Effects of reduced atmospheric deposition on soil solution chemistry and elemental contents of spruce needles in NE—Bavaria,Germany

The decrease in anthropogenic deposition, namely SO₄^2— and SO₂, in European forest ecosystems during the last 20 years has raised questions concerning the recovery of forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the long term data of element concentrations at the Fichtelgebirge (NE‐Bavaria, Germany) monitoring site indicates a relationship between the nutrient content of needles and the state of soil solution acidity. The soil at the site is very acidic and has relatively small pools of exchangeable Ca and Mg. The trees show medium to severe nutrient deficiency symptoms such as needle loss and needle yellowing. The Ca and Mg concentrations in throughfall decreased significantly during the last 12 years parallel to the significant decline in the throughfall of H⁺ and SO₄^2— concentrations. Soil solution concentrations of SO₄^2—, Ca and Mg generally decreased while the pH value remained stable. Aluminum concentrations decreased slightly, but only at a depth of 90 cm. Simultaneously a decrease in the molar Ca/Al and Mg/Al ratios in the soil solution was observed. Ca and Mg contents in the spruce needles decreased, emphasizing the relevance of soil solution changes for tree nutrition. The reasons for the delay in ecosystem recovery are due to a combination of the following two factors: (1) the continued high concentrations of NO₃^— and SO₄^2— in the soil solution leading to high Al concentrations and low pH values and, (2) the decreased rates of Ca and Mg deposition cause a correlated decrease in the concentration of Ca and Mg in the soil solution, since little Ca and Mg is present in the soil's exchangeable cation pools. It is our conclusion that detrimental soil conditions with respect to Mg and Ca nutrition as well as to Al stress are not easily reversed by the decreasing deposition of H⁺ and SO₄^2—. Thus, forest management is still confronted with the necessity of frequent liming to counteract the nutrient depletion in soils and subsequent nutrient deficiencies in trees.     

The impact of reduced atmospheric depositions on soil microbial parameters in a strongly acidified Norway spruce forest at Solling,Germany

To simulate a future ion input reduction scenario in forests, a large scale field experiment was set up in a (1999) 66‒year‒old Norway spruce plantation at Solling, central Germany. Throughfall input of H⁺, SO₄^2—, and N‒compounds is artificially reduced by means of a permanent roof construction below the canopy and a de‒ionizing equipment since 1991. Here we present long term soil solution records for SO₄^2—, NO₃^—, Al³⁺ and the pH of the 10 cm mineral soil sampling depth. A significant decrease in ion concentrations since the start of the treatment is observed, but no change of the soil solution pH. Even in the fourth year pH values remained well within the aluminium buffer range (pH < 4.2). Three years after the start of the experiment (July 1994) it was examined whether microbial biomass (C_mic), specific activity (heat production per unit biomass), and the percentage of C_mic in organic C material indicated any changes. Furthermore chemical standard parameters (CEC, base saturation, pH) were analyzed for all soil samples. Results indicate that despite of drastic decreases of soil solution ion concentrations in the upper soil horizons microbial parameters were not affected and that the soil solid phase is not deacidified by the treatment until now.     

Effect of crop type and crop growth on atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Varying atmospheric nitrogen (N) depositions for different crops were observed at Bad Lauchstädt (Saxony‐Anhalt, Germany) when using the ITNI system (ITNI = Integrated Total Nitrogen Input), which is based on the ¹⁵N isotope dilution method. These differences were only partly explained by climatic influences. The effects of crops on the atmospheric N deposition measured by the ITNI system are discussed. For this purpose, data of six different plant species recorded in 1998 were re‐analyzed. It was found that the airborne N input is closely correlated with the morphology and metabolism of crops. Daily atmospheric N depositions of 129.0–360.8 g per hectare were measured for the plant species used. The nutritional supply of plants, especially with N, is another factor of influence on the N input from the atmosphere which should be considered. To investigate this aspect, a pot experiment was conducted with the grass Lolium perenne at three different N levels. An increase in the airborne N uptake (corresponding to N fertilization) was observed as biomass production rose.     

