Nitrogen application effects on forage sorghum production and nitrate concentration

Abstract

Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important annual forage crop but prone to high nitrate concentration which can cause toxicity when fed to cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). Two field experiments were conducted over six site-years across Kansas to determine the optimum nitrogen (N) rate for no-till forage sorghum dry matter (DM) yield and investigate the effect of N fertilization on sorghum forage nitrate content. A quadratic model described the relationship between sorghum DM and N rate across the combined site-years. Maximum DM yield of 6530?kg ha^?1 was produced with N application rate of 100?kg N ha^?1. The economic optimum N rate ranged from 55 to 70?kg N ha^?1 depending on sorghum hay price and N fertilizer costs. Crude protein concentration increased with N fertilizer application but N rates beyond 70?kg N ha^?1 resulted in forage nitrate concentrations greater than safe limit of 3000?mg kg^?1. Nitrogen uptake increased with N fertilizer application but nitrogen use efficiency and N recovery decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates. In conclusion, forage sorghum required 55–70?kg N ha^?1 to produce an economic optimum DM yields with safe nitrate concentration.     

硝态氮促进水稻生长和氮素吸收的生理机制

Rice is being increasingly cultivated in intermittently irrigated regious and also in aerobic soil in which Nitrate (NO₃^-) plays important role in nutrition of plant. However, there is no information regarding the influence of nitrate on the overall growth and uptake of nitrogen (N) in rice plant. Solution culture experiments were carried out to study the effects of NO₃^- on the plant growth, uptake of N, and uptake kinetics of NH₄⁺ in four typical rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (conveutioual indica, conventional japonica, hybrid indica, and hybrid japonica), and on plasma membrane potential in roots of two conventional rice cultivars (indica and japonica) at the seedling stage. The results obtained indicated that a ratio of 50/50 NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N increased the average biomass of rice shoots and roots by 20% when compared with that of 100/0 NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N. In case of the 50/50 ratio, as compared with the 100/0 ratio, total N accumulated in shoots and roots of rice increased on an average by 42% and 57%, respectively. Conventional indica responds to NO₃^- more than any other cultivars that were tested. The NO₃^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate (V_max) of NH₄⁺ by rice but did not show any effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) value, with the average value of V_max for NH₄⁺ among the four cultivars being increased by 31.5% in comparison with those in the absence of NO₃^-. This suggested that NO₃^- significantly increased the numbers of the ammonium transporters. However, the lack of effect on the K_m value also suggested that the presence of NO₃^- had no effect on the affinity of the transporters for NH₄⁺. The plasma membrane potential in the roots of conventional indica and japonica were greatly increased by the addition of NO₃^-, suggesting that NO₃^- could improve the uptake of N by roots of the rice plant. In conclusion, the mechanisms by which NO₃^- enhances the growth and N uptake of rice plant was found by the increased value of V_max of NH₄⁺ and increased plasma membrane potential. Thus promotion of nitrification in paddy soil is of great significance for improving the production of rice.     

Relationships between microbial biomass nitrogen,nitrate leaching and nitrogen uptake by corn in a compost and chemical fertilizer-amended regosol

