Nitrous oxide emission derived from soil organic matter decomposition from tropical agricultural peat soil in central Kalimantan,Indonesia

Our previous research showed large amounts of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission (>200?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1) from agricultural peat soil. In this study, we investigated the factors influencing relatively large N₂O fluxes and the source of nitrogen (N) substrate for N₂O in a tropical peatland in central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Using a static chamber method, N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes were measured in three conventionally cultivated croplands (conventional), an unplanted and unfertilized bare treatment (bare) in each cropland, and unfertilized grassland over a three-year period. Based on the difference in N₂O emission from two treatments, contribution of the N source for N₂O was calculated. Nitrous oxide concentrations at five depths (5–80?cm) were also measured for calculating net N₂O production in soil. Annual N fertilizer application rates in the croplands ranged from 472 to 1607?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1. There were no significant differences in between N₂O fluxes in the two treatments at each site. Annual N₂O emission in conventional and bare treatments varied from 10.9 to 698 and 6.55 to 858?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1, respectively. However, there was also no significant difference between annual N₂O emissions in the two treatments at each site. This suggests most of the emitted N₂O was derived from the decomposition of peat. There were significant positive correlations between N₂O and CO₂ fluxes in bare treatment in two croplands where N₂O flux was higher than at another cropland. Nitrous oxide concentration distribution in soil measured in the conventional treatment showed that N₂O was mainly produced in the surface soil down to 15?cm in the soil. The logarithmic value of the ratio of N₂O flux and nitrate concentration was positively correlated with water filled pore space (WEPS). These results suggest that large N₂O emission in agricultural tropical peatland was caused by denitrification with high decomposition of peat. In addition, N₂O was mainly produced by denitrification at high range of WFPS in surface soil.     

塑料薄膜覆盖对牛粪便温室气体排放的影响

为控制短期贮存畜禽粪便的温室气体排放,该文研究了塑料薄膜覆盖对肉牛粪便短期贮存过程中温室气体排放量的影响。试验采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测了秋季(日均22.87℃)肉牛粪便自然露天堆放(对照组)和塑料薄膜覆盖堆放(覆盖组)时温室气体的排放通量。结果表明:秋季覆盖塑料薄膜贮存粪便可使N2O和CO2的日均排放通量分别降低94.85%(P0.01)和88.85%(P0.01),并在试验前期(0~9 d)使CH4的日均排放通量降低了43.37%(P0.05),但随后的10~30 d,覆盖组粪便CH4的日均排放通量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论:当环境温度在17.23~30.35℃时,覆盖塑料薄膜可以降低堆放贮存(0~30 d)粪便N2O和CO2的排放通量以及堆放初期(0~9 d)CH4的排放通量。因此,塑料薄膜覆盖贮存法可显著降低粪便堆放初期的温室气体排放。     

Impact of land-use changes and sedimentation on the Muhammad Nur Reservoir, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

The Muhammad Nur Reservoir (MNR) is a major multipurpose reservoir located on the Riam Kanan River in the Indonesian Province of South Kalimantan. The MNR has a high sediment trap efficiency and there is concern that accelerated erosion in the catchment, resulting from inappropriate land use, poses a significant threat to the storage capacity and effective life span of the reservoir. Furthermore, on-going deforestation of large parts of the catchment may have changed the inflow pattern to the reservoir. This paper uses data from fieldwork and published information from different sources to examine the extent of erosion and sedimentation in the catchment and the sediment delivery to the reservoir. Water level variations in the reservoir over a 22-year period are examined for changes that might indicate an alteration of the hydrologic balance in the catchment.     