农作物叶片对大气沉降重金属的吸收转运和积累机制

近年来,农产品的重金属超标问题已经引起了公众的广泛关注,也是国内外学者研究的热点.要实现农产品重金属污染的有效防控,首先需要解决的就是重金属来源问题.目前已有的研究大多集中在根系对土壤中重金属的吸收机制研究,且已基本探明作物根系对重金属的吸收转运机制,包括根际离子的活化,根细胞的吸附和扩散、跨膜运输,根皮层细胞的横向运...     

Redox potential of bulk soil and soil solution concentration of nitrate,manganese, iron,and sulfate in two Gleysols

While the reduction of nitrate‐N, Mn(III,IV), Fe(III), and sulfate‐S in soil has been studied intensively in the laboratory, field research has received only limited attention. This study investigated the relationship between redox potential (E_H) measured in bulk soil and concentrations of nitrate, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, and sulfate in the soil solution of two Gleysols differing in drainage status from the Marsh area of Schleswig‐Holstein, Northern Germany. The soils are silty‐sandy and developed from calcareous marine sediments. Redox potentials were monitored weekly with permanently installed Pt electrodes, and soil solution was obtained biweekly by ceramic suction cups from 10, 30, 60, and 150 cm depth over one year. Median E_H at 10, 30, 60, and 150 cm depths was 470, 410, 410, and 20 mV in the drained soil and 500, 480, 30, and –170 mV in the undrained soil, respectively. A decrease in E_H below critical values was accompanied in the soil solutions (pH 7.4 to 7.8) by disappearance of nitrate below 0 to 200 mV, appearance of Mn²⁺ below 350 mV, and Fe²⁺ below 0 to 50 mV. Both metals disappeared from soil solution after aeration. In the sulfide‐bearing environment of the 150 cm depth of the undrained soil, however, the sulfate concentrations were highest at such E_H values at which sulfate should be unstable. This discrepancy was reflected in the fact that at this depth bulk soil E_H was about 400 mV lower than soil solution E_H (250 mV). When investigating the dynamics of nitrate, Mn, and Fe in soils, bulk soil E_H provides semi‐quantitative information in terms of critical E_H ranges. However, in sulfidic soil environments the interpretation of E_H measured in bulk soil is uncertain.     

大气CO2和O3升高对菜地土壤酶活性和微生物量的影响

利用OTC平台和青菜盆栽实验,探索[CO2]、[O3]或[CO2+O3]升高条件下,土壤理化性质、微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化,以期获得未来大气CO2或/和O3升高对土壤微生态系统的风险性。结果表明,[CO2]升高不同程度地提高了土壤的可溶性有机碳（DOC）、可溶性有机氮（DON）、总磷（TP）、总碳（TC）、铵态氮（AN）、硝态氮（NN）含量和含水量（SWC）,进而不同程度地提高了土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）含量以及土壤蛋白酶（PRA）、蔗糖酶（SA）、脲酶（UA）、多酚氧化酶（POA）、酸性磷酸酶（APA）和中性磷酸酶（NPA）活性。相反,[O3]升高不同程度降低了土壤DOC、TP、TK、TC、TN、AN、NN、SWC、MBC和MBN含量,提高了MBC/MBN比值,在不同程度上降低了土壤PRA、SA、UA、POA、APA和NPA酶活性。而[CO2+O3]在一定程度上消减了[O3]对土壤微生物量和酶活性的抑制作用,也降低了[CO2]升高对土壤微生物量和酶活性的刺激效应。因此,土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化可用于评价未来大气CO2或/和O3升高对菜地土壤微生态环境的影响。     

Effect of nitrogen deposition on CH4 uptake in forest soils in Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

