新型缓释尿素肥效与功能材料添加量的关系

本研究利用煤汽化尿素生产工艺制备6种改性缓释尿素(功能性吸附材料添加量分别为1%、2%、3%、4%、5%和6%),通过砂柱淋溶、氨挥发气室试验和田间玉米试验,以普通尿素为对照,分析功能性吸附材料添加量与尿素缓释特征和田间肥效的关系,探讨适于玉米生产的改性缓释尿素功能性吸附材料最优添加量,为基质缓释肥的研发与农业应用提供借鉴。结果表明:缓释尿素中氮素释放特征可用一级动力学方程N_t=N_0(1-e~(-bx))拟合,其氮素释放速率常数(b)比普通尿素下降67.4%~82.6%,累积氨挥发损失比普通尿素下降15.8%~39.3%。玉米栽培试验中,耕层土壤速效氮含量随功能性吸附材料添加量的提高呈增加趋势,同时玉米叶片中叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性呈增加趋势。借助一元三次模型拟合玉米产量性状与功能性吸附材料添加量的关系发现,功能性吸附材料添加量为5.28%、4.80%、5.24%和4.76%的缓释尿素可分别获得理论最高玉米生物学产量(15 829 kg·hm~(-2))、地上部生物量(164.0 g·plant~(-1))、根系生物量(26.9 g·plant~(–1))和籽粒产量(6 769 kg·hm~(–2))。综上,基质型缓释尿素的功能性吸附材料具有较好的减少氮素淋溶和氨挥发、改善玉米氮素营养、提高玉米产量的作用,5%的添加量更有利于玉米生物量和产量提高。     

Forecasting by laboratory tests of nitrogen leached and absorbed in soil‐plant system with urea‐based controlled‐release fertilizers coated with lignin

Abstract

In order to predict release of nitrogen (N) from controlled‐release fertilizers (CRF) from laboratory experiments, new types of lignin‐coated fertilizers were studied. Laboratory methods were 1) release of urea into water and 2) an extraction procedure using an electroultrafiltration technique (EUF). The results of these two methods were compared to the amount of N released in a vegetation experiment in the greenhouse. The results showed a good relationship between the two laboratory methods. The correlation coefficient between the rate constant K determined in the water extract and each of the N‐fractions was highly significant. The total amount of N released in the vegetation experiment was correlated to parameters of the laboratory methods. The N uptake by the plant was significantly correlated with the first order constant and with the fertilizer's EUF‐NII index. The N leached was also correlated with the EUF‐NI and EUF‐N (I+II) indices.     

Influence of organic compounds on nitrogen‐fertilizer solubilization

Abstract

In the attempt to find new products which release nutrients in gradual forms, the behavior of two commercial fertilizers was studied, Nitrophoska® (N) and urea (U), covered with two organic materials, humic acid (HA) and alginic acid (AA). The release of nitrogen from the fertilizers was determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). These applied materials on the fertilizer surface resulted in a slowing of the release of nitrogen, although strictly speaking, these compounds do not function as coated fertilizers. Their effectiveness depends on the fertilizer, for with Nitrophoska®, the addition of alginic acid was more effective, while for urea, the addition of humic acid slowed the release of nitrogen.     

Effects of differences in the nitrogen composition of paste-like fertilizer applied as side dressing on growth and the nitrate concentration of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. var. crispa)

pp. 849–857

To evaluate the effects of differences in nitrogen composition in paste-like fertilizers applied as side dressing, growth and nitrate concentration of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. var. crispa) grown in containers were examined and compared to standard fertilization using a compound fertilizer (standard, N, P₂O₅ and K₂O applied to the soil at a rate of 120 mg kg^?1). Three kinds of paste-like fertilizer, which differ in nitrogen source, i.e. urea, a 1:1 mixture of urea and residual liquid with fermented molasses (RLFM) and RLFM, were applied to the soil as side dressing at a rate that was 20% below the standard. Dry matter production and N uptake in spinach treated with paste-like fertilizers was comparable to that treated with standard fertilizer, while the nitrate concentration in spinach treated with paste-like fertilizers was lower than that treated with standard fertilizer. Among the paste-like fertilizers, the nitrate concentration in spinach decreased with the increasing rate of RLFM, in which the major N sources were composed of proteins and amino acids.