Abstract

To determine the relationships between microbial biomass nitrogen (N), nitrate–nitrogen leaching (NO₃-N leaching) and N uptake by plants, a field experiment and a soil column experiment were conducted. In the field experiment, microbial biomass N, 0.5 mol L^?1 K₂SO₄ extractable N (extractable N), NO₃-N leaching and N uptake by corn were monitored in sawdust compost (SDC: 20 Mg ha^?1 containing 158 kg N ha^?1 of total N [approximately 50% is easily decomposable organic N]), chemical fertilizer (CF) and no fertilizer (NF) treatments from May 2000 to September 2002. In the soil column experiment, microbial biomass N, extractable N and NO₃-N leaching were monitored in soil treated with SDC (20 Mg ha^?1) + rice straw (RS) at five different application rates (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 Mg ha^?1 containing 0, 15, 29, 44 and 59 kg N ha^?1) and in soil treated with CF in 2001. Nitrogen was applied as (NH₄)₂SO₄ at rates of 220 kg N ha^?1 for SDC and SDC + RS treatments and at a rate of 300 kg N ha^?1 for the CF treatment in both experiments. In the field experiment, microbial biomass N in the SDC treatment increased to 147 kg N ha^?1 at 7 days after treatment (DAT) and was maintained at 60–70 kg N ha^?1 after 30 days. Conversely, microbial biomass N in the CF treatment did not increase significantly. Extractable N in the surface soil increased immediately after treatment, but was found at lower levels in the SDC treatment compared to the CF treatment until 7 DAT. A small amount of NO₃-N leaching was observed until 21 DAT and increased markedly from 27 to 42 DAT in the SDC and CF treatments. Cumulative NO₃-N leaching in the CF treatment was 146 kg N ha^?1, which was equal to half of the applied N, but only 53 kg N ha^?1 in the SDC treatment. In contrast, there was no significant difference between N uptake by corn in the SDC and CF treatments. In the soil column experiment, microbial biomass N in the SDC + RS treatment at 7 DAT increased with increased RS application. Conversely, extractable N at 7 DAT and cumulative NO₃-N leaching until 42 DAT decreased with increased RS application. In both experiments, microbial biomass N was negatively correlated with extractable N at 7 DAT and cumulative NO₃-N leaching until 42 DAT, and extractable N was positively correlated with cumulative NO₃-N leaching. We concluded that microbial biomass N formation in the surface soil decreased extractable N and, consequently, contributed to decreasing NO₃-N leaching without impacting negatively on N uptake by plants.     

施氮量、土壤和植株氮浓度与小麦赤霉病的关系

【目的】赤霉病已成为影响小麦产量和品质的重要病害之一,为了解施用氮肥对小麦赤霉病的影响,本文通过研究不同施氮水平下小麦赤霉病的发病情况,探索施氮、土壤供氮、植株氮浓度与小麦赤霉病的关系。【方法】采用田间小区试验,以多穗型豫麦49-198(YM49-198)和大穗型周麦16(ZM16)为供试品种,设N 0、120、180、240、360 kg/hm25个施氮水平(N0、N120、N180、N240、N360),根据"小麦赤霉病测报技术规范"调查小麦赤霉病的发病情况。【结果】土壤硝态氮含量及0—90 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量均随施氮量的增加而增加,小麦收获期N0、N120、N180处理0—30 cm土层硝态氮含量及0—90 cm累积量差异不显著,但显著低于N240和N360处理。两个品种小麦赤霉病病穗率和病情指数(DI)随施氮量的增加而增加,各处理间差异显著;豫麦49-198施氮处理的病穗率和DI比不施氮处理分别增加29.5%~132.0%和35.9%~225.2%,周麦16施氮处理的病穗率和DI比不施氮处理分别增加42.4%~161.8%和41.7%~206.9%;两个品种小麦N180处理赤霉病的病穗率和病情指数与N0、N120差异较小,显著低于N240和N360;周麦16较豫麦49-198发病严重,各处理的病穗率和病情指数比豫麦49-198分别高出7%~25%和28.0%~63.6%。小麦赤霉病病穗率和DI与硝态氮含量显著正相关,与0—90 cm硝态氮累积量呈线性正相关。孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期茎基部硝酸盐含量和拔节期~开花期植株的全氮含量各处理间差异较大,且与小麦赤霉病病穗率和DI显著线性正相关。【结论】土壤硝态氮含量及累积量随施氮量增加而增加,小麦收获后施氮量低于N 180 kg/hm2时土壤中硝态氮残留较低,赤霉病发病较轻。小麦赤霉病病穗率和病情指数随施氮量的增加而增加,说明施氮量过高会加重小麦赤霉病病害;小麦拔节期~开花期的氮浓度过高会加重赤霉病病害,因此在这一时期,适宜的施氮量、土壤硝态氮和植株氮浓度在赤霉病发生年份可以减轻病害,综合考虑土壤硝态氮残留、产量和赤霉病害等因素的适宜施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2。     

Aluminum effects on uptake and translocation of nitrogen in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor,L. Moench)

The effects of aluminum on the uptake and translocation of N in two hybrid cultivars of sorghum with differential tolerance to aluminum were studied.

