Total selenium content of agricultural soils in Japan

To evaluate the selenium (Se) level in agricultural soils in Japan and to investigate its determining factors, 180 soil samples were collected from the surface layer of paddy or upland fields in Japan and their total Se contents were determined. Finely ground soil (50 mg) was wet-digested with HNO₃ and HClO₄ solution and the released Se was reduced to Se(IV). The concentration of Se(IV) was then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector after treatment with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene and extraction with cyclohexane. The total Se content ranged from 0.05 to 2.80 mg kg⁻¹ with geometric and arithmetic means of 0.43 and 0.51 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The overall data showed a log-normal distribution. In terms of soil type, volcanic soils and peat soils had relatively high Se content and regosols and gray lowland soils had relatively low Se content. In terms of land use, upland soils had significantly higher Se content than paddy soils. Among regions, soils in the Kanto, Tohoku, Hokkaido and Kyushu regions had relatively high content. The total Se content had a significant positive correlation with the organic carbon content ( P  < 0.01) and the equation for the estimation of total Se content with organic carbon suggested that on average approximately 48% (0.24 mg kg⁻¹) of the total Se was in inorganic forms and approximately 52% (0.25 mg kg⁻¹) was in organic forms. Soil pH, on the contrary, did not show a significant relationship with the total Se content. In conclusion, the organic matter content, in combination with volcanic materials, was the main determining factor of the total Se content of agricultural soils in Japan.     

Evaluation of available silicon content and its determining factors of agricultural soils in Japan

To evaluate the available silicon (Si) content in agricultural soils in Japan and to investigate the determining factors of this content, we collected 180 soil samples from the surface layer of paddies and upland fields in Japan and determined their available Si contents. A phosphate buffer (PB; 0.02 M, pH 6.9) or an acetate buffer (AB; 0.1 M, pH 4.0) was used to extract available Si from the soil samples, and the Si concentrations in the extracts were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emissions spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The total Si content and selected physicochemical properties were also determined for the soil samples. The median values of the available Si contents by the PB and AB methods were 48.8 and 79.7 mg kg^?1 and corresponded to 0.017% and 0.027% of the total Si content, respectively. The overall data showed log-normal distributions. The available Si content of the upland soils was significantly higher than that of the paddy soils by both the PB (p < 0.01) and AB methods (p < 0.05). The available Si contents by the PB and AB methods had a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) and they had significant negative correlation with the total Si content (p < 0.01). The values of the available Si contents by the PB and AB methods correlated positively with the pH, total carbon (C) content, and dithionite-citrate bicarbonate extractable iron (Fed) and aluminum (Ald), acid oxalate extractable iron (Feo) and aluminum (Alo), Fed-Feo and Alo+1/2Feo values (p < 0.01). A multi-regression analysis indicated that pH, amorphous minerals and crystalline iron (Fe) oxides were the dominant determining factors of available Si in the soils, and these three variables explained approximately two thirds of the variation of available Si content in agricultural soils in Japan. In terms of soil type, Terrestrial Regosols, Dark Red soils and Andosols had relatively high available Si contents, whereas Sand-dune Regosols, Red soils and Gray Lowland soils had relatively low contents. In terms of region, the soils in the Kanto and Okinawa regions had relatively high available Si contents and those in the Kinki, Shikoku and Chugoku regions had relatively low contents. In conclusion, the available Si content and its determining factors for agricultural soils in Japan were quantitatively elucidated, and this will contribute to the establishment of rational soil management?—including the application of silicate materials, taking into account the Si-supplying power of the relevant soils—for sustainable and productive agriculture in Japan.     

南宁市土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素探讨

以南宁市土壤为对象,系统采集了2 767个表层土壤(0～20 cm)和711个母质样(150～200 cm)。用AFS原子荧光光谱法进行了样品全硒含量质量分数分析;研究了南宁市土壤全硒含量的分布特征及其与成土母质、土壤类型和土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,南宁市土壤全硒含量变幅为0.09～1.34 mg kg-1,算术平均值为0.57 mg kg-1。土壤类型中,新积土全硒含量最高,平均为0.89 mg kg-1;紫色土全硒含量最低,平均为0.37 mg kg-1。成土母质中,全硒含量以二叠系碳酸盐岩母质发育土壤为最高,平均为0.79 mg kg-1;以下白垩系紫红色碎屑岩母质发育土壤为最低,平均为0.39 mg kg-1。影响南宁市土壤硒含量的主要因素是成土母质,土壤pH、有机碳及铁和铝的含量对土壤全硒含量的富集与分布也有一定影响。     