To understand the possible explanation for better growth and low nitrate concentration in spinach treated with paste-like fertilizer despite the lower application rate, N concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and organic N were assessed temporally by leaching water from fallow plots. At the initial time of incubation, the nitrate concentration in the leaching water from the standard fertilizer was higher than that from paste-like fertilizer treatments. The paste-like fertilizer composed of urea, however, showed a higher concentration of organic N which was supposed to be urea. The fertilized-N of the standard and paste-like fertilizer composed of urea might be immediately eluviated by irrigation. However, N concentration in the leaching water after treatments with paste-like fertilizer composed of RLFM was lower than that of the former treatments, suggesting that fertilized-N might remain localized. The amount of N eluviated during incubation showed a negative correlation with the viscosity of the paste-like fertilizer. The highest viscosity was observed in the paste-like fertilizer composed of RLFM, followed by a 1:1 mixture of urea and RLFM, and the paste-like fertilizer composed of urea was the lowest in viscosity. Therefore, it was suggested that the paste-like fertilizer composed of RLFM or a 1:1 mixture of urea and RLFM showed limited N leaching due to the high viscosity. Therefore, spinach could take up N efficiently.     

中国洞庭湖区稻田土壤氮素淋溶损失的系统研究

A two-year lysimeter study was conducted to study the effects of different fertilizers and soils on nitrogen leaching loss in a double rice cropping system by considering three major types of paddy soils from the Dongting Lake area. The results showed that N concentration in the leachate did not differ significantly among the treatments of urea, controlled release N fertilizer and pig manure and that all these fertilizers produced higher total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the leachate compared to the case where no fertilizer was applied. The TN leaching loss following urea treatment accounted for 2.28%, 0.66%, and 1.50% of the amount of N applied in the alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil (ASL), purple calcareous clayey paddy soil (PCC), and reddish-yellow loamy paddy soil (RYL), respectively. Higher TN loss was found to be correlated with the increased leachate volume in ASL compared with RYL, and the lowest TN loss was observed in the PCC, in which the lowest leachate volume and TN concentration were observed. Organic N and NH4+ -N were the major forms of N depleted through leachate, accounting for 56.8% and 39.7% of TN losses, respectively. Accordingly, soil-specific fertilization regimens are recommended; in particular, the maximum amount of fertilizer should be optimized for sandy soils with a high infiltration rate. To avoid a high N leaching loss from rice fields, organic N fertilizers such as urea or coated urea should primarily be used for surface topdressing or shallow-layer application and not for deep-layer application.     

长期不同施肥红壤磷素特征和流失风险研究

为探索长期施肥对红壤磷素吸附固持的影响,分析不同施肥土壤磷流失风险及影响因素。在南方丘陵区红壤上开展了持续25年的长期定位试验,处理包括:不施肥(CK)、施氮肥(N)、施磷肥(P)、施钾肥(K)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK1)、施2倍量氮磷钾肥(NPK2)、单施有机肥(OM)和氮磷钾配施有机肥(MNPK)。研究了不同施肥下土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P含量及磷吸持指数(PSI)、磷饱和度(DPS)的变化,探讨不同施肥处理土壤对磷的吸附和解吸特征,并分析了土壤磷指标与土壤有机碳、pH、CEC之间的关系。结果表明:长期施用化学磷肥有利于补充土壤磷素,特别是土壤全磷,并使Olesn-P和Mehlich 1-P有增加趋势,而对CaCl2-P影响不显著;施用化肥对DPS影响不显著,单施磷会降低PSI,低量氮磷钾提高了PSI,高量氮磷钾处理与对照差异不显著;长期施用有机肥(猪粪)土壤全磷增加,而Olsen-P、Mehlich 1-P和CaCl2-P则大幅累积, PSI显著降低, DPS显著增加。长期施用化肥处理土壤对新添加磷的吸附较强,长期施用有机肥降低了土壤对新添加磷的吸附;土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P、PSI、DPS及最大吸附容量(Qm)与土壤pH、CEC、土壤总有机碳(TSOC)、土壤水溶性有机碳[冷水提取水溶性有机碳(CWSOC)和热水提取水溶性有机碳(HWSOC)]间相关性较高;土壤磷指标和土壤有机碳、pH、CEC指标之间存在典型相关关系,第1对和第2对典型变量的典型相关系数分别为0.997和0.951,达显著水平。研究表明,施用有机肥是调节土壤磷的供给和保持的重要措施,土壤水溶性有机碳和pH可能是反映红壤磷素供应和流失的关键指标。     