施肥对稻田温室气体排放及土壤养分的影响

【目的】农业活动引起的温室气体排放对全球变暖的影响日益得到关注,本试验研究不同施肥处理对稻田温室气体排放、 产量和土壤养分的影响,以期为农田可持续利用和温室气体减排提供依据。【方法】在长江中下游地区稻麦轮作区进行田间试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、 当地习惯施肥(FP)、 推荐N肥(OPT)、 有机无机配施(OPT+M)、 秸秆还田(OPT+S)5个处理,采用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法测定了稻季CH4、 N2O和CO2的排放情况,调查了不同施肥措施对稻田温室气体增温潜势以及产量,测定了土壤养分,并综合产量和增温潜势对温室气体排放强度进行分析,提出该区域稻田减排增产的合理施肥措施。【结果】 1) 不同处理CH4季节排放总量为OPT+SOPT+M FP OPT CK,排放量为99.02~143.69 kg/hm2; N2O季节排放量为FPOPT+MOPT OPT+S CK,排放量范围为0.95~3.57 kg/hm2; CO2排放顺序与CH4季节排放趋势一致,排放量为7231.64~13715.24 kg/hm2。2)根据稻季CH4和N2O季节排放量以及在100年尺度上的CO2当量计算,不同处理温室气体全球增温潜势大小顺序为OPT+SOPT+M FP OPT CK。在CK、 FP、 OPT、 OPT+M和OPT+S的全球增温潜势中,N2O占的比重分别为10.31%、 26.39%、 21.51%、 22.91% 和11.58%,CH4所占比重分别为89.69%、 73.61%、 78.49%、 77.09%和88.42%。稻田N2O的排放量很少,排放以甲烷为主,因此不同施肥措施所排放的N2O对综合温室效应的贡献远低于CH4。相对于当地习惯施肥处理,OPT、 OPT+M和OPT+S 3种优化施肥措施均在减少化肥施用量的情况下增加了水稻产量,增产率分别为3.6%、 14.3%和 8.5%,其中以有OPT+M处理增产效果最明显。3)不同施肥处理下,CO2排放强度为FP(0.56)OPT+S(0.52) OPT(0.50)OPT+M(0.49),OPT和OPT+M显著低于当地习惯施肥处理,OPT+M CO2排放强度最低。4)有机碳、 全氮、 速效磷和速效钾含量均在OPT+S处理中最高。【结论】不同施肥措施影响稻季温室气体排放,施用有机肥和氮肥均增加了CO2、 CH4、 N2O的排放,秸秆还田增加了CO2和CH4排放,减少了N2O排放。稻田减排应以减少CH4排放为主,推荐氮肥量配施有机肥为碳强度评价体系下最优处理。秸秆还田对土壤养分的改善趋势明显,虽然增加了CO2排放,但考虑到其可避免因焚烧造成大量CO2的排放,总体上依然减少了CO2的排放,但对秸秆还田的适宜量需要进一步研究。     

Mitigation options for N2O emission from a corn field in Kalimantan,Indonesia

Abstract

Field experiments were designed to quantify N₂O emissions from corn fields after the application of different types of nitrogen fertilizers. Plots were established in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, and given either urea (200 kg ha^?1), urea (170 kg ha^?1) + dicyandiamide ([DCD] 20 kg ha^?1) or controlled-release fertilizer LP-30 (214 kg ha^?1) prior to the plantation of corn seeds (variety BISI 2). Each fertilizer treatment was equivalent to 90 kg N ha^?1. Plots without chemical N fertilizer were also prepared as a control. The field was designed to have three replicates for each treatment with a randomized block design. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at 4, 8, 12, 21, 31, 41, 51, 72 and 92 days after fertilizer application (DAFA). Total N₂O emission was the highest from the urea plots, followed by the LP-30 plots. The emissions from the urea + DCD plots did not differ from those from the control plots. The N₂O emission from the urea + DCD plots was approximately one thirtieth of that from the urea treatment. However, fertilizer type had no effect on grain yield. Thus, the use of urea + DCD is considered to be the best mitigation option among the tested fertilizer applications for N₂O emission from corn fields in Kalimantan, Indonesia.     