It has been well documented by short-term artificial experiments that the CH⁴ uptake is inhibited by N input, especially NH^{4 p+}-N input. To investigate the effect of the natural N input by throughfall and other factors on the CH⁴ uptake in forest soils, we measured the CH⁴ uptake rates for 6 months during the snow-free period of the year and N input by throughfall throughout the year at 10 sites in Hokkaido, Japan, from 1997 to 2002. Water filled pore space (WFPS) and pH values in the soils varied widely among the sites (38-93% and 3.9-6.2, respectively). The rates of NH^{4 p+}-N and NH^{3 p-}-N inputs ranged from 1.3 to 6.9 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1 and from 0.8 to 2.9 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1, respectively. The NH^{4 p+}-N input was generally higher than the NH^{3 p-}-N input. Total N input by throughfall amounted to 2.3-9.4 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1. The highest CH⁴ uptake rate occurred within the period from July to September (41-215 μg CH⁴ m^p-2 h^p-1) each year at most sites. CH⁴ uptake rate was relatively low (~50 μg CH⁴ M-2 h^p-1) at northern sites, while a high CH⁴ uptake rate was observed throughout the year 100 (? CH⁴ m^p-2 h^p-1) at southern sites. The mean CH⁴ uptake rates were significantly different among the sites. Cumulative CH⁴ uptake ranged from 1.4 to 6.6 kg CH⁴ ha^p-1 [184 d]^p-1 with a mean values of 3.22 ± 1.36 kg CH⁴ ha^p-1 [184 d]^p-1. Cumulative CH⁴ uptake increased with increasing temperature and decreased with an increase in precipitation (Rain), NH^{4 p+}-N input (TF^NH4) WFPS, soil total C (TC), and total N (TN). There was a quadratic relationship between the CH⁴ uptake and NH^{3 p-}-N input (TF^NO3), soil pH, and C / N ratio in soil. A regression equation was obtained as follows to predict the CH⁴ uptake in forest soils: Cumulative CH⁴ uptake = 0.47 / Rain + 0.38 / TF^NH4 + 0.34 / TC - 0.30 / TF^N03 (R ^p2 = 0.74, p = 0.0001). This equation indicates that atmospheric N input into forest soils is one of the main factors that control cumulative CH⁴ uptake with precipitation, total carbon content in soil in Hokkaido, Japan.     

Simulated effects of climate change and acid deposition on soil chemical conditions in a Masson Pine forest of SW China

In SW China, acid deposition has been associated with forest damage such as defoliation and mortality due to serious soil acidification. These effects may be exacerbated by ongoing climate change. Understanding the integrated effects of climate change and acid deposition on soil chemistry of forest ecosystems is the key to alleviate forest damage and recover forest health. In particular, the long‐term development of integrated effects is unclear and, thus, prevents setting up cost‐effective controls of atmospheric deposition for improved forest‐health management. We employed the Nutrient Cycling Model (NuCM) to predict the changes of soil chemistry in a Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest at Tie‐Shan‐Ping (nearby Chongqing, the biggest city in SW China) under two scenarios of climate change and five scenarios of atmospheric deposition. Field‐monitoring data were used to calibrate and validate the NuCM model. It is shown that the maintaining of current acid deposition both in its quantity and composition would not enhance soil acidification although it would take further 20 years to reach a steady state with higher SO$ _4^{2-} $ and Ca²⁺ concentrations in soil solution. This simulated trend is in contradiction to the decrease of soil pH observed in field during last several decades. The possible reason of this may be the obviously elevated deposition of Ca²⁺, which may help to raise the pH of soil solution but occurred only in recent several years following the rapid increase of local construction industry. However, this enhanced Ca²⁺ input may not be maintained for long time. A decreased S input would lead to some positive effects on soil chemistry such as the increase of soil base saturation. A high N deposition has implicated the forest ecosystem to be saturated with N, and increased N input will further aggravate soil acidification and nutrient imbalances. The future climate change projected by IPCC, i.e., the increase of temperature and rainfall may slightly enhance the negative effect of increased N input. The integrated effect of climate change and N‐deposition increase may counteract the positive effects of decreased S input to a considerable degree. This supports the need for a rigorous implementation of new technology to decrease the emission of both S and N.     

横跨中国崇明岛河岸湿地缓冲区土壤中溶解性有机碳的空间分布及其荧光特征

The migration of soil dissolved organic carbon(DOC) from terrestrial to aquatic environments has important impacts on the adjacent water quality and the transport of organic and inorganic contaminants.However,few studies have investigated the sources and properties of DOC in riparian zones.A total of 34 soil samples were collected across four riparian buffer zones(Zones A-D) on Chongming Island,China.The vertical distributions of soil organic carbon(SOC) and DOC,fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM) spectra of DOC and the optical indices,including fluorescence index(FI),index of recent autochthonous contribution(BIX),and humification index(HIX),were measured across the riparian environment to investigate the sources and fluorescence properties of DOC.The results showed that SOC stored in the surface soil(0-30 cm) accounted for 40%of the total soil profile SOC.The DOC accumulated in Zones A-C,which accounted for 5%of the SOC.The fluorescence EEM spectra of DOC showed that DOC contained humic-like and protein-like substances,which were mainly derived from recent plant debris by microbes.A large amount of humic-like substances were sorbed to minerals in the surface soil(0-30 cm).In addition,the riparian topography and soil physico-chemical properties(pH,EC and moisture) dictated the transformation and transport of DOC.The results suggested that EEMs could reveal the source of DOC in riparian soil systems,and that optical indices were complementary tools that revealed the characteristics of soil DOC and provided supplemental evidence about DOC sources.     