不同缓控释氮肥对连作春玉米产量及氮肥去向的影响

在山西省连作春玉米区连续4年设置大田定位试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、一次性基施尿素(CU1)、追施尿素(CU2)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、多酶金缓释尿素(MEU)6个施肥处理,研究施用缓控释氮肥对春玉米产量、氮肥去向及氮素平衡的影响,为春玉米氮素养分的科学管理技术提供参考。结果表明:(1)缓控释氮肥处理能够明显提高春玉米产量,促进氮素吸收。与CU1处理相比,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2处理可分别提高春玉米产量17.51%,9.88%,9.62%,9.48%,同时氮肥农学利用效率分别提高7.5,4.2,4.1,4.1 kg/kg。(2)不同缓控释氮肥处理的作物吸收肥料氮以及肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量之间存在显著差异。SCU、MEU、PCU、CU2和CU1的氮肥表观利用率分别为36.1%,32.5%,26.5%,26.7%,19.5%,肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量分别占施氮量的28.5%,31.6%,35.7%,35.5%,39.1%。此外,与一次性基施尿素相比,缓控释氮肥能够显著降低肥料氮的损失,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2分别降低了22.65%,18.81%,8.99%,8.47%。(3)综合分析不同氮肥处理的农田氮素平衡,SCU处理的春玉米吸氮量最高,为261.5 kg/hm^2,其次是MEU,为253.5 kg/hm^2。SCU的0-100 cm土层残留量在缓控释氮肥中最低,为124.1 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为131.04,140.09 kg/hm^2。SCU处理的氮表观损失量最低,为106.3 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为111.6,125.1 kg/hm^2。在山西省春玉米主产区土壤上,缓控释氮肥能够显著促进春玉米对氮素的吸收,减少氮素损失。硫包衣尿素和多酶金缓释尿素的效果相对较好。     

贵州黄壤小白菜生长、品质、光合特性及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应

为探究不同新型肥料对贵州省酸性黄壤小白菜产量、品质、光合特性及肥料利用的影响,同时筛选出适合贵州黄壤施用的新型肥料产品,以贵州酸性黄壤为基础,通过盆栽试验设置对照(CK,不施氮肥)、西洋复合肥(常规施肥)、保水型功能性肥和稳定性缓释肥4个处理,研究了新型肥料对小白菜产量、品质、光合特性以及养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明:施用保水型功能性肥和稳定性缓释肥可显著增加小白菜播种后34 d的生物量,较常规施肥处理相比鲜重分别增加4.16%和22.28%,干重分别增加41.55%和62.35%;施用新型肥料还可以改善小白菜的营养品质,与常规施肥处理相比,保水型功能性肥可显著降低硝酸盐含量18.61%,而还原性糖、V_c和游离氨基酸含量分别增加25.74%、130.95%和16.91%;而稳定性缓释肥则使硝酸盐、还原糖和Vc含量分别提高26.68%、15.35%和50.00%,但是游离氨基酸含量则较常规施肥相比降低14.43%;而且新型肥料还增强了小白菜叶片的光合能力(净光合速率Pn、气孔导度gs、胞间CO_2浓度Ci以及蒸腾速率Tr),其中以稳定性缓释肥处理的小白菜光合能力最佳,且气孔因素是导致净光合速率增加的主要原因。施用新型肥料小白菜对氮素的吸收显著增加,氮肥利用效率显著提高,新型肥料处理的氮肥农学效率(AEN)、偏生产力(PFPN)、生理利用率(PE_N)和表观利用率(REN)平均分别为48.30 kg·kg~(-1)、59.85 kg·kg~(-1)、95.46 kg·kg~(-1)和52.79%,以稳定性缓释肥处理的氮肥利用效率最佳,尤其是氮肥表观利用率达66.66%。此外,相关性分析结果显示,小白菜产量与叶片净光合速率P_n、气孔导度g_s以及蒸腾速率T_r均呈显著正相关关系,说明提高小白菜叶片的气体交换参数P_n、g_s和T_r可以增加小白菜产量;同时小白菜叶片氮含量与氮肥生理利用率和氮肥表观利用率存在极显著相关性,r值分别为-0.937和0.978,表明增加小白菜叶片氮含量可以提高小白菜对氮肥的利用效率。综上所述,新型肥料对贵州酸性黄壤上小白菜的生物增产效应以及光合特性提高等效果显著,可为将来在贵州农业生产中推广应用提供参考和理论依据。     