施肥对板栗林土壤活性碳库和温室气体排放的影响

在浙江省临安市典型板栗林试验地,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了不同施肥条件下板栗林土壤CO2和N2O排放速率,同时测定了土壤水溶性有机碳（WSOC）和微生物量碳（MBC）含量。初步探讨了施肥对板栗林土壤活性碳库与温室气体排放速率的影响,以及土壤温室气体排放速率与活性碳库之间的关系。本试验设置不施肥（CK）、 无机肥（IF）、 有机肥 （OF）和有机无机混合肥（OIF,1/2无机肥和1/2有机肥）4个施肥处理。结果表明, 施肥1个月后,与不施肥（CK）处理相比,无机肥（IF）、 有机肥（OF）和有机无机混合肥（OIF）处理下土壤CO2排放速率分别增加了87%、 38%和61%, N2O排放速率分别增加了101%、 67%和95%; 而施肥6个月后,与CK处理相比,IF、 OF和OIF处理下土壤CO2 排放速率分别增加了51%、 43%和64%,N2O排放速率分别增加了21%、 29%和47%。同时,施肥显著增加板栗林土壤WSOC和MBC含量（P＜0.05）。此外,土壤CO2和N2O排放速率与WSOC含量均呈显著正相关（P0.05）,而与MBC含量没有显著的相关性。因此,施肥引起板栗林地土壤WSOC含量增加可能是导致板栗林地土壤温室气体排放增加的重要原因之一。     

双季稻减排增收的水氮优化管理模式筛选

为筛选出"低投入-低排放-高收益"的稻田水氮管理模式,该研究以汉江平原双季稻为研究对象,设计4种氮肥管理方式:1)普通尿素;2)树脂包膜控释尿素;3)普通尿素减氮20%;4)控释尿素减氮20%,和2种水分管理方式:1)常规灌溉;2)薄浅湿晒节水灌溉。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)的排放量,应用生命周期法(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)计算水稻生产碳足迹,基于成本收益核算分析单位水稻产量和单位净收益的碳排放强度。结果表明,控释尿素能有效提高双季稻产量,节水灌溉和减氮20%能节约投入成本,对双季稻产量存在一定负效应,但差异不显著。相比普通尿素和常规灌溉,不同水氮优化处理可不同程度降低水稻生产的碳足迹和排放强度,并有助于提高收益。其中节水灌溉搭配控释尿素减氮的综合减排效果最好,早、晚稻总减排量分别为45.8%和42.5%(P<0.05),同时全年净利润最高,达14 340元/hm²。因此,节水灌溉、控释尿素同时减氮20%的组合技术可实现稻田节本减排增收。     

Effect of convection on the exchange coefficient of oxygen and estimation of net production rate of oxygen in ponded water of a paddy field

Abstract

Dissolved oxygen (DO) in ponded water is essential to biological activities in paddy fields. DO concentrations results from the balance among photosynthesis, respiration, and exchange of oxygen between the atmosphere and water, all of which show daily changes. For the estimation of the net production rate of oxygen that is the overall response of photosynthesis and respiration, it is necessary to determine the exchange rate of oxygen between the atmosphere and water. The exchange of oxygen occurs in the form of reaeration and deaeration in the paddy fields. The exchange coefficients of reaeration and deaeration were determined in the laboratory considering field conditions. The coefficients of reaeration and deaeration were not identical. Both coefficients increased as the convective velocity in the water increased. It was considered that the convection in bulk water reduced the thickness of the water film at the air-water interface and increased the exchange coefficient. The reaeration and de aeration coefficients ranged from 2.1 to 2.4 and 5.7 to 6.3 d^?1, respectively. The rates of reaeration and de aeration were estimated using these exchange coefficients. The exchange rate was not constant in the paddy field throughout the day but varied with the convection, water temperature, and the degree of saturation in the ponded water. Taking these factors into consideration, the net production rate was estimated from the DO mass balance. The net production rate was positive from 5 : 30 to 15 : 30 and negative in the other part of the day. These results and analytical methods would contribute to the understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological processes in a paddy field.     

