除氨菌系对牛粪堆肥氮素转化的影响

为了减轻牛粪堆肥过程中NH3释放对环境的污染及氮素损失,在牛粪堆肥时添加除氨菌系,研究其对氮素形态转化的影响。加除氨菌系处理的NH4+-N、NH3较对照分别降低20.47%和61.21%,全氮、NO3--N较对照分别提高11.63%和65.01%,酸解有机氮、氨基酸态氮、酰胺态氮和氨基糖态氮含量分别提高12.42%、11.26%、16.92%和19.51%。表明除氨菌系在牛粪堆肥过程中,能够固定NH4+-N向有机氮各组分转化,减少NH3挥发,具有较好的保氮作用。     

牛粪堆肥过程中有机态氮的动态变化

利用外源微生物进行牛粪高温好氧堆肥试验,研究堆肥过程中不同形态有机态氮组分的变化规律。结果表明,全氮与酸水解氮均呈下降趋势,与不加外源微生物处理相比,外源微生物处理只是加速全氮与酸水解氮含量的降低,并没有引起氮素过多的损失;氨基酸态氮呈现先降低后增加的趋势,堆肥结束时,外源微生物处理含量明显高于不加微生物处理;酰胺态氮与氨基糖态氮各处理含量都在升温期、高温期增加,然后随着堆肥温度的下降而降低,在腐熟期则呈现较平稳的走势。在堆肥的不同时期,外源微生物处理酰胺态氮含量明显低于不加微生物处理,而氨基糖态氮则相反。     

Effect of nitrite accumulation on nitrous oxide emission and total nitrogen loss during swine manure composting

The present study investigated the nitrogen balance in swine manure composting to evaluate the effect of nitrite (     ) accumulation, which induces nitrogenous emissions, such as N₂O, during compost maturation. During active composting, most N losses result from NH₃ emission, which was 9.5% of the initial total nitrogen (TN_initial), after which,     began to accumulate as only ammonia-oxidizing bacteria proliferated. After active composting, the addition of mature swine compost (MSC), including nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), could prevent     accumulation and reduce N₂O emission by 70% compared with the control in which     accumulated as a result of delayed growth of indigenous NOB. Total N₂O emissions in the control and in the treatment of MSC addition (MA) were 9.3% and 3.0% of TN_initial, respectively, whereas N losses as the sum total of NH₃ and N₂O over the whole period were 19.0% (control) and 12.8% (MA) of TN_initial, respectively. However, the difference in total N losses was markedly greater than that measured as NH₃ and N₂O, which were 27.8% (control) and 13.3% (MA) of TN_initial, respectively. These results demonstrated that the magnitude of nitrogen losses induced by     accumulation is too large to ignore in the composting of swine manure.     

Effect of nitrite accumulation on nitrous oxide emission and total nitrogen loss during swine manure composting

Abstract

The present study investigated the nitrogen balance in swine manure composting to evaluate the effect of nitrite (NO^? ₂) accumulation, which induces nitrogenous emissions, such as N₂O, during compost maturation. During active composting, most N losses result from NH₃ emission, which was 9.5% of the initial total nitrogen (TN_initial), after which, NO^? ₂ began to accumulate as only ammonia-oxidizing bacteria proliferated. After active composting, the addition of mature swine compost (MSC), including nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), could prevent NO^? ₂ accumulation and reduce N₂O emission by 70% compared with the control in which NO^? ₂ accumulated as a result of delayed growth of indigenous NOB. Total N₂O emissions in the control and in the treatment of MSC addition (MA) were 9.3% and 3.0% of TN_initial, respectively, whereas N losses as the sum total of NH₃ and N₂O over the whole period were 19.0% (control) and 12.8% (MA) of TN_initial, respectively. However, the difference in total N losses was markedly greater than that measured as NH₃ and N₂O, which were 27.8% (control) and 13.3% (MA) of TN_initial, respectively. These results demonstrated that the magnitude of nitrogen losses induced by NO^? ₂ accumulation is too large to ignore in the composting of swine manure.     

