) plots under center pivot irrigation during 1981 and 1982.

Dry matter yields of 22 to 26 Mg ha^‐1 were achieved with plant densities of 6.7 to 13.5 plants m^‐2 at both experimental sites. Highest silage yields were produced with stand densities of 9 m or more planted in single 75 cm or twin rows, but yield differences were statistically significant at P(0.05) in only two of five site years. Increasing total N‐P‐K application beyond 200–30–167 kg ha”; increased crude protein slightly in 1980 and significantly in 1981 and 1982. Concentrations of Mn and Zn in silage were increased by higher fertilization, presumably because nitrification reduced surface soil pH and increased their availability. Dry matter yield, fiber, energy, and other mineral nutrients were not significantly influenced by fertilizer program. These experiments identified management practices for the Atlantic Coastal Plain which resulted in corn silage yields equal to those produced in the cooler mountain region of Georgia and that exceeded current average production in South Carolina by approximately 40% without reducing apparent feed quality.     

Can placement of seed away from relic stubble limit Rhizoctonia root rot in direct-seeded wheat?

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious.     

太湖地区水稻土的物理特性与少免耕法的关系

本文从土壤物理特性和作物生长的关系探讨了耕作的要求.土壤水分能量特性可被机械扰动改变,这是导致土壤粘闭的重要原因.水稻土的含水量和有效水均以表土高,而下层低,含水量和容重成线性负相关(n=62,r=-0.909^**).土壤扰动可提高持水量,长年免耕在干旱年份可能会出现水分不足问题.土壤含水量、气容量和机械强度三者的变化相互联系.由三个因素决定的小麦生长最佳范围是在水分吸力0.02-0.5巴内,而田间持水量大于塑性限,所以秋季耕作必然导致土壤粘闭.免耕土壤的容重一般在1-1.25g/cm₃之间,是稻麦生长的较佳环境,所以水稻土本身存在适合稻麦免耕生产的条件.根据水稻和三麦分别52和23组次对比试验,水稻免耕增产19斤/亩,三麦49斤/亩,均达到极显著水平(p=0.01).平田地区连续三年免耕土壤不恶化,囊水型土壤第二年开始有变差趋势,但产量不减低.免耕有保护土壤结构的作用,但不利于结构发展.     

Soil structural improvements with the addition of Lantana camara biomass in rice-wheat cropping

Abstract. A long-term field experiment was initiated in June 1988 in a silty clay loam soil to investigate the potential of Lantana camara, an obnoxious weed, for improving structural properties and productivity of soil in rice-wheat cropping. Lantana was incorporated into the soil 10–15 days before puddling at 10, 20 and 30 t/ha (fresh weight). At the end of the sixth cropping season, Lantana additions increased the organic carbon (OC) of the 0–15 cm soil layer by 11–24%, and of water-stable aggregates (WSA, 0.50–8.0 mm diameter) by 10–21%; OC of WSA <0.50 mm diameter remained unaffected. About 17–25% of the applied OC was retained in the soil. The OC increase resulted in a decrease in bulk density of the plough layer (0–15 cm) by 7%, a decrease in aggregates of 2–8 mm diameter and of clods by 4% and 6%, respectively. There was an increase in water-stable aggregates and aggregate porosity, and a decrease in clod-breaking strength from 420 to 216 kPa. Soil cracking at the surface changed from wide, deep cracks in hexagonal pattern to a close-spaced network of fine cracks. Lantana additions increased <5mm wide cracks at the expense of 10–20 mm wide cracks; 5–10 mm wide cracks remained unchanged. Total volume of cracks decreased by 36% and surface area of cracks by 55% compared with the control plots.     

