宁夏森林植被及土壤碳密度分布特征

根据宁夏回族自治区森林资源清查资料以及野外调查和室内分析的结果,对宁夏地区不同森林群落碳密度分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:1)天然林各植被层碳密度均值的大小顺序为:乔木层(57.66 Mg/hm2)细根(8.39 Mg/hm2)凋落物层(8.34 Mg/hm2)草本层(0.23 Mg/hm2)灌木层(0.20 Mg/hm2),乔木层生物量碳密度占植被层总碳密度的77.06%;2)土壤碳密度均值在170.15~354.29 Mg/hm2间变化,以罗山油松+山杨林最高,贺兰山青海云杉林最低,就土层垂直分布来讲,50~100 cm土层碳积累最多,占整个剖面土壤碳密度的40%左右;3)各天然林生态系统碳密度均值变化范围为221.63~444.77 Mg/hm2,在罗山油松+山杨林最大,六盘山华山松+少脉椴林最小;4)宁夏天然林生态系统土壤碳密度是生物量碳密度的4.09倍,由于土壤碳库稳定性高于地上植被碳库,土壤碳密度较高的针阔混交林和阔叶林具有巨大的固碳潜力。     

红壤侵蚀区不同植被类型土壤磷垂直分布特征及影响因素研究

为探讨红壤侵蚀区不同植被类型下土壤磷素有效性,选取福建长汀红壤丘陵生态系统国家定位观测研究站的裸地(CK)、针叶林(CF)、针阔混交林(CB)以及阔叶林(BF)4种植被类型,分别测定其铁氧化物、各级磷素形态,并采用高通量测序技术对解磷菌(PSM)进行测定。结果表明:随着植被类型的转变,中等活性磷含量增加,低活性磷含量总体上减少,游离态氧化铁(Fe_d)含量逐渐减少。土壤中解磷菌的丰富度和多样性随植被类型的转变增加。在门分类水平上,优势类群主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、异常球菌—栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)等。变形菌门和酸性磷酸酶的含量随植被类型的转变总体呈现出增加趋势,变形菌门与ACP呈极显著正相关。综上所述,随着植被类型转变,稳定态磷逐渐向可利用态磷转化,土壤潜在磷源增加;游离态氧化铁含量的减少有利于有机磷的解吸和矿化,进而增加磷的有效性;解磷菌群落结构与多样性变化会受到土壤理化性质的影响,解磷微生物可通过分泌酸性磷酸酶的方式水解有机化合物并降解固定在土壤的无机磷,进而提高磷的有效性。     

北京山区不同植被恢复类型土壤质量综合评价

[目的] 综合评价北京山区不同植被恢复类型土壤质量,并进一步确定影响土壤质量的关键因素,为该地区植被恢复与重建提供数据支撑。[方法] 以立地条件相近的侧柏纯林、油松纯林、侧柏油松混交林、侧柏针阔混交林、油松针阔混交林、落叶阔叶混交林和无林地(对照)为研究对象,测定14个土壤理化指标作为土壤质量评价的总数据集(TDS),采用主成分分析法(PCA)和Pearson相关性分析建立土壤质量最小数据集(MDS),利用线性(L)和非线性(NL)2种评分方法计算土壤质量指数(SQI)和一般线性模型(GLM)确定影响土壤质量的关键因素。[结果] 植被恢复后相较于无林地,土壤容重、砂粒含量下降,而有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效钾等土壤养分含量增加。筛选出的研究区土壤质量评价MDS指标为全氮、砂粒、全钾、pH、有效含水量。4种方法(SQI-LT、SQI-NLT、SQI-LM、SQI-NLM)下,不同植被恢复类型的SQI值排序均为落叶阔叶混交林＞侧柏针阔混交林＞油松纯林＞油松针阔混交林＞侧柏油松混交林＞侧柏纯林＞无林地,植被恢复后土壤质量显著提升。SQI-NLM的土壤质量评价方法在北京山区具有更好的适用性。相较于无林地,其他植被恢复类型的SQI-NLM分别提高64%,48%,45%,36%,33%,27%。GLM模型解释了土壤质量指数总变异的85.24%,植被类型对土壤质量指数的解释比例最大(45.09%)。[结论] 选择适宜的植被恢复类型是改善区域土壤质量的关键。未来实施植被恢复时,树种选择上优先考虑阔叶树种。造林配置方式的选择应取决于树种而定,如侧柏纯林中引入本土阔叶树种形成侧柏针阔混交林或选择油松纯林是最佳造林模式。     

离子型稀土矿尾砂地植被恢复障碍因子研究

以江西省赣州市定南县不同废弃时间的离子型稀土矿尾砂地为研究对象,通过植被调查、土壤理化性质、微生物和酶活性分析,探讨稀土矿尾砂地植被恢复的障碍因子。结果表明,尾砂地植被覆盖度随着废弃时间增加而增加,在废弃10年后植被覆盖度达到72%,但其群落组成仍相对简单(仅3种);尾砂地土壤黏粒含量(6.00%~9.66%)和土壤有机质含量(0.5~1.5 g kg-1)均远低于周边正常植被区,而尾砂地土壤容重(1.26~1.43 g cm-3)则明显高于周边正常植被区。废弃1年的尾砂地土壤电导值显著高于废弃3~10年的尾砂地土壤和对照区土壤,土壤铵态氮和碱解氮含量则高达400 mg kg-1和500 mg kg-1,但废弃3~10年后碱解氮和铵态氮含量已趋于痕量,且在所调查的废弃3年和6年的尾砂地0~100 cm剖面内土壤铵态氮含量也极低,表明尾砂地土壤铵态氮在废弃3年内已流失殆尽,严重的水土流失及其导致的土壤氮素等营养匮乏也是尾砂地植被恢复的主要障碍之一;尾砂地土壤微生物生物量碳(26.7 mg kg-1)、土壤脲酶活性(29.9NH3-Nmg kg-1h-1)、土壤酸性磷酸酶活性(7.10 phenol mg kg-1h-1)均显著低于周边正常植被区土壤,表明尾砂地土壤氮、磷循环受到抑制。本研究表明,废弃3~10年内离子型稀土矿尾砂地的土壤理化生性质并未得到明显改善,尾砂地土壤面临土壤重建的问题,需要引入合适的人工干预如土壤改良才能加快尾砂地植被恢复。     