鸡粪堆肥中氮转化微生物变化特征的初步研究

采用室外人工翻堆好氧堆肥方法,进行了70d的鸡粪、鸡粪添加1%稻草和鸡粪添加3%稻草堆肥试验,采用平板记数法和最大可能记数法(MPN),研究了堆肥过程中氨化细菌、固氮菌、硝化菌和反硝化菌的数量变化规律。结果表明:氨化作用在堆肥初期显著,硝化作用、反硝化作用、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量随堆肥时间的推移有上升的趋势;堆肥中存在固氮菌,但数量变化不大。堆肥中氮转化微生物变化特征与堆肥中铵态氮、硝态氮变化规律相一致。     

不同工艺对牛粪堆沤肥过程气体排放的影响

堆沤肥是中国畜禽粪便处理利用的最主要方式。为探究不同堆沤肥方式对温室气体和氨气排放规律和温室效应,在北京市密云区开展了为期71d的堆沤肥试验,以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料,分析了静态堆沤 (T1)、堆沤+翻抛 (T2)、堆沤+覆膜 (T3)、翻抛+覆膜 (T4)等4种方式对堆沤肥过程中腐熟度、温室气体和氨气等指标的影响。结果表明,4个处理的种子发芽指数分别达到131.33%、134.49%、108.76%和136.24%,均满足堆肥产品的腐熟度要求（≥70%）。翻抛有利于CO₂、N₂O和NH₃的排放,而覆膜抑制了N₂O的生成,T2处理的增温潜势最高,T3处理的增温潜势最低,较对照组T1处理减排20.14%。因此,T3处理在能够保证堆肥产品的腐熟度要求的前提下,还可有效减少增温潜势。该研究可为中小养殖场户堆沤肥的工艺优化实践提供技术指导。     

Alterations in yield,physicochemical components and mineral composition of onion following organic manure and inorganic nitrogen application

Onion is the one of the most important vegetable crops grown extensively throughout the world; hence, understanding the response of the crop to the form and amount of N provided is of immense importance. In a field experiment, poultry and cattle manure (at 10?t/ha) were compared with four inorganic nitrogen (N) application levels (0, 60, 90 and 120?kg?N/ha), and six combinations of manure and N applications were investigated. Plant growth and total yield (kg/ha) significantly increased, when N application increased from 0 to 120?kg/ha, with or without added poultry manure. Plant height, leaf number and neck thickness were significantly reduced at 0?kg/ha?N plus cattle manure. The bulb ascorbic acid concentration significantly increased with the use of poultry manure (15.94?mg/100?g) and cattle manure (15.94?mg/100?g), compared with 120?kg/ha inorganic N (11.42?mg/100?g). No significant effects were observed on total phenolics and total soluble solids of onion bulbs following the different fertiliser treatments. Cattle manure increased P and K concentrations, whilst poultry manure significantly increased Zn and Fe concentrations in onion bulbs. Onion bulb Ca and Mg concentrations were lower when cattle manure (0.19% and 0.12%) was used than when other organic or inorganic fertilisers were used. Therefore, organic manure increases the concentrations of certain minerals in onions, compared with inorganic N application, without negatively affecting bulb size.     

添加剂对猪粪秸秆堆肥的氮素损失控制效果

为减少堆肥过程中的氨气挥发和氮素损失,该文以新鲜猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风静态垛堆肥装置进行35 d的好氧堆肥试验,研究2种固氮添加剂(过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁)对猪粪秸秆堆肥过程中的氮素损失控制效果。结果表明:添加适量的固氮剂均可降低堆肥化过程中氨气的排放率。过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁处理相比较对照和磷酸+氢氧化镁处理,氮素固定率较高,固氮效果较好。与对照处理相比,该处理在整个堆肥过程中的累积氨气挥发量和总氮损失分别降低了41.78%和13.27%;在堆肥结束时,铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别提高了60.00%和24.66%。最终堆肥产品的种子发芽率指数为97.22%~115.86%,表明所有处理在堆置35 d后均达到腐熟。X射线衍射分析证实了添加固定剂处理的堆肥产品中均有鸟粪石(Mg NH_4PO_4·6H_2O)的存在,说明通过添加过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁2种固定剂可以改变堆肥的理化性质,促进堆肥的降解和腐熟。     

接种菌剂对鸡粪堆肥的影响

将鸡粪与稻草混合均匀后接种芽孢杆菌菌剂,接种发酵菌剂处理发酵温度显著提高,堆体温度≥50℃的时间比对照增加3 d.发酵前期接种处理的pH值高于对照,第7 d接种处理和对照的pH值分别为9.23和8.87.发酵后期接种处理的pH值低于对照,发酵结束时,接种处理和对照的pH值分别为8.22和8.31.接种处理和对照的电导率和碳氮比总体变化趋势相同,都呈现下降趋势,但是接种处理的电导率和碳氮比在堆肥后期显著低于对照.发酵结束时,接种处理和对照的电导率值分别为1.78和2.12 mS/cm,碳氮比分别为14.2和16.9.     