Mitigation options for N2O emission from a corn field in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Field experiments were designed to quantify N₂O emissions from corn fields after the application of different types of nitrogen fertilizers. Plots were established in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, and given either urea (200 kg ha⁻¹), urea (170 kg ha⁻¹) + dicyandiamide ([DCD] 20 kg ha⁻¹) or controlled-release fertilizer LP-30 (214 kg ha⁻¹) prior to the plantation of corn seeds (variety BISI 2). Each fertilizer treatment was equivalent to 90 kg N ha⁻¹. Plots without chemical N fertilizer were also prepared as a control. The field was designed to have three replicates for each treatment with a randomized block design. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at 4, 8, 12, 21, 31, 41, 51, 72 and 92 days after fertilizer application (DAFA). Total N₂O emission was the highest from the urea plots, followed by the LP-30 plots. The emissions from the urea + DCD plots did not differ from those from the control plots. The N₂O emission from the urea + DCD plots was approximately one thirtieth of that from the urea treatment. However, fertilizer type had no effect on grain yield. Thus, the use of urea + DCD is considered to be the best mitigation option among the tested fertilizer applications for N₂O emission from corn fields in Kalimantan, Indonesia.     

Dynamics of dissolved oxygen (DO) in ponded water of a paddy field

The transfer of heat and dissolved oxygen (DO) through water is important to understand the phenomenon of ponded water in a paddy soil. The heat from solar radiation is absorbed at the soil surface and transferred into the ponded water by convection. This study clarified the dynamics of DO, as well as the role of convection in water in DO transfer in the ponded water of a paddy field. DO concentration in the ponded water of a paddy field was measured in situ in the daytime and during the night. The results were confirmed in lab-scale model experiments. The DO concentration and temperature profiles in the ponded water of a lab-scale paddy field model were investigated under convective and non-convective conditions using solar radiation and infrared radiation, respectively. Under the ponded condition, solar radiation was absorbed at the soil surface whereas infrared radiation was absorbed at the water surface and thereby convective and non-convective conditions were generated, respectively. The diurnal variation in DO concentration was closely related to the intensity of solar radiation. Oxygen generation by micro-algae and its subsequent circulation by convection resulted in uniform DO concentration profiles, with super-saturated values in the ponded water in the daytime. Eventually oxygen was released to the atmosphere by deaeration until DO in water was depleted to the saturated level. During the night the oxygen moved from the atmosphere into the water surface by reaeration which depends on the oxygen deficit related to saturation. The oxygen deficit is caused by the respiration of microorganisms. The oxygen, that moved from the atmosphere to the water surface, was transferred to the soil surface by convection in the water layer. Thus convection plays an important role in the DO transfer in the ponded water of a paddy field. The DO dynamics is correlated with biological processes in the ponded paddy soil.     

水氮耦合氧灌对温室辣椒土壤肥力及细菌群落的影响

为揭示水氮耦合氧灌对温室辣椒土壤肥力、细菌多样性及群落的影响,该研究设置施氮量(225和300 kg/hm2)、通气量(通气比率为15％和0)和灌水量(0.6和0.9倍作物-蒸发皿系数)3因素2水平试验,采用高通量测序等方法研究土壤细菌群落与土壤通气性指标、土壤肥力因子之间的关系.结果表明,低水量常氮氧灌和高水量常氮氧...     

Effects of greenhouse intensive cultivation and organic amendments on greenhouse gas emission according to a soil incubation study