Soybean growth and yield response to residual fertilizer phosphorus bands

Residual effects on soybeans (Glycine max L.) from phosphrous (P) fertilizer bands applied 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seeds of a preceding corn (Zea mays L.) crop on a Brandt silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed Udic Haploboroll) were studied after an intervening no‐till fallow period. The P rates applied were 0, 12, 24, and 49 kg P ha^‐1. Soybean rows were planted as close as possible to the preceding corn rows. Soybean tissue was sampled at the early bloom stage in each row of the paired‐row design. Twenty soil column (2.5x3 cm) samples were collected from the 0–15 cm depth along a 50‐cm‐long trench that bisected a soybean row. The distance of the previous P band (column with the highest extractable Bray‐I P level) from the soybean row became a variable in this experiment with category range distances of <6 cm, 6–9 cm, and >9 cm from band to row. Residual P from all application rates increased shoot dry matter weight, shoot P uptake, and to a lesser extent grain yield in comparison to the unfertilized soybeans. Distance of the P band from the row was more important than the P concentration in the band. Shoot P uptake and grain yield were significantly larger for fertilized compared to unfertilized soybeans when the band distance was less than 9 cm from the row. Residual P band distance of greater than 9 cm from the row had little effect on soybean growth and yield.     

Optimizing row spacing in wheat cultivars differing in tillering and stature for higher productivity

Five wheat cultivars differing in tillering capacity and stature, Sahar-2006 (SH-06) (tall and low tillering), Faisalabad-2008 (FSD-08) (tall and low tillering), Lassani-2008 (LS-08) (medium stature and low tillering), Abdulstar-2002 (AS-02) (medium stature and high tillering) and Triple dwarf-1 (TD-1) (dwarf and low tillering), were planted in 10-, 20- and 30-cm spaced rows in a two-year study with same plant density. Higher grain yield in 20-cm spaced rows during both years and 30-cm spaced rows during the first year of the study in tall and low tillering wheat cultivars was attributed to more productive tillers, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. However, the higher number of productive tillers resulted in better grain yield of the dwarf and low tillering cultivar under narrow row spacing. Higher leaf area index and crop growth rate were observed in 20- and 30-cm spaced rows 90 days after sowing, thereafter a drastic decrease was observed in 30-cm spaced rows. In conclusion, for harvesting maximum wheat productivity, tall and low tillering cultivars should be planted in 20-cm spaced rows. Medium stature and low tillering cultivars may be planted in 20 or 30-cm spaced rows, whereas low tillering dwarf cultivars should be planted in 10-cm spaced rows.     

Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by no-tilling rice cultivation in Hachirogata polder,northern Japan: Life-cycle inventory analysis

Abstract

The scenarios for conventional puddling and no-tilling rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation were compared in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy fields, fuel consumption and manufacturing of invested materials using a life cycle inventory (LCI) based analysis. Only the differences between the scenarios were examined. The no-tilling scenario omitted both tilling and puddling, but included spraying of a non-selective herbicide and used a transplanter equipped with a rotor. Fertilization was a basal single application of controlled release fertilizer in nursery boxes for all scenarios. After transplanting, there were no differences in machine work, invested materials or rice yields between the scenarios. The no-tilling scenario saved on fuel consumption, totaling carbon dioxide (CO₂) output of 42 kg ha^?1, which was equal to the 6% reported GHG emissions from fuel consumption by operating machines during rice production in Japan. Methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the paddy fields were also monitored and compared for the scenarios. Methane has a major effect on global warming as part of the GHG emitted from paddy fields. The cumulative CH₄ emissions from the no-tilling cultivation were 43% lower than those from conventional puddling cultivation because the plow layer was more oxidative in no-tilling cultivation. The N₂O emissions were not significantly different between the cultivation scenarios. There were no significant differences in soil respiration, soil carbon contents or straw yields between the cultivation scenarios. The effect of tillage on CO₂ flux in the paddy fields did not seem to be significant in this study. Consequently, the GHG emissions from the no-tilling field counted as CO₂ using global warming potentials were 1,741 kg CO₂ ha^?1 lower than those from the conventional puddling field. In conclusion, no-tilling rice cultivation has the potential to save 1,783 kg CO₂ ha^?1 calculated using the sum of fuel consumption and GHG emissions from paddy fields. No-tilling rice cultivation is considered to be environmentally friendly agriculture with respect to reducing GHG emissions.     