不同堆肥方式对奶牛粪便处理效果的试验研究

以奶牛粪便为原料，进行了堆肥槽、露天条垛和接种外源微生物的对比试验。结果表明：与露天条垛堆肥相比较，堆肥槽能节省50%以上土地，并可防止二次污染；露天条垛堆体温度升高至50℃比槽式堆体提前了3d；接种外源微生物制剂堆体升温至50℃比未接种的提前2～3d；本试验中各处理的种子发芽指数变化表明，牛粪经过20d堆肥处理后就对植物无毒性。     

不同调理剂对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

养殖业的发展造成了周边环境的严重污染。好氧堆肥技术是处理固体有机废弃物的一种有效方法。该文利用自制发酵箱进行了牛粪与不同调理剂-玉米芯、玉米秸秆和稻草的混合好氧堆肥试验。试验结果表明，当堆肥底料的初始碳氮比为27：1，初始含水率为65%时，玉米芯、玉米秸杆和稻草均可作为调理剂与牛粪进行好氧堆肥，且可达到无害化要求。而采用粒径大、多孔、疏松的玉米芯作为调理剂，有利于通风供氧，堆体升温和降温均较快，高温持续时间长，堆料腐熟快，有利于加快堆肥的进程。     

不同调理剂对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

养殖业的发展造成了周边环境的严重污染。好氧堆肥技术是处理固体有机废弃物的一种有效方法。该文利用自制发酵箱进行了牛粪与不同调理剂一玉米芯、玉米秸秆和稻草的混合好氧堆肥试验。试验结果表明,当堆肥底料的初始碳氮比为27:1,初始含水率为65％时,玉米芯、玉米秸杆和稻草均可作为调理剂与牛粪进行好氧堆肥,且可达到无害化要求。而采用粒径大、多孔、疏松的玉米芯作为调理剂,有利于通风供氧,堆体升温和降温均较快,高温持续时间长,堆料腐熟快,有利于加快堆肥的进程。     

过磷酸钙用量对猪粪堆肥过程及磷形态变化的影响

【目的】过磷酸钙作为常用的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂,具有减少氮素损失率并提高氮、磷养分含量等优点,但其对磷的有效性和形态的影响有待深入探讨。通过试验研究不同过磷酸钙添加量对猪粪锯末好氧堆肥过程的影响及堆肥中不同形态磷含量和形态之间的相互转化规律,以期为畜禽粪便堆肥中磷素的转化及合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】将猪粪和锯末以质量比（鲜重）4:1的比例混合,然后按照猪粪和锯末干物质量的5%、10%、15%添加过磷酸钙,以不添加过磷酸钙作为对照（CK）,进行42 d好氧堆肥,监测堆肥温度、含水率、pH、全氮、有机碳、全磷、有效磷、有机磷等指标。【结果】与CK相比,添加适量过磷酸钙可以显著提高堆肥的温度,增加高温持续期2~10 d;提高堆肥物料的持水能力,加快有机碳降解。添加5%~15%的过磷酸钙可以显著降低堆肥初始pH值0.33~0.68个单位,有效抑制堆肥过程中铵态氮的挥发损失,CK、5%、10%和15%的处理在堆肥结束时的氮素损失率分别为29.4%、26.6%、18.5%和8.0%,全氮和全磷含量分别较堆肥初增加17.3~34.2%和37.0%~123.1%。CK有效磷含量随堆肥时间不断上升,第42 d较堆肥初增加73.0%,而添加过磷酸钙5%、10%和15%的处理有效磷含量显著降低,分别较堆肥初减少了4.0%、23.2%和41.8%。随着堆肥的进行,各处理中有效磷占全磷的比例均不断下降,表明堆肥过程降低了磷的有效性。堆肥前期以有机磷的矿化为主,后期以有机磷的合成为主,第42 d有机磷占全磷的比例CK最高（22.1%）,添加5%、10%和15%过磷酸钙的处理分别为15.4%、11.0%和8.7%。【结论】猪粪堆肥中添加过磷酸钙,可以有效减少氮素损失,加快有机物料降解,以10%的添加量效果最佳;堆肥过程降低了磷的有效性,随着过磷酸钙用量的增加有效磷的比例不断下降;腐熟后堆肥中的磷以无机态为主,有机磷占全磷的比例随着过磷酸钙用量的增加而递减。     

