Effects of pasture‐applied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. I. macrominerals,crude protein,and in vitro digestibility

Abstract

The rationale for this experiment was to determine forage nutrient concentrations as affected by biosolids fertilization. We studied the effects of single applications of two exceptional quality biosolids to bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pasture with regard to satisfying beef cattle nutrient requirements. Twenty‐five 0.8‐ha pastures were divided into five blocks. Two biosolids were applied as normal and double agronomic rates. The control plot received NH₄NO₃. Forages were analyzed for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), crude protein (CP), and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and soils were analyzed for Mehlich I extractable Ca, P, Mg, and K. Single (agronomic or twice this) applications of biosolids to pastures had little effect on Ca, P, Na, and K forage concentrations, but forage Mg was elevated in several treatments late in the season. Crude protein concentrations were elevated above the control for all biosolids treatments late in the season, whereas only small differences were observed at early sampling times. Trends were similar for IVOMD. In general, all treatments were associated with soils with adequate Ca, P, and Mg concentrations, while soil K was uniformly low. In relation to grazing beef cattle requirements, all treatments resulted in generally adequate forage levels of Ca, P, Mg, K, CP, and IVOMD, however, Na (<0.06%) was deficient.     

Genetic variation underlying kernel size,shape, and color in two interspecific S. bicolor2 × S. halepense subpopulations

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Throughout the history of sorghum domestication, kernel traits have been subject to extensive selection. Breeding of grain sorghum is highly dependent on...     

Disease resistance in the genusAegilops L. — stem rust,leaf rust,stripe rust,and powdery mildew

Summary Resistance of the GaterslebenAegilops collection was studied in relation to the following wheat diseases: stem rust(Puccinia graminis), leaf rust(Puccinia recondita), stripe rust(Puccinia striiformis) and powdery mildew(Erysiphe graminis). Numerous sources of complete, combined or single resistance have been detected in 487 accessions of 21Aegilops species. Potential donors of the complete resistance have been found in diploidAe. speltoides, Ae. longissima ssp.sharonensis, Ae. mark-grafii and tetraploidAe. geniculata. Methods of a transfer of resistance genes from particularAegilops species to the common wheat,Triticum aestivum, are discussed.

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Krankheitsresistenz in der GattungAegilops L. — Schwarzrost, Braunrost, Gelbrost und Mehltau

Zusammenfassung Die GaterslebenerAegilops-Kollektion wurde auf Resistenz gegen folgende Weizen-Krankheiten untersucht: Schwarzrost(Puccinia graminis), Braunrost(Puccinia recondita), Gelbrost(Puccinia striiformis) und Mehltau(Erysiphe graminis). Zahlreiche Quellen für Resistenz gegenüber einzelnen Krankheiten, kombinierte Resistenz und auch vollständige Resistenz gegenüber allen Erregern konnten unter den 487 Sortimentsnummern aus 21Aegilops-Arten gefunden werden. Potentielle Donoren mit vollständiger Resistenz wurden bei den diploiden SippenAe. speltoides, Ae. longissima ssp.sharonensis undAe. markgrafii sowie bei der tetraploidenAe. geniculata nachgewiesen. Methoden zur Übertragung der Resistenzgene von den einzelnenAegilops-Arten auf den Weizen,Triticum aestivum, werden diskutiert.

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Aegilops L. —

Aegilops :Puccinia graminis, P. recondita, P. striiformis, Erysiphe graminis. , , 487 21 Aegilops. , Ae. speltoides, Ae. longissima ssp.sharonensis, Ae. markgrafii Ae. geniculata. Aegilops Triticum aestivum.

     

Fire effects and short-term changes in soil water repellency – Mt. Carmel,Israel

The Mediterranean ecosystem of the Carmel Mountain ridge in Israel is subjected to an increasing number of forest fires of various extents and severities due to intense human activities in the region. On 8 April 2005, a low-moderate severity forest fire occurred at the northwestern part of the ridge and burned more than 150 ha of natural vegetation. Soil water repellency (WR) is a property usually modified by the litter and soil organic matter combustion as a consequence of fire, which has implications for the hydrological balance in the affected soils. A field study was conducted with the following objectives: 1) to investigate in situ WR changes at three soil depths as a consequence of the fire, 2) to evaluate the short-term evolution of WR under field conditions, and 3) to study the relationship between pre-fire vegetation type and slope aspect on the persistence of WR in the burned area. Soil WR was measured by the Water Drop Penetration Time (WDPT) test. Measurements were conducted monthly at 31 field sites within the burned area over a period of seven months (April 2005–November 2005), and compared to adjacent unburned areas. Soil WR measurements included more than 3400 WDPT tests at soil surface and at 5 and 10 cm depths. The results indicate that fire induced WR in previously wettable soils exhibited high levels of persistence at the soil surface during the first six weeks after the fire, while at 5 cm depth WR persistence was lower. At 10 cm depth soil was mostly wettable. After six weeks the frequency of WR occurrence diminished at the soil surface and at 5 cm depth. In addition, WR was found to be highly related with the pre-fire vegetation type and with slope aspect.     

Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in berries and seeds of two subspecies (ssp. sinensis and mongolica) of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides)

Berries and seeds of two subspecies (ssp. sinensis and mongolica) of sea buckthorn (Hippopha? rhamnoides L.) were compared in terms of triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols. The berries of ssp. mongolica contained less oleic acid (4.6 vs 20.2%, p < 0.001) and more palmitic (33.9 vs 27.4%, p < 0.01) and palmitoleic (32.8 vs 21.9%, p < 0.05) acids in triacylglycerols than those of ssp. sinensis. The proportions of linoleic acid (32.1 vs 22.2%, p < 0.01, in berries; 47.7 vs 42.7%, p < 0.05, in seeds) and palmitic acid (21.1 vs 16.4%, p < 0.001, in berries; 17.0 vs 14.1%, p < 0.05, in seeds) in glycerolphospholipids were higher in ssp. mongolica than in ssp. sinensis, and vice versa with oleic acid (4.3 vs 18.5% in berries, 10.0 vs 22.2% in seeds, p < 0.001). A higher proportion of alpha-linolenic acid was also found in the glycerophospholipids of ssp. sinensis berries (16.2 vs 10.1%, p < 0.001). alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols constituted 93-98% of total tocopherols and tocotrienols in seeds, and alpha-tocopherol alone constituted 76-89% in berries. The total contents of tocopherols and tocotrienols varied within the ranges of 84-318 and 56-140 mg kg(-1) in seeds and whole berries, respectively. The seeds of ssp. mongolica were a better source of tocopherols and tocotrienols than those of ssp. sinensis (287 vs 122 mg kg(-1), p < 0.001). The compositional differences between the two subspecies should be considered when the berries are bred and exploited for nutritional purposes.