Assessing the effects of urea and nano-nitrogen chelate fertilizers on sugarcane yield and dynamic of nitrate in soil

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of urea and Nano-Nitrogen Chelate (NNC) fertilizers on yield of sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum) and nitrate leaching from soil. The treatments included urea (U) and NNC at five levels of nitrogen (0, 80, 112, 137 and 161 kg N ha^?1). This experiment was carried out during 2017 and 2018 in Khuzestan province, Iran. The results showed that the average of soil nitrate concentration during the sugarcane growth period in urea and NNC treatments were 10.2 and 12.8 mg kg^?1 respectively. The highest and lowest nitrate leaching (699.0 mg l^?1 and 183.0 mg l^?1) belongs to the highest level of urea fertilizer and the lowest level of NNC. In urea treatments, the lowest amount of nitrate was observed in the topsoil (0-30 cm depth) whereas in NNC fertilizer maximum value was achieved in topsoil. The height of sugarcane stem in both fertilizers increased with increasing rate of fertilizer, but there was no significant difference between two types of fertilizer. Yield of sugarcane (fresh weight of stem) increased significantly by increasing of fertilizer application, but there was no significant difference between two types of fertilizer. In terms of sugar content, there was a significant difference between treatments. The order of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for stems and sugar yield from high to low was as NUE (fresh stem): U₁ > N₁ > N₃ ≥ U₃ ~ U₂ > N₄ ~ U₄ > N₂ and for NUE (sugar): N₁ > U₁ > N₃ ≥ N₂ > U₂ ~ N₄ ≥ U₃ > U₄. This study showed that application of nano nitrogen fertilizer (NNC) had significant effects on reducing nitrate leaching and increasing sugar production in sugarcane. However, when nitrate leaching and its effects on human health and the environment are in view, nano fertilizers are valuable.     

Inorganic fertilizer enrichment of soil: effect on decomposition of plant litter under subhumid tropical conditions

 Litter decomposition is controlled by many factors, including the quality of the litter and conditions within the soil environment. The decomposition and N and P release from prunings of three agroforestry plant species (Sesbania sesban, Croton megalocarpus, and Calliandra calothyrsus) were evaluated on field plots which were amended with: (1) no fertilizer (control), (2) 120 kg N ha^–1 applied as urea (urea), and (3) 150 kg P ha^–1 applied as triple superphosphate (TSP) over a period of 77 days. For all litters, the percentage of initial mass, N and P remaining (dry weight basis) over time followed the single exponential model and was strongly influenced by the interaction of plant species and fertilizer. Decay rate constants (k) of loss of litter mass (k _B), and release of N (k _N), and P (k _P) varied among litters and fertility regimes. The k _B, k _N and k _P of Sesbania and Croton were enhanced more by urea than by TSP and control treatments. For Calliandra, k _B with TSP was higher (0.016 day^–1) than with urea (0.012 day^–1) and control (0.012 day^–1). Sesbania and Croton showed no differences in k _B, k _N and k _P between control and TSP. For Sesbania and Croton, leaching may have accelerated the release of P to meet the needs of decomposer organisms, resulting in no significant effects of TSP on their decomposition processes. The low rate of decomposition of Calliandra may be partly due to its high lignin content. In conclusion, the higher the total N or P of litter, the less likely would be the significant effects of additions of the inorganic form of fertilizer on the decomposition processes. Received: 1 July 1998     

缓/控释氮素肥料玉米苗期养分释放特点

采用盆栽试验．模拟田间生态环境．研究施用不同种缓／控释氮素肥料玉米苗期土壤尿素态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效态氮含量，分析比较其在玉米苗期氮素养分释放特点。研究表明，在玉米苗期，施用醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料。土壤中尿素态氮和铵态氮的积累量最多．分别为21．72mg／kg和48．31mg／kg；醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素肥料，硝态氮和速效氮含量最多．分别为102．90mg／kg和135．25mg／kg；丙烯酸树脂包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料，尿素自膜内迁移到土壤中的量较少，硝态氮和速效态氮含量最少。分别为53．74mg／kg和93．70mg／kg。包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT相结合的缓／控释肥料，对减少土壤石硝态氮的生成效果最为明显．明显优于其他缓／控释肥料．丙烯酸树脂包膜nBPT涂层尿素肥料控释效果最好。     