不同堆肥方式对奶牛粪便处理效果的试验研究

以奶牛粪便为原料,进行了堆肥槽、露天条垛和接种外源微生物的对比试验。结果表明:与露天条垛堆肥相比较,堆肥槽能节省50％以上土地,并可防止二次污染;露天条垛堆体温度升高至50℃比槽式堆体提前了3d;接种外源微生物制剂堆体升温至50℃比未接种的提前2～3d;本试验中各处理的种子发芽指数变化表明,牛粪经过20d堆肥处理后就对植物无毒性。     

含水率对羊粪堆肥腐熟度及污染气体排放的影响

为了优化羊粪好氧堆肥的工艺条件,研究初始含水率对羊粪堆肥腐熟度及污染气体排放的影响。该研究以高湿新鲜羊粪为堆肥原料（含水率为75%）,添加玉米秸秆调节初始物料含水率分别为70%、65%、60%和55%,堆肥在60 L密闭发酵罐中共持续35 d。结果表明：75%含水率羊粪堆体单独不能顺利启动升温,且在试验期间释放了大量的甲烷和氧化亚氮等温室气体,在所有处理中产生的总温室效应最大（41.4 g/kg）。玉米秸秆与羊粪联合均能成功启动堆肥过程,且堆肥产品均可以达到无害化卫生要求和腐熟标准。其中初始含水率为65%时,堆体不仅高温期持续时间长,且有机质降解程度高,物料干质量降解率达45%,同时比其他处理可降低4.81%～16.99%的总氮损失和7.56%～48.62%的总温室气体排放量。因此,在羊粪和玉米秸秆联合堆肥时,初始含水率65%左右为最佳条件。     

不同辅料生物菌剂堆肥发酵层温度变化

该文研究了添加不同辅料猪粪高温(＞60℃)堆肥发酵层的温度变化规律,结果表明随着堆肥发酵时间不同,堆肥高温层的位置和厚度呈动态变化,有明显的变化规律,即：各辅料处理的堆体高温发酵层出现在离顶部20 cm和离底部20 cm之间,高温发酵层厚度随着发酵期而递增。辅料对猪粪生物堆肥过程高温发酵期开始及其厚度、高温发酵期延续时间有显著影响,从辅料对猪粪高温堆肥发酵层温度变化的影响看,猪粪生物菌剂堆肥生产中选用20%左右砻糠和木屑作为辅料较适宜。     

添加微生物菌剂对牛粪高温堆肥腐熟的影响

通过向堆肥中添加微生物菌剂和腐熟堆肥研究了其对堆肥腐熟速度的影响。结果表明,添加菌剂和腐熟堆肥在堆制初期均能促进堆体快速升温,较对照提前1～4d到达高温阶段(＞50℃),且菌剂添加量越大,升温越快;与对照相比,添加600mg·kg~(-1)菌剂和50g·kg~(-1)腐熟堆肥使高温期(＞50℃)延长了3～4d。堆制29d后,添加600 mg·kg~(-1)菌剂和50 g·kg~(-1)腐熟堆肥的处理均较好腐熟,种子发芽指数分别为92．1％和84．4％,其他处理则未达到腐熟。这表明向堆肥中接人一定量的菌剂和腐熟堆肥均可加快堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥周期。     

Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in paddy soils (Part 1) Characteristics of the nitrogen fixation in paddy soils

In most paddy soils, as is already well-known, the crop yield goes on decreasing just for the first few years and then stabilizes at a comparatively high level with no supply of fertilizer or manure.