四川地区玉米/大豆带状套作对大豆形态、叶绿素荧光特征及系统产量的影响

玉米/大豆带状套作可以充分利用光环境,提高单位土地面积物质产出。为探明玉米/大豆带状复合种植模式下不同空间配置对大豆冠层光环境、形态、产量及系统效益的影响,进而为大豆高产优质栽培提供依据,本研究选用半紧凑型（‘川单418’）和紧凑型（‘荣玉1210’）玉米品种与大豆带状套作,固定带宽为200 cm,玉米采用宽窄行种植,玉米窄行距设置3个处理：20 cm、40 cm、60 cm;并以单作大豆（SS）作为对照。分析透光率、形态、光合色素、荧光参数、生物量和系统产量的变化规律。结果表明：套作大豆冠层透光率、红光/远红光（R/FR）比值随玉米窄行距的增大而逐渐降低;套作下大豆茎粗、节数、茎干重和全叶干重均随玉米窄行距增大呈降低趋势,最大值出现在玉米窄行距20 cm处理下;与单作大豆相比,两个玉米品种下大豆茎粗、节数、茎干重和全叶干重均显著降低,而第2节间长和主茎长显著升高。套作下大豆叶片光合色素含量随玉米窄行距的增大而逐渐降低,各行距处理及不同玉米品种下套作的叶片光合色素含量均低于单作大豆。大豆叶片荧光参数F_v/F_m、NPQ、F_q''F_m''和F_q''/F_v''随玉米窄行距的增大均呈先增大后减小的趋势,而F_o变化趋势与之相反。玉米收获后,大豆光环境得到改善并迅速恢复生长,套作大豆形态生理指标与单作差异减小,但由于前期玉米的遮荫,各套作处理间大豆产量差异仍显著。通过系统效益分析,在玉米窄行距40 cm处理下,套作系统综合产量最高,两玉米品种下玉米、大豆产量平均分别为8 559.52 kg·hm^-2、1 717.60 kg·hm^-2,土地当量比平均达1.57。本试验中大豆与两个株型玉米套作,大豆形态生理指标差异影响不显著。因此,选择紧凑或半紧凑玉米品种,适度缩小玉米窄行距可以显著改善带状套作大豆的生长环境,提高其生物量和产量。     

Border row effect on corn grain response to sidedressed nitrogen fertilizer

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations for corn (Zea mays L.) are normally developed from field experiments that determine yield response to applied N. The objective of this study was to examine the severity of border row competition with the harvest rows for sidedressed N in field experiments measuring grain yield. This study was conducted in 1993 and 1994 on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mixed, mesic argiudoll). Ammonium nitrate was broadcast to the center two rows of a four row plot, all four rows of a four row plot and all six rows of a six row plot. Results showed that grain yield from four and six row plots were similar and indicated that while grain yields were much less in 1993 than 1994 (7.36 versus 12.06 Mg ha^‐1, respectively), corn yield response to N was similar regardless of the number of rows fertilized. Thus, there is little reason for plots larger than four rows. The results also lend credibility to sidedressing only harvest rows for soil test calibration studies where grain yield response is the primary response variable.     

Previous Corn Row Effects on Potassium Nutrition and Yield of Subsequent No‐Till Soybeans