太湖地区农田土壤中氯代持久性有机污染物的残留和输入

Selected persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)and its principal metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers (α-, β, γ-, and δ-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), endosulfan, dieldrin, and endrin were quantified to determine current levels of organochlorine pesticides, to assess the ecotoxicological potential, and to distinguish previous and current inputs in agricultural soils from the Taihu Lake region.Gas chromatography equipped with a 63Ni electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) system was employed. Thirteen OCPs were detectable in all soil samples, with DDTs being the main residues, and HCHs had the second highest level of OCP residues. Although OCP residual levels were lower than those in 1990s, the residual levels for most of the DDTs and some of HCHs were still higher than the national environmental standards for agricultural soils. The ratios of DDT/DDE and γ-/α-HCH in twelve soils indicated that new inputs could be present in the soils. Thus, efforts should be made to completely ban the production of OCPs and their use in agriculture so as to reduce the threat of OCPs to food quality and human health.     

Suitability of the ESS laboratory method to determine the equilibrium soil solution composition of agricultural soils,and suggestions for simplification of the experimental procedure

The proper selection of the background electrolyte is of special importance studying element availability and mobility in the laboratory. The determination of the background solution composition can be done with the equilibrium soil solution method ESS (Matschonat and Vogt, 1997). The ESS method is a procedure to find out a salt solution of major cations and anions that does not undergo changes in its composition when brought into contact with a specific soil sample. This composition is experimentally approximated in an iterative procedure until certain quality criteria are fulfilled. We tested if the ESS method, which was developed for forest soils, can successfully be applied also to agricultural soils. The solution composition was confirmed by an independent method. We used samples of a glasshouse and an arable loess soil. Because the ESS method is relatively time and work consuming, we tested modifications which should simplify the procedure: the use of dried and frozen samples instead of field fresh soil, an approximation according to the solution's electric conductivity only, and the modeling of cation exchange to omit iteration steps. The ESS method caused slight overestimation (10–25 %) in cation concentrations, but in general, these were well met. Individual anion concentrations, however, were not buffered in this soil and could not unequivocally be determined. We recommend to adjust the anion concentrations in the ESS procedure according to their proportions in an initial water extract. As ion concentrations are functions of the soil : solution ratio, any method based on addition of water to the soil, like the so‐called soil saturation extract (Germany: Bodensättigungsextrakt), runs a risk to seriously underestimate ion concentrations at field conditions. The ESS method may therefore be especially well suited for soils with a low water content. The use of frozen soil gave good results and the omission of iteration steps by cation exchange modeling was promising and will be explored with the aim to operationalize it in forthcoming work.     

Changes in copper content and distribution in young,old and abandoned vineyard acid soils due to land use changes

We studied total Cu content and its distribution in 33 surface soil samples cultivated with vines for variable lengths of time in the Monterrei designation of origin (DO), located in Galicia (NW Spain). The study was focused on the influence of land use changes on soil degradation by effect of Cu accumulation and availability. Total copper concentration in soils ranged from 25 to 272 mg kg⁻¹. The time during which each soil was cultivated with vines was found to affect both the total concentration of copper and its distribution. The average concentration of copper in young vineyards was 64 mg kg⁻¹, whereas those in old and abandoned vineyards were 100 and 132 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Copper bound to organic matter and to amorphous inorganic colloids were greater in old and abandoned vineyards, where they accounted for 51 and 52 per cent, respectively, of total copper, than in young vineyards (39 per cent). Copper bound to crystalline Al and Fe colloids accounted for 21, 22 and 12 per cent of total Cu in old, abandoned and young vineyards respectively. The prevalence of Cu bound to the organic fraction reduces the adverse environmental effects of this metal on soil organisms and plants. However, some management practices such as organic matter addition or liming should be implemented in order to delay or avoid soil degradation in young vineyards. For abandoned vineyards, the influence of new land uses on potential Cu mobilisation necessitates careful examination. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同土地利用方式土壤团聚体组成及几种团聚体稳定性指标的比较