Aluminum decreased the amount of N accumulated and the % of N in the aerial parts of the plants. In the roots the amount of N accumulated also decreased but the % of N increased, in both cultivars. Besides an effect on dry matter yield, Al probably reduces the uptake of N and its translocation to the aerial parts of the plant. Apparently, this impairment on N translocation resulted from Al effects on the root pressure.

Aluminum not only reduced the amount of N translocated but also changed the sap composition. The % of NO₃ ‐N decreased while the % of amino acid‐N increased suggesting an Al effect on N uptake and also on protein degradation. Asparagine and glutamine contributed about 80% of the free amino acid fraction; however, their proportions changed in presence of Al. Therefore, Al also interfered with the synthesis and/or interconversion of these amino acids.     

Effects of tied-ridge,nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of sorghum in semi-arid Ethiopia

Moisture deficit, poor soil fertility and lack of improved varieties constrained sorghum production in north-eastern Ethiopia. An experiment was conducted in 2002 at Kobo and Sirinka in north-eastern Ethiopia to study the possible effects of seedbed, nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and N use efficiency (NUE) of sorghum. The experiment was carried out in a split–split plot design with seedbed (tied-ridge vs. flatbed planting) as main plots, N fertilizer (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha^?1) as subplots and sorghum cultivars (Jigurti, ICSV111 and 76T1#23) as sub-sub plots, with three replications. At Kobo, the seedbed by cultivar interaction affected all parameters. Nitrogen fertilization increased biomass yield and NUE at both locations and grain yield at Sirinka. Cultivars showed different performance where ICSV111 and 76T1#23 were superior in grain yield, N uptake and concentration, N harvest index and NUE of grain (NUEg) compared with Jigurti. Thus, planting ICSV111 and 76T1#23 in tied-ridging and with N fertilization at Kobo and in flatbed and with N fertilization at Sirinka is recommended. This study revealed that tied-ridging is not a solution in all areas where moisture deficiency is a problem. Its effectiveness is affected by rainfall amount and soil type.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate and timing on sorghum productivity in Ethiopian highland Vertisols

Sorghum is cultivated on Vertisols in the Ethiopian Highlands. An experiment was conducted in the Gumara-Maksegnit watershed in 2013 and 2014 to assess the effect of rate and timing of nitrogen fertilizer application on the possibility to shorten the maturity period and to improve the productivity of sorghum. The experiment was laid out as Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments were nitrogen doses between 0 and 87 kg N ha^?1 as urea applied at planting, at knee-height stage or in split doses at both stages. Results showed that application of 23, 41, 64 and 87 kg ha^?1 N gave a yield increase of 40, 53, 62 and 69% over the control (0 kg N ha^?1), respectively. In addition, split application of 41 kg ha^?1, 64 kg ha^?1 and 87 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen fertilizer, half at planting and half at knee height stage, gave 19%, 15% and 18% increase in sorghum grain yield over a single dose application, respectively. Applying 87 kg ha^?1 nitrogen fertilizer with split application half at planting and half at knee height stage, along with 46 kg ha^?1 of P₂O_5, gave the highest grain yield and income.     

Dicyandiamide application improved nitrogen use efficiency and decreased nitrogen losses in wheat-maize crop rotation in Loess Plateau