Rice-soil interactions in Vietnamese acid sulphate soils: impacts of submergence depth on soil solution chemistry and yields

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of water submergence depth on radial oxygen loss (ROL), soil solution chemistry and rice growth performance in acid sulphate soils in southern Vietnam. ROL was measured in a solution culture. In a separate pot experiment the impact of water submergence depth on rice growth and soil solution chemistry was studied. Three submergence depths were used in the two experiments (5, 10 and 15 cm). ROL declined with submergence depth and was significantly greater in young roots (with no root hairs) than in older roots. In the pot experiment rice growth and soil solution chemistry were clearly affected by the submergence depth. During the first crop at 5 cm submergence, there was a significantly higher yield and a higher oxidation state (pe+pH) compared to 10 or 15 cm submergence. The Fe concentration was significantly greater at the 5 cm depth compared to the 10 or 15 cm depth. SO₄^2– reduction was delayed at the 5 cm depth. Rice yield was c. 25% less at the 15 cm than at the 5 cm depth. During a second crop, there was a substantial SO₄^2- reduction and H₂S formation and almost no significant effects of submergence depth on either soil solution chemistry or crop yield. In a field experiment with a dry-season rice crop, yield and Fe, Al and SO₄^2– concentrations were higher at a shallow submergence depth than at greater depths in the same field, showing similar depth trends to those found during the first crop in the pot experiment. Farmers should be advised to use a shallow submergence depth and, if possible, avoid deep-rooted rice varieties. A conceptual model is suggested, which summarizes the relationships between ROL and soil solution chemistry.     

Suppressive effect of rice bran incorporation in paddy soil on germination of Monochoria vaginalis and its relationship with electric conductivity

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate (1) the effects of the addition of rice (Oryza sativa. L.) bran to paddy soil on the germination of Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Kunth, and (2) the relationship between the electric conductivity (EC) of the soil solution and germination. Soil samples were collected at 4 sites in Japan. After flooded soils with rice bran had been incubated for 7?d at 30°C, the soil solution was collected using a porous cup and the EC of the soil solution was measured. The amounts of rice bran added to the soil were 0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% (weight(w)/w). In the soil solution obtained, seeds of M. vaginalis were incubated for 3?d at 30°C, and the germination percentage was then analyzed. The addition of rice bran suppressed germination, and the degree of suppression increased with increasing content of rice bran. Although the same amount of rice bran was applied to each soil, the degree of growth suppression by rice bran as well as the EC of the soil solution differed among the soils. In each soil, there was a positive correlation between the amount of rice bran and EC, and the degree of growth suppression significantly increased with an increase in EC. When EC was higher than 150?mS?m^?1, seeds of M. vaginalis hardly germinated. There was no significant correlation between the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) of soil and seed germination, suggesting that EC is a more reliable and convenient indicator than Eh for evaluating the relationship between the addition of organic material and seed germination. In conclusion, the addition of rice bran to soil increases the EC of the soil solution, and EC is one of the factors that suppress the germination of M. vaginalis. The suppressive effect of rice bran on germination is different among soils. This fact is attributed to the difference in EC due to the addition of rice bran. Thus, it is expected that EC can be used as an indicator for determining how much rice bran to add.     