Soil cultivation changes and usage of agricultural wastes can have profound impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from soil. In this study, the effects of soil cultivation and organic amendment on GHG emission were investigated using aerobic incubation. Surface soil (0–20 cm) from (1) rice–legume consecutive rotation (Rice) and (2) recently (<3 years) converted from rice field to plastic-covered intensive vegetable and flower production (VegC) were collected in Kunming, P.R. China. Rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) residues and cattle manure were applied at 5% by weight. Results indicated that N₂O and CO₂ fluxes were significantly influenced by soil cultivation, organic amendment, incubation time and their interaction (p <0.05). Applying cattle manure increased, while rose residue decreased, cumulative N₂O emissions from soil (84 days). Rose residue application significantly increased cumulative CO₂ emissions with peak values of 6371 (Rice) and 7481 mg kg^?1 (VegC), followed by cattle manure addition figure of 2265 (VegC) and 3581 mg kg^?1 (Rice). Both were significantly higher (p <0.05) than the un-amended Control at 709 (VegC) and 904 mg kg^?1 (Rice). Our study demonstrates that a low C/N ratio in cattle manure is better than a high C/N ratio in rose residue in regard to reducing the global warming potential of agricultural soil.     

Short-term effects of raw rice straw and its derived biochar on greenhouse gas emission in five typical soils in China

Abstract

A short-term study was conducted to investigate the greenhouse gas emissions in five typical soils under two crop residue management practices: raw rice straw (Oryza sativa L., cv) and its derived biochar application. Rice straw and its derived biochar (two biochars, produced at 350 and 500°C and referred to as BC350 and BC500, respectively) were incubated with the soils at a 5% (weight/weight) rate and under 70% water holding capacity for 28 d. Incorporation of BC500 into soils reduced carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission in all five soils by 4?40% and 62?98%, respectively, compared to the untreated soils, whereas methane (CH₄) emission was elevated by up to about 2 times. Contrary to the biochars, direct return of the straw to soil reduced CH₄ emission by 22?69%, whereas CO₂ increased by 4 to 34 times. For N₂O emission, return of rice straw to soil reduced it by over 80% in two soils, while it increased by up to 14 times in other three soils. When all three greenhouse gases were normalized on the CO₂ basis, the global warming potential in all treatments followed the order of straw > BC350 > control > BC500 in all five soils. The results indicated that turning rice straw into biochar followed by its incorporation into soil was an effective measure for reducing soil greenhouse gas emission, and the effectiveness increased with increasing biochar production temperature, whereas direct return of straw to soil enhanced soil greenhouse gas emissions.     

Effect of rice straw on the composition of volatile soil gas and micro flora in the tropical paddy field

The effect of rice straw on the composition of volatile soil gas and microflora in the tropical paddy field was studied with and without fertilizer application.

The volatile soil gas most abundantly found in plots with rice straw was methane followed by other gases, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide during the early stage of rice growth, while nitrogen predominated in later stages.

The loss of soil nitrogen through volatilization increased following phosphorus application as well as rice straw application as compared with that in the control plot. In the former case, the enhancement of decomposition of organic-N was assumed to be due to the increase in population of cellulose decomposer.

Rice straw application with or without N-fertilizer increased methane gas formation by 27 to 63 times as compared with the phosphorus plot and the peak of its formation was found 5 to 7 weeks after rice straw application. However methane formation in the control plot was very low and was found only 5 to 9 weeks after flooding.

Rice straw application usually increased the number of various groups of microorganisms along with contributing to the transformation of organic-N to N₂ gas. But the stimulating effect was chiefly observed in the population of Azotobacter.     