Inhibition of nitrification as a mitigation tool to abate nitrogen (N) losses and improve N use efficiency (NUE) is a promising technology. Nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide, DCD) was evaluated in two consecutive wheat-maize rotations (2015–2017), with two different N fertilizer levels applied in wheat (160, 220 kg N ha^?1) and maize (180, 280 kg N ha^?1). More NH₄⁺-N contents (101% and 102% in wheat and 74% and 73% in maize) and less NO₃^–-N contents (37% and 43% in wheat and 46% and 57% in maize) were observed at both N levels treated with DCD compared to without DCD. Higher pH, lower EC and reduced NO₃^–-N accumulation were the other benefits of DCD. The NO₃^–-N accumulation within the 0–200 cm soil profile was significantly less at both N levels with DCD (66 mg kg^?1 and 121 mg kg^?1) compared to without DCD (96 mg kg^?1 and 169 mg kg^?1). Application of DCD also improved the growth and yield in both crops. Increase in NUE from 38% to 49% in wheat and 27% to 33% in maize with DCD at higher N level was also observed. Overall, the effectiveness of DCD in retarding the nitrification process was higher in wheat than maize.     

不同氮效率玉米根系时空分布与氮素吸收对氮肥的响应

【目的】 研究玉米根系时空分布对不同供氮水平的响应及其与植株氮素吸收的关系,对于充分挖掘氮高效基因型,探讨氮高效栽培途径具有重要意义。 【方法】 以氮高效玉米品种 (郑单 958、金山 27) 和氮低效玉米品种 (蒙农 2133 、内单 314) 为材料,以不施氮为对照 (N0),施氮 300 kg/hm2 为适量处理 (N300)、450 kg/hm2 为过量处理 (N450),进行了两年田间试验,调查了玉米根重、根长的时空分布及其与植株氮素吸收量的关系。 【结果】 对照 (N0) 和适量施氮 (N300) 条件下,氮高效品种的根系生物量显著高于氮低效品种,过量施氮 (N450) 条件下二者在吐丝前无显著差异,吐丝后氮高效品种根重降低缓慢,根系生物量高于氮低效品种。N0 和 N300 条件下,氮高效品种 0—100 cm 土层根长均显著高于氮低效品种,吐丝期到乳熟期,N0 处理 0—20 cm 耕层和 40 cm 以下土层内,氮高效品种的根系降低比率显著低于氮低效品种;施氮条件下,两类型品种 0—40 cm 土层内根系降低比率无显著差异,但 40 cm 以下土层氮高效品种根系降低比率显著低于氮低效品种。吐丝前氮素吸收量在 N0 和 N300 条件下,单位根长氮吸收速率对氮素吸收的直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 0.590 和 0.649,在 N450 条件下,根长对于氮素吸收的直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 0.536;吐丝后氮素吸收量在 N0 和 N300 条件下,根长对氮素的吸收直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 1.148 和 0.623,在 N450 条件下,单位根长氮吸收速率对氮素吸收的直接作用较大,直接通径系数是 0.858。 【结论】 不同氮效率玉米品种根系分布和氮素吸收对氮肥的响应存在明显差异。在低氮和适量施氮条件下,氮高效品种较氮低效品种表现出较高的根系生物量、根长和较低的根系衰老速率,其吐丝前氮素吸收主要与单位根长氮吸收速率有关,吐丝后则主要与根长有关;过量施氮条件下,其吐丝前氮素吸收主要受根长影响,吐丝后则主要与单位根长氮吸收速率有关。      

氮素运筹对玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响

田间小区试验,研究了氮素运筹对玉米干物质累积、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响。结果表明,施氮和有机肥可以延长干物质积累的旺盛时期,使玉米干物质总量积累速率最大的时刻推后1～3d,增加了玉米的干物质积累量。氮肥配施有机肥能延长氮素积累的旺盛时期,其中,N2+M处理氮素积累的旺盛时期△t分别比N0、N1、N2、N3和FP处理延长了6、4、6、1和7d,该时段吸N量比FP处理增加 0.25 g/plant,比等氮量的N2处理增加0.24 g/plant。播前施有机肥 30 t/hm2,在减 N 26.83%的情况下,玉米吸氮量比常规施肥（FP）提高 6.52%,氮素利用率达54.31%,高于常规施肥的 33.27%;玉米增产24.12%,比常规施肥增收2696元/hm2。     