为分析比较不同土地利用方式以及种植年限土壤团聚体质量,获得较灵敏的团聚体状况指标与研究方法,揭示人为活动对土壤质量的作用与影响,以关中地区不同种植年限的菜园土壤和果园土壤为研究对象,经干筛法测定团聚体的组成状况后分别用平均质量直径（MWD）、几何均重直径（GMD）、分形维数D以及矩法参数为指标,分析菜园土壤和果园土壤在系列时间的振动筛分过程中团聚体组成变异特征,结果表明：用MWD和GMD作为团聚状况指标,只有在适宜的振动筛分时间范围内才能基本反映各种性状土壤的团聚水平差异;用分形维数作为指标,表征各类土壤的团聚水平的可信性值得商榷;用矩法的理论和其中的偏倚系数Cs能够较为灵敏地表征各类土壤的团聚水平。同时,研究发现菜园土壤和果园土壤的团聚化水平均有随着种植年限的增加有先提高后降低的趋势。研究得出了矩法的偏倚系数能够更清楚地区分各土壤之间的团聚水平,为评价土壤团聚水平提供更为灵敏的指标。     

Physicochemical properties of the soils associated with shifting cultivation in Northern Thailand with special reference to factors determining soil fertility

Abstract

Recently agricultural activity in the mountainous area of northern Thailand has increased and problems relating to soil fertility have arisen. In order to gain basic information about the soil properties associated with shifting cultivation, physicochemical properties of the surface soils (0–10 cm) and subsoils (30–40 cm) were investigated in selected villages in the area. The physicochemical properties of the soils studied are summarized as follows: 1) The soils were rich in organic matter, content of which ranged from 11.4 to 63.3 g C kg^?1 in the surface soil. 2) The pH(H₂O) of the soils mostly ranged from 5 to 7 and soil acidity was more pronounced in the deeper horizons. In the surface soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg were generally dominant, whereas exchangeable Al was often predominant in the subsoils. 3) Most of the soils showed a medium to fine texture with more than 30% clay. The clay mineral composition was characterized by various degrees of mixture of kaolin minerals and clay mica with, in some cases, a certain amount of 2:1-2:1:1 intergrades. 4) According to the ion adsorption curves, most of the B horizon soils were characterized by the predominance of permanent negative charges. On the other hand, organic matter contributed to the increase of variable negative charges in the surface soils. The content of organic matter and the percentage of the clay fraction were essential for determining the CEC of the soils of the surface 10 and 30–40 cm depths, respectively. Under the field conditions, the composition of exchangeable cations largely reflected the soil acidity. In addition, the content of organic matter also showed a significant correlation with that of available N in the surface soils. Thus, soil acidity both in the surface soils and subsoils, organic matter content in the surface soils, and clay content in the subsoils were considered to be the main factors that affected soil chemical fertility in the area.     

不同利用方式下土壤有机质和全磷的可见近红外高光谱反演

以太湖流域直湖港小流域稻田、桃园和菜地的土壤样本为研究对象,研究了不同光谱建模方法和土地利用方式对土壤有机质和全磷高光谱反演的影响。结果表明:(1)偏最小二乘回归分析(Partial least squarer egression,PLSR)模型的建模和预测精度较高且稳定;人工神经网络中广义回归神经网络(Generalized regression neural network,GRNN)网络预测精度较高但易出现过拟合现象,反向传播神经网络(Back propagation neural network,BPNN)网络比较稳健但精度略低;偏最小二乘与人工神经网络相结合则可综合两者优点,改善复杂样本下的预测精度。(2)土壤有机质的光谱反演结果优于全磷。3种土地利用方式中,稻田的预测效果总体优于桃园和菜地。在当前研究区域内土地利用方式对土壤有机质光谱反演影响不大,但对全磷反演影响较大。今后利用光谱对土壤全磷反演时需分土地利用方式对模型进行校准。     

Temporal change in land use and its relationship to slope degree and soil type in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau of China