施用不同种类氮肥对日光温室土壤溶液离子组成的影响

采用土培模拟试验研究了施用不同量的尿素[CO(NH2)2]、碳酸氢铵（NH4HCO3）、硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4]对培养期间日光温室土壤溶液电导率（EC）和不同离子组成及比例的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥种类对土壤溶液电导率（EC）的影响主要表现在培养的前一周左右,之后不同品种间无明显差异。土壤溶液中NO3--N含量随施氮量和培养时间呈明显的上升趋势,不同氮肥种类NO3--N含量无明显差异;不同氮肥种类处理土壤溶液中NH4+-N含量在培养的前7 d有所差异,之后亦无差异。随着氮肥施用量的增加,日光温室土壤溶液的EC及K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子的浓度升高;增施氮肥同时提高了土壤溶液中Ca/K、Mg/K的比值,而对土壤溶液钾的活度比（ARK）无显著影响。说明氮肥施用量是影响土－液界面离子交换的重要因素;由此带来的日光温室土壤盐分累积以及K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+离子的淋失等问题值得关注。     

Effects of sulfur application and Thiobacillus inoculation on soil nutrient availability,wheat yield and plant nutrient concentration in calcareous soils with different calcium carbonate content

In this research, elemental sulfur was applied at eight rates with and without Thiobacillus inoculation in calcareous soils which had 23%, 17% and 8.5% Total Neutralizing Value(TNV). The highest grain yield, biological yield, plant height, and concentrations of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in shoot were obtained with application of S⁰ at rates which neutralized 2% and 4% of soil TNV, while highest available nutrients and plant-phosphorus (P) were recorded with application of S⁰ at rates which neutralized 16% and 20% of soil TNV. Maximum indices were recorded in soil which had 17% TNV, so that available P, Fe and zinc (Zn) increased by 167.33%, 35.67% and 81.70% compared with control respectively with application of 9.14 g S° g^?1soil. Thiobacillus inoculation increased all of indices (except Fe concentration) compared with non-inoculated control. The results reveal that sulfur application along with Thiobacillus can increase nutrients availability, nutrients uptake and yield of wheat grown in calcareous soils.     

Effect of soil physical properties on soybean nodulation and N2 fixation at the early growth stage in heavy soil field in Hachirougata Polder,Japan

We studied the effect of the soil physical properties on soybean nodulation and N₂ fixation in the heavy soil of an upland field (UF) and an upland field converted from a paddy field (UCPF) in the Hachirougata polder, Japan. Seeds of the soybean cultivar Ryuho were sown in each field with or without inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum A1017. The soybean plants were sampled at 35 (V3) and 65 (Rl) d after sowing (DAS), and then nodulation and the percentage of N derived from N₂ fixation in the xylem sap were determined. The soil physical properties were different between UF and UCPF, especially the air permeability and soil water regime. Nodule growth was restricted in UCPF irrespective of rhizobial inoculation, though rhizobial infection was not inhibited by the unfavorable soil physical conditions. Soybean plant growth was closely related to the nodule mass and N₂ fixation activity, and the inoculation of a superior rhizobium strain was effective only at 35 DAS. These results indicate that soybean nodulation and N₂ fixation was considerably affected by the physical properties of heavy soil, and that it is important to maintain the N₂ fixation activity and inoculate the soybean plants with a superior rhizobium strain at a later growth stage in order to increase soybean production in heavy soil fields.     

The effects of irrigation and cultivation on the quality of desert soil in central Iran

Cultivation of irrigated desert soils in Central Iran is one way of utilizing under‐exploited land to produce more food. This study explores the value of soil quality indicators as measures when converting desert to croplands. Soil samples from unfarmed desert, wheat and alfalfa sites in the Abarkooh Plain (Central Iran) were taken from 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths. Soil quality indicators including organic carbon, total nitrogen, carbohydrate, particulate organic carbon (POC) in aggregate fractions, and aggregate water‐stability were determined. The desert soils contained organic carbon of 0·26–0·56 g kg⁻¹, total nitrogen of 0·05–0·08 g kg⁻¹ and carbohydrate of 0·03–0·11 g kg⁻¹ at 0–30 cm depth. Across this depth, the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen and carbohydrate in wheat were about 3–7, 2–3 and 6–26‐times higher than those of desert soils, respectively. These values for alfalfa were 5–12, 3–4 and 7–35 times, respectively. The POC (near zero in desert soils) and generally other soil quality indicators showed greater improvement in alfalfa than in wheat fields. The results indicated a significant decrease in proportion of the fraction <0·05 mm in cultivated soils, whereas the proportion of the large aggregate size classes (2–4 and 1–2 mm) was increased by irrigation and cultivation. A significant improvement in aggregate water‐stability was observed in cultivated soils. At all depths, a large portion of the total soil organic carbon was stored in the fractions <0·05 mm for desert and macroaggregates (0·25–2 mm) for cultivated soils. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of Repeated Applications of Elemental Sulfur on Microbial Population,Sulfate Concentration,and pH in Soils