水氮耦合对绿洲灌区土壤硝态氮运移及甜瓜氮素吸收的影响

在地处沙漠绿洲的甜瓜种植区,研究不同水、 氮输入量对土壤氮素平衡和运移的影响,为当地甜瓜生产的水肥管理提供科学依据。通过2009、 2010连续两年田间裂区试验,研究了不同灌水量（1500、 2100、 2700、 3300 m3/hm2,以W1500、 W2100、 W2700和W3300表示）和施氮量（N 0、 120、 240、 360 kg/hm2,以N0、 N120、 N240和N360表示）对土壤硝态氮分布、 累积和甜瓜的水、 氮吸收以及产量的影响。结果表明,甜瓜收获后各处理土壤硝态氮含量在040 cm土层最高, 0200 cm土层呈现先减少后增加再减少的变化趋势,且施氮量越大,硝态氮在80120 cm土层大量累积的趋势越明显。土壤硝态氮累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,随灌水量的增加而减少,灌水量超过2700 m3/hm2 时,仅有不到53%的硝态氮留存在0100 cm土层。甜瓜产量和果实氮素吸收量随灌水量和施氮量的增加而提高,但在W3300N360处理略有下降。氮素回收率随施氮量的增加持续降低,氮收获指数以处理W2700N240最大,水分利用效率以W1500N240处理最大。W2700N240处理能够兼顾甜瓜产量,平衡氮素吸收运移与土壤中硝态氮的留存空间3个方面,是绿洲灌区甜瓜种植的高产高效的水氮输入模式。     

Zinc exposure has differential effects on uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen in Chinese cabbage

Zinc (Zn) is a plant nutrient; however, at elevated levels it rapidly becomes phytotoxic. In order to obtain insight into the physiological background of its toxicity, the impact of elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations (1 to 10 μM) in the root environment on physiological functioning of Chinese cabbage was studied. Exposure of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) to elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations (≥ 5 μM) in the root environment resulted in leaf chlorosis and decreased biomass production. The Zn concentrations of the root and shoot increased with the Zn²⁺ concentration up to 68‐fold and 14‐fold, respectively, at 10 μM compared to the control. The concentrations of the other mineral nutrients of the shoot were hardly affected by elevated Zn²⁺ exposure, although in the root both the Cu and Fe concentrations were increased at ≥ 5 µM, whereas the Mn concentration was decreased and the Ca concentration strongly decreased at 10 µM Zn²⁺. The uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen were differentially affected at ≥ 5 µM Zn²⁺. Zn²⁺ exposure resulted in an increase of sulfate uptake and the activity of the sulfate transporters in the root, and in enhanced total sulfur concentration of the shoot, which could be ascribed partially to an accumulation of sulfate. Moreover, Zn²⁺ exposure resulted in an up to 6.5‐fold increase in water‐soluble non‐protein thiol (and cysteine) concentration of the root. However, nitrate uptake by the root and the nitrate and total nitrogen concentrations of the shoot were decreased upon Zn²⁺ exposure, demonstrating the absence of a mutual regulation of the uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen at toxic Zn levels. Evidently, elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations in the root environment did not only disturb the uptake, distribution and assimilation of sulfate, it also affected the uptake and metabolism of nitrate in Chinese cabbage.     

氮素对玉米幼苗生长、根系形态及氮素吸收利用效率的影响

采用水培试验,比较分析了氮素对高产玉米杂交种幼苗生长、根系形态及氮素吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,在一定氮素范围内供氮量的增加能够促进玉米地上部的生长,也促进东单90（DD90）和沈玉21（SY21）根系干重的增加,而高量供氮会抑制根系的生长,导致根冠比下降。郑单958（ZD958）在8.0 mmol/L氮水平下地上部受抑制的程度大于根系,造成根冠比有所增加。在各氮素水平下,东单90具有很好的根系形态,提高了氮素的吸收能力,从而提高氮素积累量。随氮浓度的增加,玉米植株氮素吸收效率增大而氮素生理利用效率减小,无论在低氮还是高氮条件下,郑单958和东单90的氮素吸收效率均显著高于沈玉21和郝育12（HY12）,氮素生理利用效率却显著低于沈玉21和郝育12。不同品种对氮素的响应存在显著差异,东单90和郑单958耐低氮和对氮素吸收的能力强,郑单958耐高氮能力相对较弱,沈玉21和郝育12对氮素需求量大,耐低氮能力弱。适宜的氮素供应能更好地协调根系与地上部的关系,促进根系形态发育,增加根系对氮素的接触面积,促进根系对氮素的高效吸收。     