We sought to detect the temporal change (1958–1999) in land use patterns and its relationship to physical landscape parameters in a small catchment in the semi-arid hilly area of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Degree of slope and soil type were selected as stable discriminating parameters that might constrain land use. With the help of GIS and canonical correspondence analysis, the relationship between rural land use distribution or transformation and the selected physical parameters was examined. The land use had undergone a general shift from farmland to woodland or grassland. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) indicated that a relationship between land use and the selected physical parameters was evident, farmland coincided with favorable conditions of fertile soil and gentle slope, while grassland and woodland were associated with conditions of poorer soil and steep slope. In the more favorable conditions the main land use change process was the intensification of farming, while in the less favourable conditions it was the abandonment of farmland. A thorough understanding of the relationship between land use temporal or spatial patterns and landscape physical parameters in the Loess Plateau of China, like degree of slope and soil type, will enhance our capability to predict landscape dynamics and lead to more sound and effective land use management strategies.     

黄土高塬沟壑区退耕地土壤抗冲性及其与影响因素的关系

为了评价退耕地土壤抗冲性的变化,该文以黄土高塬沟壑区自然退耕农地为研究对象,通过径流小区冲刷法对不同覆盖度塬面退耕地(TAL,table-land abandoned land)和沟头退耕地(GAL,gully-head abandoned land)土壤抗冲性进行了研究。结果表明,1)与对照(Ⅰ)相比,TAL和GAL处理水稳性团聚体、根系密度和根系生物量均显著增加(P0.05),覆盖度大于0时,崩解速率显著减小44.87%~79.16%和33.79%~70.65%,有机质显著增加70.12%~222.70%和59.20%~194.88%,覆盖度最大时,土壤容重和渗透系数才显著减小和增大。2)TAL处理0覆盖度小区抗冲系数(AS,anti-scouribility)较对照无差异,其余覆盖度则显著增大2.31~7.57倍,GAL处理AS较对照显著增大0.99~7.12倍,覆盖度越大,根系提高土壤抗冲性能的效果越显著。3)TAL和GAL处理AS分别与容重、崩解速率、水稳性团聚体含量、渗透系数均呈极显著指数函数关系,与有机质含量、根系生物量及根系密度均呈极显著线性函数关系。水稳性团聚体是影响塬面和沟头退耕地土壤抗冲性的关键因子。结果可为研究区退耕还林还草工程生态功能评价及水土流失治理提供理论依据。     

喀斯特山区坡面土壤水分变异特征及其与环境因子的关系

为探明土地利用方式、地形、微地貌等环境因子对喀斯特山区土壤水分空间变异的影响,应用植被数量生态学中的去趋势典范对应分析方法（DCCA）在一典型坡面上研究了表层（0～15 cm）土壤水分变异特征及其与环境因子的数量关系。研究结果表明,在取样时段内坡面土壤质量含水率均值介于21.36%～32.58%之间,季节变化明显,均呈现中等变异特征。不同土地利用方式下土壤水分随时间的变化趋势一致,均呈明显的“四峰型”波动,土壤平均含水率以自然植被最高,撂荒地和坡耕地次之,人工林最低。DCCA的排序结果显示,土层深度、有机碳含量、土地利用方式和裸岩率对坡地土壤水分变异及其季节变化的影响最为显著,土壤体积质量和坡度的影响次之,坡位和海拔的影响最小。鉴于喀斯特坡面地形及微地貌的复杂性,后续研究还需要加大采样间隔和密度,并综合考虑坡向、坡面曲率、汇水分布面积等因素对土壤水分变异的影响,并结合各土地利用方式下土壤养分状况,探讨适应喀斯特坡地退化生态系统修复的农业工程措施和生态重建模式。     