Abstract

Narrow‐row soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in corn [Zea mays L.]–soybean rotations results in various distances of soybean rows from previous corn rows, yet little is known about soybean responses to proximity to prior corn rows in no‐till systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of preceding corn rows on potassium (K) nutrition and yield of subsequent no‐till soybeans. Four field experiments involving a corn–soybean rotation were conducted on long‐term no‐till fields with low to medium K levels from 1998 to 2000 near Paris and Kirkton, Ontario, Canada. In the corn year, treatments included K application rate and placement in conjunction with tillage systems or corn hybrids. Before soybean flowering, soil exchangeable K concentrations (0–20 cm depth) in previous corn rows were significantly higher than those between corn rows. At the initial flowering stage, trifoliate leaf K concentrations of soybeans in preceding corn rows were 2.0 to 5.3 g kg^?1 higher than those from corresponding plants between corn rows. Yield of no‐till soybeans in previous corn rows increased 10 to 44% compared to those between previous corn rows. Positive impacts of prior corn rows on soil K fertility, soybean leaf K, and soybean yield occurred even when K fertilizer was not applied in the prior corn season. Deep banding of K fertilizer tended to accentuate row vs. between‐row effects on soybean leaf K concentrations in low‐testing soils. Corn row effects on soybeans were generally not affected by either tillage system or corn hybrid employed in the prior corn crop. Potassium management strategies for narrow‐row no‐till soybeans should take the potential preceding corn row impacts on soil K distribution into account; adjustments to current soil sampling protocols may be warranted when narrow‐row no‐till soybeans follow corn on soils with low to medium levels of exchangeable K.     

Outdoor scale modeling of shrub barriers in drifting snow

Model shrub barriers one-twentieth the average height of corresponding mature plants were exposed to snow drifting on a frozen lake, to test the effects of barrier porosity and row spacing on snow accumulation. Single rows with porosities of 8, 15, and 23% produced drifts with average cross-sectional areas of 9H², where H is model height, The area of the average deposition downwind of a 36% porosity model was 12H². Total deposition behind two model shrub rows spaced 8, 10 and 14H apart, perpendicular to the wind, was greatest for the largest spacing. At this spacing, the minimum snow depth between rows was 0.5H. The experiments demonstrate the importance of maintaining porous barriers. Gaps, simulating shrub mortality, greatly reduced snow storage, especially during high winds. Results from this investigation indicate that a porous shrub in rows spaced at least 14 times the average barrier height, would provide good snow distribution for forage production between rows.     

紫色土坡耕地栽种植物篱笆防治水土流失的试验初报

以三峡库区紫色土坡耕地栽种植物活篱笆的试验资料为依据 ,对坡地上如何布置植物活篱笆以及活篱笆的生长情况和初期效益进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,植物篱能有效防治坡耕地的土壤侵蚀 ,提高土壤肥力 ,增加地表植被 ,改变田间小气侯 ,具有投资小、施工简单、操作方便等优点。植物篱株距以 2 0～ 3 0cm为最佳 ,双行植物篱比单行植物篱挡土能力要强得多 ,植物篱梯田的形成时间约为 7～ 1 0年     

绿洲灌区玉米产量形成及水分利用特征对地膜覆盖方式及行距的响应

干旱绿洲灌区玉米生产普遍采用全膜覆盖方式,残膜污染问题严重。因此,研究地膜减投增效生产技术对缓解残膜污染有重要意义。在甘肃河西石羊河流域通过田间试验研究了不同覆膜方式(全膜覆盖、半膜覆盖)和不同种植行距(50 cm等行距、40 cm+80 cm宽窄行)对玉米产量、耗水量、耗水结构及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,全膜宽窄行和半膜宽窄行种植条件下均可获得较高的玉米籽粒产量,分别达14 712.7kg·hm~(-2)和14 155.2 kg·hm~(-2),较半膜覆盖等行距处理高13.2%和8.9%(P0.05),与全膜覆盖等行距处理差异不显著。全膜宽窄行和半膜宽窄行获得较高籽粒产量的原因是提高了穗数和双穗率。全膜覆盖条件下宽窄行种植获得较高LAI峰值的同时,玉米全生育期平均LAI显著高于半膜覆盖处理。全膜覆盖显著降低了玉米生长前期(播种至大喇叭口期)的棵间蒸发量。半膜覆盖等行距和宽窄行种植玉米全生育期棵间蒸发量分别较全膜等行距种植高14.3%和21.9%,差异显著。半膜覆盖宽窄行种植条件下玉米水分利用效率达19.3 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2),与全膜覆盖等行距和宽窄行处理均无显著差异。干旱绿洲灌区半膜覆盖宽窄行种植替代全膜等行距种植或宽窄行不会导致玉米产量和水分利用效率降低。