控释尿素与尿素配施对杭白菊栽培土壤生物学特性的影响

【目的】尿素和控释尿素是杭白菊栽培中常用氮肥,其对杭白菊产量和品质的影响已多有研究,但未见尿素与控释尿素配施对杭白菊栽培田土壤特性的影响研究。【方法】采用大田试验,以施氮量为120 kg/hm2、P5O2106kg/hm2、K2O 189 kg/hm2为基础,设:对照1不施氮肥(CK1);适量施氮肥仅施尿素,50%基施,15%7月15日追施,25%8月15日追施,10%10月15日追施(T1);尿素与控释尿素配施,基施为控释尿素(150 d)与尿素等比例混合基施,施用量占总施氮量的50%,追施为控释尿素(90 d)与尿素等比例混合8月15日追施,施用量占总施氮量的50%(R1)。减量施肥施N量为90 kg/hm2、P5O280 kg/hm2、K2O 142 kg/hm2,也设3个处理:对照不施氮肥(CK2);减量仅施尿素(T2);减量尿素与控释尿素配施(R2)。减量施肥方式同适量施肥。【结果】1)适量施肥土壤有效氮含量高于减量施肥,控释尿素与尿素适量配施、减量配施的土壤有效氮含量分别高于仅施尿素的33.55%、120.35%;2)杭白菊生育期内,适量施肥土壤细菌、真菌数量高于减量施肥。各处理土壤细菌、放线菌数量均呈单峰曲线,细菌最大值出现在7月,放线菌出现在8月。不同适量施氮方式土壤真菌数量呈单峰曲线,减量施肥呈双峰曲线。适量控释尿素与尿素配施土壤细菌、真菌数量比仅施适量尿素分别增加10.39%、39.83%,比减量施肥分别增加46.44%、51.81%;仅施尿素时适量施肥土壤放线菌数量比减量施肥增加127.84%,尿素与控释尿素不同配施量土壤放线菌数量差异不显著;3)减量施肥控释尿素与尿素配施、仅施尿素土壤过氧化物酶活性比相同施肥方式适量施肥分别增加76.79%,164.14%;相同施肥量仅施尿素土壤多酚氧化酶活性高于控释尿素与尿素配施。仅施尿素时适量施肥土壤磷酸酶活性高于减量施肥,尿素与控释尿素配施则反之;施肥方式相同减量施肥土壤脲酶活性高于适量施肥。【结论】适量施肥有利于提高土壤有效氮含量,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量,控释尿素与尿素配施效果优于仅施尿素;施适量尿素土壤放线菌数量高于减量施肥,控释尿素与尿素配施对土壤放线菌数量影响不显著;控释尿素与尿素适量配施可降低土壤多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,因此本实验条件下,适量控释尿素与尿素配施有利于维持土壤良好的生态环境。     

不同施肥对河套灌区瓜田土壤养分及甜瓜生长和养分利用的影响

采用田间试验研究了内蒙古巴彦淖尔市河套灌区甜瓜一次性施肥、覆膜后灌水淋洗排盐传统种植模式下不同施肥对土壤养分及甜瓜产量、品质和养分利用的效应,不同施肥处理包括不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF,N 445.5 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5 399 kg/hm~2,K_2O 54 kg/hm~2)、优化减量施肥(RF,N 240 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5 150 kg/hm~2,K_2O 120 kg/hm~2)、控释肥(RSF,控释尿素N 240 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5 150 kg/hm~2,K_2O 120 kg/hm~2)、优化减量施肥+有机肥(RF+OM,增加有机肥15 t/hm~2)、控释肥+有机肥(RSF+OM)6个处理。结果表明:RSF在甜瓜生育期维持较高的土壤氮素水平,与单施化肥相比,RF+OM、RSF+OM处理可以维持土壤有机质含量,培肥土壤。各施肥处理与CK相比,甜瓜产量均显著增加(P0.05),RSF+OM处理产量显著高于CF处理,RF、RSF及RF+OM处理与CF处理相比产量和品质提高,但差异不显著。RF、RSF处理氮素利用效率比CF处理分别提高15.1,21.5个百分点,磷素利用效率分别提高20.4,18.8个百分点。化肥减施及施用控释肥对减少河套地区甜瓜农田灌溉退水中氮素汇入乌梁素海引起的面源污染具有重要的生态环境意义。     