伊朗中部伊斯法罕地区土地利用对石灰性土壤磁性质和重金属的空间分布的影响

Anthropogenic activities have caused the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil environment. Pollution of the soils significantly reduces environmental quality and affects human health. In many recent studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used for pollution monitoring. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial variability of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals and the effects of land use on their variability in the surface soils of the Isfahan region, Central Iran. A total of 158 composite surface (0-5 cm) samples of calcareous soils were collected from an area of about 700 km2, located along a cross-border transect from Isfahan City to a steel plant, covering urban, industrial, agricultural and uncultivated land uses. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co) and magnetic parameters, magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (χlf), natural remanent magnetization (NRM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), and isothermal remanent magnetization at the field of 100 mT (IRM100mT) and the backfield of 100 mT (IRM-100mT), were measured in all the soil samples. Results showed that magnetic susceptibility in the urban and industrial land topsoils (0--5 cm) samples was significantly higher than that in the agricultural and uncultivated land soils in the study area. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe were positively correlated with magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM), which could be attributed to their inputs from traffic emissions and industrial activities at the study sites. Ni and Cr concentrations showed significant negative correlations with magnetic properties. No significant correlation was found between Co concentration and magnetic parameters. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) showed significant correlation with the magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM). The spatial distribution of the selected heavy metals and χlf in the study area suggested that activities at the urban and industrial land sites caused greater pollution as compared to that at the study sites of other land uses. The concentrations of Cu and Zn seemed to have been affected by anthropogenic sources, whereas Ni, Cr, and Co were mainly controlled by natural sources in the study area. Moreover, the concentrations of soil Pb and Fe in the study area could be affected by both lithologic and anthropogenic sources. The magnetic parameters appeared to be a proxy measure for the degree of heavy metal contamination and could be a potential method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.     

北京平原区粮菜林三地类时空转变特征

该文利用遥感与地理信息系统技术研究北京平原区农用地内部粮田、菜地和林地三大类农地利用类型的变化。结果表明:2004年至2014年这10 a间,粮田转变为林地与菜地是北京平原区农地利用变化主流。粮田转变为林地面积是969.97 km~2,其土地利用变化重要性指数高达72.11%,在各类农地利用变化类型中居首。而粮田转为菜地则主要是粮田转变为设施菜地,10 a间粮田转变为设施菜地面积是163.53 km~2,其土地利用变化重要性指数为12.16%,在各类农地利用变化类型中居次;同时,10 a间北京平原区农地利用变化存在空间分异特征。主城近郊区与远郊平原区农地利用变化主要是粮田转为林地,两大分区中该变化类型土地利用变化重要性指数分别为84.18%、76.21%,明显高于其他农地利用变化类型土地利用变化重要性指数。在城市新区,粮田则分别转为林地与设施菜地;10 a间北京平原区农地利用空间分布均具有圈层特征,由近郊向远郊,农地内部结构都呈现林地为主类型,到粮田、菜地与林地混合利用类型,再到粮田与林地组合利用类型的空间格局。而10 a间随着主城区的外扩,上述农地利用圈层特征出现了由近郊向远郊外移、且林地与蔬菜面积占比增加的现象。研究认为:农地内部粮、菜、林3地类的转变和农地利用圈层外移是农户追求经济效益最大化与政府为改善生态环境所致;而改善生态不应以牺牲粮田为代价,应充分利用粮田的生态系统服务功能以实现生态绿化目的。     

皖北平原蒙城县农田土壤有机碳空间变异及影响因素

以皖北平原典型农业生产大县亳州市蒙城县为代表,运用统计学、地统计学方法和GIS技术研究了其农田耕作层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的空间分布及其影响因子。结果表明:研究区SOC含量为10.41±2.52 g kg-1,近30年来提高了55.61%,SOC变异系数为24%,属于中等变异程度。SOC含量在空间分布上表现为东北部、中部和西南部含量高,由西北向东南先逐渐增加后逐渐降低,变异程度较高。整个县域范围内SOC空间变异的主要影响因素为土壤机械组成(粉粒和砂粒含量),其次为秸秆还田。     

Characteristics of brown forest soils developed under beech forests in the kinki and the tohoku districts with special reference to their pedogenetic processes

Abstract

Properties of sesquioxides, clay mineralogical composition, and charge characteristics of Brown Forest soils developed under beech forests in the Kinki (Ohdaigahara) and the Tohoku District (Hakkoda) were studied with special reference to their pedogenetic processes.

The Brown Forest soils in the Kinki District were characterized by the translocation of free Al, formation of Al and/or Fe-humus complexes throughout the profile, and the predominance of 2:1: 1-2:1 intergrade minerals in the subsurface horizons, whereas those in the Tohoku District were characterized by the formation of allophane and no remarkable translocation of free Al oxides. This difference in the pedogenetic processes under the same vegetation was reflected on the amounts of Al released from primary minerals in relation to the amounts of organic matter accumulated. Major distinctive characteristics included the values of the Alp/Alo, the Fep/Feo, the Alo/Ald ratios, the Sio content, and the STPT-ZPC and pH(H₂O) values.