Abstract

Though there exists a wide spectrum of sulfur‐oxidizing microorganisms in soils, the oxidation rate of soil‐applied elemental sulfur (S⁰) is regularly limited because of a restricted population size. An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the effect of repeated S⁰ applications on different microbial populations, sulphate (SO₄ ^2?)‐S concentration, and soil pH. Elemental sulfur was applied repeatedly at a rate of 15 mg S g^?1 soil in a 15‐day interval cycle of 7 times. After each cycle, 7.5 mg lime (CaCO₃) g^?1 soil was applied to adjust the soil pH to an optimum range. Soil pH and 0.025 M potassium chloride (KCl)–extractable SO₄ ^2?‐S were determined every 3 days. The population of Thiobacillus spp. and aerobic heterotrophic sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria were counted 3 and 15 days after each S⁰ application. The results showed that the soil pH decreased rapidly from an initial value of 7.6 to 5.3, 15 days after the first S⁰ application. Lime applications successfully counterbalanced the acidifying effect of S⁰ oxidation, and soil pH values were maintained in the optimum range with a pH of about 6.4. The 0.025 M KCl–extractable SO₄ ^2?‐S content increased with repeated applications of S⁰, showing a maximum value of 3,800 mg S kg^?1 soil after the sixth S⁰ application. Thereafter, the SO₄ ^2?‐S concentration decreased significantly. The Thiobacillus spp.count increased consistently with repeated S⁰ applications. The number of Thiobacillus spp. at the first application of S⁰ was significantly lower than the count after all other applications. A maximum Thiobacillus spp. count of 1.0 · 10⁸ g^?1 soil was observed after the seventh application of S⁰. The fastest S⁰ oxidation rate was found after the second application of S⁰. The population of aerobic heterotrophic sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria increased also with repeated S⁰ applications, showing a maximum count of 5.0 · 10⁴ g^?1 soil after the fourth S⁰ application. Thereafter, the population declined steadily. Significant relationships between SO₄ ^2?‐S concentration and count of Thiobacillus spp. (R²=0.85, p<0.01) and aerobic heterotrophic sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria (R²=0.63, p<0.01) were found. Based on these results, it may be concluded that repeated S⁰ applications decrease soil pH, increase Thiobacillus spp. counts, and thus increase extractable SO₄ ^2?‐S concentration in soils. The results further suggest that soils that receive regular S⁰ applications have a higher Thiobacillus spp. count and thus have conjecturally a higher S⁰ oxidation potential than soils that have never received S⁰. This again indicates a priming effect of S⁰ oxidation by Thiobacillus spp., which needs to be confirmed under field conditions.     

营养型土壤改良剂对酸性土壤中钾的调节及玉米吸钾量的影响

营养型土壤改良剂(以下简称改良剂)施入三种不同肥力水平的土壤进行恒温培养试验和盆栽试验,测定土壤有效钾的含量、盆栽试验玉米的生物量和钾吸收量。结果表明:对于有效钾含量高的土壤,改良剂能促进钾的缓效化,有利于土壤钾的保蓄,防止土壤钾的淋失;对于有效钾含量较低的土壤,改良剂可以活化土壤中的钾,提高土壤钾的有效性;不同肥力水平的土壤,改良剂都能促进玉米对钾的吸收,有利于提高钾肥的吸收利用效率。     