Nitrogen Release from Coated Urea Fertilizers in Different Soils

The nitrogen (N) release from coated urea fertilizers (Arborite and ESN), traditional N fertilizers [urea, (NH₂)₂CO], and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) [(NH₂)₂CO, NH₄NO₃] in three North Carolina (USA) soils was measured throughout a 12-week laboratory incubation. Treatments were N source and moisture level (60% and 80% of field capacity). In both the Candor and Cecil soils, 40% of the Arborite N had released by day 2 after addition to the soil. Maximum Arborite N release was achieved by week 6 for both soils. The ESN N release began between weeks 1 and 2, and maximum release was attained by week 6 for the Candor and by week 8 for the Cecil soil. The ESN reached 70% release on Portsmouth by week 8 and Arborite had an immediate release. Field studies of these coated ureas would be needed to determine if they are economically viable over more traditional N fertilizers in North Carolina.     

不同氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化及ATS对尿素氮转化的调控效应

根据氮肥施入土壤后的转化特性进行氮肥的高效调控和管理是提高氮肥利用效率、缓解氮肥污染的重要措施。为探究不同氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化特性差异及硫代硫酸铵（ammonium thiosulfate，ATS）作为氮肥调控剂对尿素氮转化的影响，该研究采用室内土壤培养（土壤水分含量为田间持水量的60%，温度25 ℃）试验方法，以尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵和ATS作为供试肥料，比较4种氮肥施入石灰性潮土后的转化特性差异，并以ATS作为氮素调控剂，以单施尿素作为对照，探究尿素配施不同用量ATS对尿素氮转化的影响。结果表明，4种供试氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化过程明显不同。尿素在石灰性潮土中的水解速率最快，硝化作用强度也最高，硫酸铵其次；氯化铵由于Cl^-的硝化抑制作用，土壤表观硝化率在7～21 d显著低于尿素和硫酸铵（P＜0.05）；ATS施入土壤后，NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N的速率最高，而NO₂^--N转化为NO₃^--N的速率最低，NH₄⁺-N在土壤中的存留时间最长，出现峰值之后也一直保持最高的含量，表观硝化率最低。将ATS作为氮素调控剂与尿素配合施用，当其用量在60 mg/kg（含S量）以上时，既表现出了明显的抑制尿素水解的作用效果，也表现出了显著的硝化抑制作用（ P <0.05），且随着ATS用量的增加，抑制效应明显增强。这对于减少氮素损失，提高氮肥利用效率具有积极意义。但供试4种氮肥施入土壤后均出现了亚硝酸盐的累积，其中ATS处理的累积量显著高于尿素、硫酸铵和氯化铵（P＜0.05），累积持续时间也最长。ATS作为氮素调控剂调控氮素转化，也出现了类似的结果，且随着ATS用量增加，亚硝酸盐在土壤中存留时间明显延长，含量和峰值明显提高，出现峰值的时间也明显延后。     

Nitrogen Release from Slow-Release Fertilizers in Soils with Different Microbial Activities

Soil microbial activity is recognized as an important factor affecting nitrogen (N) release from slow-release fertilizers. However,studies on the effect of size and activity of soil microflora on fertilizer degradation have provided contrasting results. To date, no clear relationships exist between soil microbial activity and the release of N from slow-release fertilizers. Hence, the aim of this study was to better understand such relationships by determining the release of N from three slow-release fertilizers in soils with different microbial activities. Soils were amended with urea-formaldehyde (UF), isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), and crotonylidene diurea (CDU). Urea, a soluble fertilizer, was used as the control. Fertilized soil samples were placed in a leaching system, and the release of N was determined by measuring ammonium-N and nitrate-N concentrations in leachates during 90 d of incubation. Non-linear regression was used to fit N leaching rate to a first-order model. In all the treated soils, N was released in the order: urea (89%–100%) IBDU (59%–94%) UF (46%–73%) CDU (44%–56%). At the end of incubation, N released from CDU did not differ (P 0.05) among soils. On the contrary, UF and IBDU released significantly lower (P 0.05) amounts of N in the soil with higher microbial activity and lower pH.The rate constant (K_0) for UF was lower (P 0.05) in the soil with lower pH. Taken together, our results indicated that soil microbial size and microbial activity had a marginal effect on fertilizer mineralization.     