Among these the values of the Alo/Ald ratio and/or the Sio content were found to be suitable indices for the differentiation of Brown Forest soils from Andisols in Japan In addition to the criteria used to define andic soil properties.     

长武地区土壤导气率及其与导水率的关系

为了寻求快速、直接、耗资低并且可用于评估野外饱和导水率的量级和其空间变异性的方法,利用PL－300土壤导气率测量仪对长武小麦试验田不同含水率、体积质量、土层、取样方向、根系密度下的导气率,以及室内原状土壤样本（248 cm3）在田间持水率情况下的导气率及饱和导水率进行了研究。发现在不同的影响因素下导气率具有一定的变化规律;含水率接近田间持水率时的土壤导气率和饱和导水率之间存在对数线性关系。土壤导气率与饱和导水率的这种预测关系在早期的试验研究中也有所反映。将本试验结果与Loll、Iverson等人的研究成果进行对比论证,验证了通过测量土壤导气率预测田间饱和导水率的方法是可行的。     

黄土高原典型流域土壤侵蚀对退耕还林土地利用变化的响应

黄土高原土壤侵蚀严重,为此中国从1999年起实施了大规模的退耕还林工程。为了分析退耕还林土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,该研究以黄土高原清水河流域为研究区域,将2000—2020年流域退耕还林工程的实施依据主要措施的不同划分为4个阶段,应用RUSLE（revised universal soil loss equation）模型分析土壤侵蚀强度的变化特征,采用情景模拟方法提出一个区分土地利用变化和降雨变化对土壤侵蚀影响程度的算法,判别土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响程度,将土地利用变化分解为土地利用转换和改造2种形式,在剔除降雨变化影响的基础上分析土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响过程。结果表明：1）2000、2005、2011、2014和2020年流域平均侵蚀模数分别为36.21、41.02、24.93、23.72和8.24 t/(hm²·a),土壤侵蚀强度明显下降;土地利用变化和降雨变化对土壤侵蚀的阶段平均影响程度分别为75.23%和24.77%,土地利用变化在流域土壤侵蚀的变化中起了主导作用。2）流域土地利用转换区侵蚀强度的变化直接受转换过程中地类类别变更及所实施主要相关措施差异的影响,改造区侵蚀强度的变化直接受改造过程中所实施主要相关措施的影响。剔除降雨变化的影响后：改造区的阶段平均起始侵蚀模数较转换区高43.47%,其水土流失综合治理的难度总体上大于转换区;转换区侵蚀模数的阶段平均下降量较改造区高50.80%,改造区侵蚀量的阶段合计减少量占流域阶段合计减少量的71.16%,土地利用转换在降低其实施地区土壤侵蚀强度方面发挥了重要作用,而土地利用改造因实施面积较大在减少流域土壤侵蚀总量方面发挥了重要作用。3）剔除降雨变化的影响后,草地侵蚀量的阶段合计变化量占流域阶段合计变化量的70.51%,且草地阶段合计变化量中改造区占67.41%,其变化特别是其改造对流域土壤侵蚀的影响最大。该研究在分析土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响程度和过程方面作了一些尝试,研究结果可为黄土高原退耕还林成果巩固及高质量发展有效措施的制定提供科学依据。     

中国云南省滇池盆地东南区由于土地利用方式的变化（从水田变为旱地或温室土壤）导致土壤理化性质的变化研究

Paddy fields in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake have rapidly changed to greenhouses since 1999. A total of 61 surface soil samples, including 43 greenhouse soils, 12 upland soils, and 6 paddy soils, were collected from a flat lowland area mainly used for agricultural production fields in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake. Analyses of the soil samples indicated that the greenhouse soils were characterized by a lower organic matter content, lower pH, and higher soluble nutrients than the paddy soils in the area. The lower organic matter content of the greenhouse soils was ascribed to environmental or management factors rather than the clay content of the soil. Accumulation of soluble nutrients, especially inorganic N, was due to over-application of fertilizers, which also caused soil acidification. The average amount of readily available N, P, and K accumulated in the greenhouse soils was estimated to be equal to or higher than the annual input of these nutrients as a fertilizer, indicating that a reduction in fertilizer application was possible and recommended. In contrast, a very low available Si content was observed in the paddy soils, suggesting the need for Si application for rice production.