利于水稻氮素吸收的绿肥翻压量和施氮水平研究

【目的】 紫云英是我国南方稻区重要的冬季绿肥,具有固定碳素、改善土壤物理性状、提高土壤养分含量等效果,能为后茬水稻提供良好的生长环境。本研究为探明水稻对氮素的吸收利用特性,为水稻高产栽培中氮肥的合理运筹和水稻氮素营养性状改良提供依据。 【方法】 在“紫云英–双季稻”耕作制度轮作土壤上,进行田间 4 × 4 双因素裂区试验。每小区收获的紫云英全部翻压为 100% 翻压,设不翻压、翻压 30%、60%、100% 4 个水平;每个翻压水平处理下,设置不施氮肥、施常规氮量 (N 150 kg/hm2) 的 30%、60% 和 100%,共 16 个处理。分别在分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期取水稻植株样品,调查水稻氮素吸收利用特性。 【结果】 水稻群体干物积累量随生育进程处理间差异逐渐增大。抽穗期以 M_30% + N₀ 处理最高,M_60% + N_60% 处理次之,对照 (M₀ + N₀) 最低,此阶段是水稻群体物质积累量全生育期中差异最大的时期,最高的 M_30% + N₀ 处理较对照和其他处理平均高 79.02% 和 45.04%,此阶段的干物质积累量占总干物质积累量的比例为 23.19%～44.23%。分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期干物积累量均以 M_60% + N_60% 处理最高,对照最低,在成熟期 M_60% + N_60% 处理群体总干物质重为 13.14 t/hm2,较对照高 53.15%。不同生育期水稻植株含氮量和吸氮量处理间不同。孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期植株含氮量均以 M_60% + N_60% 处理最高,较其他处理平均分别高 20.71%、14.84% 和 15.44%;分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期植株吸氮量也以 M_60% + N_60% 处理最高,对照最低,氮肥与冬种绿肥有显著协同效应。水稻氮素阶段吸收量及其占总吸收量的比例存在明显差异。分蘖期前、孕穗至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期均是紫云英翻压 60% + 施氮 60% 处理的吸收量高于其他处理,平均分别高 29.89%、79.46% 和 121.1%;而分蘖至孕穗期是 M_100% + N_100% 处理达到最大,较其他处理平均高 51.87%。 【结论】 综合来看,供试条件下,在 “紫云英–双季稻” 种植体系中,M_60% + N_60% 处理能够提高氮肥利用效率,改善稻田氮素循环,对于实现水稻氮素高效吸收和利用具有重要意义。      

Laboratory and numerical modelling of irrigation infiltration and nitrogen leaching in homogeneous soils

Nitrogen (N) plays a key role in crop growth and production;however,data are lacking especially regarding the interaction of biochar,grass cover,and irrigation on N leaching in saturated soil profiles.Eighteen soil columns with 20-cm diameter and 60-cm height were designed to characterize the effects of different grass cover and biochar combinations,i.e.,bare soil+0%biochar (control,CK),perennial ryegrass+0%biochar (C1),Festuca arundinacea+0%biochar (C2),perennial ryegrass+1%biochar (C3),perenni...     