Effects of Biosolids-Derived Organomineral Fertilizers,Urea, and Biosolids Granules on Crop and Soil Established with Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

A pot scale trial investigated the agronomic performance of two organomineral fertilizers (OMF₁₅—15:4:4 and OMF₁₀—10:4:4) in comparison with urea and biosolids granules to establish ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Two soils of contrasting characteristics and nitrogen (N) application rates in the range of 0–300 kg ha^?1 were used over a period of 3 years. Fertilizer effects were determined on: (1) dry matter yield (DMY) and crop responses, (2) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and (3) selected soil chemical properties. Ryegrass responded linearly (R² ≥ 0.75; P < 0.001) to organomineral fertilizers (OMF) application increasing DMY by 2–27% compared with biosolids but to a lesser extent than urea (range: 17–55%). NUE was related to concentration of readily available N in the fertilizer: urea and OMF showed significantly (P < 0.05) greater N recoveries than biosolids. Total N in soil and soil organic matter showed increments (P < 0.05), which depended on the organic-N content in the fertilizer applied. Soil extractable P levels remained close to constant after 3 years of continuous OMF application but increased with biosolids and decreased with urea, respectively (P < 0.05). The application of biosolids changed soil P Index from 5 to 6; hence, there is a need to monitor soil P status. Both OMF₁₀ and OMF₁₅ formulations are suitable for application in ryegrass.     

灌溉模式和有机肥配施对水稻产量、光合特性和氮肥利用率的影响

针对湘北地区农业水资源日益紧缺和水稻生产上滥施化学氮肥的现状,为了节约淡水资源、降低化肥用量、实现水肥协同和资源高效利用,设置2种灌溉方式(W₁：全生育期淹水灌溉;W₂：全生育期湿润灌溉)和4个施氮水平(N₀：不施氮肥;N₁：施N量150 kg/hm²,肥料为尿素氮100%;N₂：施N量150 kg/hm²,肥料为尿素氮80%+有机氮(菜枯)20%;N₃：施N量150 kg/hm²,肥料为尿素氮60%+有机氮(菜枯)40%),分析水稻产量、光合特性、氮素代谢和氮肥利用率对灌溉模式和有机肥配施的响应规律。结果表明：与W₁相比,W₂显著增加水稻产量、氮肥利用率、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等;在不同施氮处理下,增加有机肥比例能显著提高产量,N₃、N₂、N₁分别比N₀     

控释氮肥对大白菜产量和品质的影响及其机理研究

田间试验研究了控释氮肥不同品种及不同用量对大白菜产量和品质的影响,并从养分释放、包膜特性等方面探讨其作用机理。结果表明,控释氮肥能显著提高大白菜产量和品质。与同期追施等氮量尿素相比,施用控释氮肥可使大白菜产量提高8.2%～16.8%;莲座末期功能叶和收获期球叶NO-3-N含量分别降低14.3%～39.9%和12.1%～21.4%,收获期球叶Vc含量平均提高24.8%。控释氮肥用量减半后,大白菜产量及叶片NO3--N与Vc含量都未受到显著影响。研究证实,由于控释氮肥中的氮素是缓慢地释放出来,在大白菜生育前期施用,仍能较充分满足生育中后期株体对氮素的需求,控释期不同的两个氮肥品种混合施用较单一施用的效果更好。不同控释氮肥品种氮素释放特征的差异与肥料包膜的厚度、膜断面及表面孔隙状况不同有关。     

Effects of polyolefin‐coated fertilizer on nutritional quality of spinach plants

Pot experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the effects of four different urea or ammonium containing polyolefin‐coated fertilizers (POCFs) on the nutritional quality of spinach (Spinacia olèracea L.) and to investigate the mechanisms of these effects in comparison with conventional, rapidly available fertilizer. Compared to the conventional fertilization method yield was decreased in all the four POCF treatments due to less available fertilizer nitrogen (N) and/or realized ammonium nutrition. However, application of POCFs decreased oxalate and nitrate contents and increased ascorbate concent in spinach. Decreased oxalate and nitrate contents were attributed to lower nitrate availability in the soil having caused by the controlled‐released characteristic of POCFs and/or ammonium nutrition. Increased ascorbate content was due to both decreased oxalate and decreased nitrogen contents of the spinach plants. It was concluded that band applications of urea or ammonium containing POCFs improved the nutritional quality of spinach due to realized ammonium nutrition and/or less amount of available fertilizer N.