氮磷钾肥料对茶园土壤溶液中氟含量的影响

在室内模拟条件下,设置茶园土壤单施不同水平及形态的氮肥以及配施不同水平氮、磷、钾肥料处理,根据各处理施肥后土壤中的肥料浓度向土壤中添加相应肥料溶液,测定不同时间段后土壤溶液的pH值和氟含量,分析氮肥水平和形态,氮、磷、钾配施对茶园土壤溶液中氟含量的影响。结果表明:(1)单施氮肥条件下,施用铵态氮和硝态氮增加了土壤溶液中氟含量,酰胺态氮则降低了土壤溶液中氟含量,且三者对氟含量的增加或降低作用均随施肥时间和氮肥水平的增加而增加;施肥后48 h土壤溶液中氟含量与土壤溶液pH值呈负相关(r=-0.658~(**)),氮肥形态通过影响土壤溶液pH进而影响土壤溶液氟含量。(2)氮、磷、钾配施时,随着施肥时间的增加,土壤溶液中氟含量增加,不同处理的差异显著性则降低;相同磷、钾水平下,土壤溶液中氟含量随氮肥(硫酸铵)水平的增加而显著增加;磷肥可显著降低土壤溶液中氟含量,钾肥可以增加土壤溶液中氟含量,同样施氮条件下,土壤溶液中氟含量的大小基本为N+KN+P+KNN+P;施肥后48 h土壤溶液中氟含量与氮水平高度正相关(P0.01),与土壤溶液pH值高度负相关(P0.01),氮、磷、钾配施茶园土壤溶液中氟含量主要受氮肥水平和土壤溶液pH的影响。可见,在茶园中施用适量的酰胺态氮,或者配施磷或磷钾,在一定时间内可以提升土壤pH值,进而降低土壤溶液氟含量,为合理施肥,降低茶园土壤有效氟提供了理论依据。     

川中丘陵区土壤侵蚀对土壤特性和作物产量的影响

Roles of tillage erosion and water erosion in the development of within-field spatial variation of surface soil properties and soil degradation and their contributions to the reduction of crop yields were studied on three linear slopes in the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Tillage erosion was found to be the dominant erosion process at upper slope positions of each linear slope and on the whole short slope (20 m). On the long slope (110 m) and medium slope (40 m), water erosion was the dominant erosion process. Soil organic matter and soil nutrients in the tillage layer were significantly related to slope length and ¹³⁷Cs inventories on the long slope; however, there was no significant correlation among them on the short slope, suggesting that water erosion lowered soil quality by transporting SOM and surface soil nutrients selectively from the upper to lower slope positions, while tillage erosion transported soil materials unselectively. On the medium slope, SOM, total N, and available N in the tillage layer were correlated with slope length and the other properties were distributed evenly on the slope, indicating that water erosion on this slope was still the dominant soil redistribution process. Similar patterns were found for the responses of grain yield, aboveground biomass, and harvest index for slopes. These results indicated that tillage erosion was a major cause for soil degradation and grain yield reduction on the linear slopes because it resulted in displacement of the tillage layer soil required for maintaining soil quality and plant growth.     

Properties and classification of volcanic ash soils around Lake Kuwanuma on the eastern footslope of Mt. Funagata in Miyagi prefecture,northeastern Japan

One of the developments in recognition of soil properties and different soils is from morphological to analytical. With an incorporation of analytical data, transitional soils can be systematically named using a key-out order as well as typical soils. Our major objective was to evaluate soils with multiple forming processes such as andosolization, podzolization, etc., using soil analytical data, selecting a small area having different soil names based on soil morphological properties. According to a local soil map, Ando soils, Brown forest soils (Dark) and Wet and Dry podzols soils are adjacently distributed around Lake Kuwanuma on the eastern footslope of Mt. Funagata in Miyagi prefecture, northeastern Japan. We studied the morphological, chemical and mineralogical properties of these soils and classified them according to the recent Comprehensive Soil Classification System of Japan (CSCSJ), United States Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy (ST) and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). The elevation of Lake Kuwanuma is 780 m above sea level and a plateau is located next to a steep slope on the western side of the lake. Three pedons were sampled from the northern side of Lake Kuwanuma, and 3 additional pedons were sampled from the plateau. The average difference in elevation between these two groups of pedons was 229 m. All 6 pedons were classified as Andosols in CSCSJ, Udands in ST and Andosols in WRB. Thus, andosolization was the dominant soil-forming process throughout the study area. The major modification of Andisols in the study area was caused by forest vegetation. Of the 6 pedons sampled, three were classified as Fulvudands in ST and had the Fulvic prefix qualifier in WRB. Furthermore, weak podzolization was suggested on the basis of soil profile observations. One pedon on the plateau had a Bs horizon, which satisfied the spodic horizon requirements of ST. Thus, weak podzolization, especially on the plateau, was another accessory characteristic in the present study area. The nearby distribution of Podzols soils and Ando soils in the local soil map may be explained by differences in temperature, leaching intensity and other factors. A podzolic subgroup of Andosols/Udands was desired to express the properties of pedons on the plateau in the lower categories of the recent soil classification systems.