水肥管理对鄱阳湖流域稻田温室气体排放的影响

为探明水肥管理模式对稻田温室气体（CH4,CO2和N2O）的影响规律,以鄱阳湖流域赣抚平原灌区稻田为研究对象,考虑间歇灌溉（W1）和淹灌（W0）2种灌溉模式,不施氮（N0）、减量施氮（N1,135 kg/hm2）和常规施氮（N2,180 kg/hm2）3种施氮水平,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定气体排放量,结合产量计算温室气体排放强度。结果表明：稻田CH4和CO2排放通量全天内表现为单峰模式,CH4日排放峰值在14:00-15:00,CO2排放峰值提前约1～2 h,而N2O排放通量全天内则表现为上午、傍晚和深夜的三峰模式。08:00-11:00内3种气体校正系数和综合值均比较接近1,是进行田间观测的最佳时段。稻田CH4排放通量在生育前期迅速增长达到峰值,中后期相对平缓并伴有1～2个小峰值。间歇灌溉CH4排放通量较少。不同水肥处理下CO2排放的峰值出现次数一致,主要在分蘖前期、乳熟期和黄熟期。2种灌溉模式的CO2排放规律一致,但间歇灌溉下CO2排放量更多。稻田N2O的排放整体水平呈现较低状态,各处理的N2O排放峰值出现在抽穗开花期末。稻田温室气体排放引起的增温潜势受灌溉模式的影响极显著。与W0相比,W1在N0、N1、N2水平下分别降低增温潜势 36.1%、33.9%和23.2%（P<0.05）。地温和气温是重要的环境影响因子,CH4和CO2对地温的敏感性高于气温,9月典型日的温度敏感系数更高。W1N1处理的温室气体排放强度最低,从减排增产角度为鄱阳湖流域推荐的稻田水肥管理模式。     

规模养猪场沼气工程清洁发展机制的温室气体减排效益

为了探讨碳交易市场对养殖场沼气工程赢利性的影响,该文选取位于太湖流域江苏省的3个不同规模的养猪企业为研究对象,通过清洁发展机制CDM(clean development mechanism)方法首先计算其沼气工程减少温室气体排放的效果,然后运用成本收益方法测算不同情境下项目的盈利能力。研究结果表明:规模化养猪场沼气工程的减排效果明显,3家养猪企业减排量分别为5 236.95,4 016.95和1 333.93 t,减排比率超过55%。但是在现有条件下,3家企业的沼气工程都处于亏损状态。在政府补贴、可再生能源发电收入和停交排污费的情况下,只有规模最大的A企业的沼气工程可以盈利。如果能够进入碳交易市场,且价格达到50元/t以上,3家企业的沼气工程都能实现盈利。推进沼气工程发电上网,碳减排进入碳交易市场,将明显改善沼气工程盈利能力,实现可持续发展,从而充分发挥节能减排的功能。     

耕作方式与水肥组合对小麦-玉米田温室气体排放的影响

气候变化是当前人类社会面临最为严峻的全球环境问题之一。中国作为当前全球温室气体排放的第一大国家,实现碳中和是应对气候变化的最根本举措。该研究以河北省晋州市周家庄乡为研究区域,以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系为例,通过对不同灌溉技术、灌溉方法和灌溉制度下的冬小麦-夏玉米农田开展耕作试验,结合作物产量和土壤CO2、N2O排放通量的测定,分析在保证作物不减产的情况下不同耕作方式和水肥组合下土壤CO2、N2O排放通量变化特征及其规律。结果表明：1）在当地传统灌水量和施肥量的基础上适当增大或减小,都会显著影响作物产量、水分利用效率;2）耕作方式与灌水量、施肥量三者间存在显著的交互作用（P<0.05）,共同影响土壤二氧化碳当量的排放。与深耕相比,旋耕方式下的冬小麦-夏玉米土壤N2O排放通量依次降低21.19%、16.29%（P<0.05）;土壤CO2排放通量依次降低15.33%、8.29%（P<0.05）;3）优化水肥模式,适当减少灌水量和施肥量,可以在保证作物产量不低于当地传统产量的情况下兼顾节水与减排,从而降低农业温室气体排放,为碳中和做出贡献。     

Effect of calcium silicate on nutrient use of lowland rice and greenhouse gas emission from a paddy soil under alternating wetting and drying

In intensively irrigated rice cultivation,plant-available silicon(Si)is a crucial nutrient for improving rice productivity.As a source of Si,calcium silicate(CaSiO₃)was amended to evaluate the effect of silicate fertilizer on rice production,nitrogen(N)use efficiency,and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission under alternating wetting and drying in a pot experiment using a tropical soil from a paddy field of the International Rice Research Institute(IRRI)in the Philippines.Four levels of CaSiO