滴灌番茄临界氮浓度、氮素吸收和氮营养指数模拟

作物的氮浓度随生物量的增加而下降,临界氮浓度是指在一定的生长时期内获得最大生物量时的最小氮浓度值。该文在滴灌条件下,基于3a不同的氮素水平试验,构建了加工番茄地上部生物量的临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型。结果表明,临界氮浓度与地上部最大生物量之间符合幂指数关系,相关系数为R~2=0.947,加工番茄最高(%Nmax)、最低(%Nmin)临界氮浓度稀释模型亦符合幂指数关系,相关系数分别为R~2=0.959、R~2=0.925。基于临界氮浓度建立了加工番茄氮素吸收模型(Nupt)、氮素营养指数模型(NNI),可作为加工番茄氮素营养状况的判别指标,氮素吸收和氮营养指数模型对新疆北疆加工番茄种植区的适宜施氮量诊断结果一致,均以300kg/hm2为最佳施氮量。该研究所建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型较前人建立的模型更具机理性,因此,该模型所得出的分析结果是合适和可靠的,并且可用于指导加工番茄动态精准施肥及为氮素优化管理的建立提供参考。     

不同施肥方式对水稻产量、吸氮特性和土壤氮转化的影响

采用15N示踪研究了盆栽条件下,不同施肥方式对水稻产量、吸氮特性和土壤氮转化的影响。结果表明,等氮磷钾量条件下,有机无机肥料一次性基施,有利于氮素向稻谷转移,其增产效果高于单施化肥,且具有氮利用率高、损失少、土壤残留多和省时省工等特点,是兼顾高产和地力保持的施肥方法。     

氮肥施用和地膜覆盖对旱作春玉米氮素吸收及分配的影响

【目的】通过田间试验探究黄土旱塬氮肥施用和地膜覆盖对春玉米干物质累积、产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。【方法】田间试验于2016年和2017年在中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所长武黄土高原农业生态试验站进行。该站位于陕西省咸阳市长武县洪家镇,地貌为高原沟壑区,地带性土壤为黑垆土,供试作物为春玉米。试验采用裂区设计,主区为地膜覆盖和不覆盖,副区为4个施氮水平(0、100、250和400 kg/hm^2)。在玉米六叶期(V6)、十叶期(V10)、吐丝期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)及完熟期(R6) 5个时期采集植株样品,测定生物量并按照需要分为不同部位测定植株全氮含量。【结果】1)氮肥施用和地膜覆盖显著提高春玉米籽粒产量,地膜覆盖条件下氮肥提高春玉米籽粒产量效果更显著。地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理春玉米籽粒获得高产,产量达12.8～16.4 t/hm^2,两个施氮量间春玉米籽粒产量差异不显著;不覆盖条件下,施氮量400kg/hm^2处理春玉米籽粒产量显著低于250 kg/hm^2处理。2)氮肥施用和地膜覆盖及二因素互作显著提高春玉米花前和花后氮素累积量,二因素互作对春玉米花后氮素和干物质累积作用较花前更大,地膜覆盖条件下施氮处理花后氮素和干物质累积量比例分别为51.5%～54.9%和51.1%～59.9%,为春玉米籽粒产量提高奠定物质基础,地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理可获得高的花前和花后氮素和干物质累积量,但施氮量400 kg/hm^2处理的氮素和干物质累积量与施氮量250 kg/hm^2处理的均差异不显著。3)由于氮肥施用和地膜覆盖互作显著提高花前氮素累积和促进花后的生长发育,二因素协同促进春玉米营养器官氮素转移量,地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理均能有效促进花前储存更多的氮素向籽粒转运,提高花后期氮同化量,促进籽粒产量的提高。相同覆盖条件下,施氮量400 kg/hm^2处理营养器官氮素转移量与施氮量250 kg/hm^2差异不显著。4)地膜覆盖显著提高相同施氮量下氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力;地膜覆盖和氮肥用量及二因素互作显著提高氮收获指数,地膜覆盖条件下,施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理可获得较高的氮收获指数,氮收获指数达65.1%～75.4%,但施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理氮收获指数差异不显著。【结论】在该试验条件下,氮肥施用和地膜覆盖互作显著提高春玉米花前和花后的氮素吸收和干物质累积,但二因素互作对春玉米花后氮素吸收和干物质累积影响更大,从而促进了营养器官氮素转移,提高了春玉米产量和氮收获指数。