龙门山断裂带主要森林类型凋落物累积量及其持水特性

采用野外实地调查与室内控制浸提相结合的方法,对龙门山断裂带常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、常绿针叶林4种森林类型的凋落物储量、持水量、吸水速率进行了研究。结果发现,不同森林类型凋落物总储量大小顺序为:常绿针叶林(8.26t/hm2)落叶阔叶林(6.80t/hm2)针阔混交林(5.52t/hm2)常绿阔叶林(4.61t/hm2),且未分解层累积量所占比例均小于半分解层。不同森林类型不同分解程度凋落物的持水量和持水率与浸泡时间均呈对数关系,其吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系。研究区4种森林类型半分解层凋落物的持水能力均强于分解层,而落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林持水能力较强,其次是常绿针叶林,常绿阔叶林最低。研究表明,在该区森林植被恢复和重建过程中,应充分考虑半分解层凋落物对水土保持的作用,且宜优选落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林模式进行森林植被恢复。     

不同植被类型紫色土腐殖质的剖面分布特征

[目的]研究龙川江流域6种不同植被类型对紫色土腐殖质(胡敏酸、富里酸、胡敏素)和土壤养分(总磷、速效磷、总氮、碱解氮)剖面分布特征的影响,为该地区保持土壤肥力提供科学依据。[方法]采用锯齿形布点法,采集紫色土表层至30 cm深度的3个土层紫色土样品,用3次4分法分离多余样品,并测定相应指标。[结果]总磷、速效磷、总氮、碱解氮的含量和腐殖质、胡敏素、胡敏酸、富里酸碳量随土壤深度的增加而减小,枯枝落叶层显著高于其他层(地下0—10,10—20,20—30 cm),不同植被类型土壤无显著差异。果园土壤腐殖质及其组成显著高于桉树林覆盖土壤,表现为果园落叶阔叶林暖温性针叶林针阔混交林灌丛桉树林。土壤腐殖质各组分之间均存在极显著正相关关系,腐殖质组成与土壤有机质、总磷、速效磷、总氮、碱解氮均存在显著正相关关系。[结论]果园和落叶阔叶林下土壤腐殖质及其组分显著高于其他植被类型土壤,腐殖质组分含量与土壤理化性质之间呈极显著正相关。     

Reconstruction of climate,soil, and vegetation conditions of the Srubnaya cultural epoch on the basis of kurgan studies in the Cis-Ural forest-steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The reconstruction of soil, vegetation, and climatic conditions for the Srubnaya cultural epoch (3660 ± 40 (date wood), 3860 ± 120 (bones date) was performed on the basis of palynological and paleosol studies with radiocarbon dating of bones and wood fragments from two kurgans in the Cis-Ural forest-steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Morphological features and chemical properties of the modern background soils, the soils formed on the surface of burial mounds (kurgans), and the soils buried under them were characterized. According to palynological data, the climate of this territory in the period of construction of these kurgans was more humid than the modern climate. The paleovegetation of the Srubnaya epoch was represented by mesophilic herbaceous steppes with a lower participation of xerophytic species as compared to the modern steppe and by small forest groves composed of birch and pine trees with some admixture of lime trees. The temperature conditions were close to those at present, or somewhat cooler, which is evidenced by the lower content of pollen of the broadleaved trees. The modern background soils and the soils buried under the kurgans are classified as thin light loamy typical calcareous chernozems; they have similar morphologies and physicochemical properties. However, the reconstructed organic matter content in the upper 50 cm of the buried paleosols is higher than that in the modern soils. This attests to more favorable climatic conditions during the Srubnaya epoch and is in agreement with palynological data.     

科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松固沙林更新迹地土壤理化特性演变研究

科尔沁沙地南缘在90年代初引种失败后,对原有植被采伐并在采伐迹地进行植被重建。为了研究沙地植被更新13 a后土壤特性,选取土壤容重、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾7个衡量土壤肥力的重要指标作为土壤环境肥力质量的评价指标,采用改进的内梅罗(Nemoro)公式对山杏、彰武小钻杨和白丁香三种林分的土壤环境肥力质量进行综合评价。结果表明,植被重建后土壤特性演变朝良性方向发展,相较于采伐迹地土壤容重减小、田间持水量提高;有机质、氮磷钾及其有效性明显提高,有效磷和碱解氮含量相较于采伐迹地增幅最大;3种植被重建类型对提高土壤上层(0~10 cm)理化性质的能力较下层(10~20 cm)强;樟子松更新迹地3种植被重建类型下土壤肥力质量综合排序为:彰武小钻杨(0.82)白丁香(0.72)山杏(0.66)。樟子松固沙林更新迹地植被重建后的土壤理化性质及肥力条件得到了有效改善,且有很大的提升空间。研究结果将为今后科尔沁沙地生态恢复提供科学依据。     

合肥环城公园不同群落类型碳储量

对安徽省合肥市环城公园不同群落类型的碳储量进行了调查分析,结果表明,园林树木生物量碳储量范围为1．38～142．04kg／m^2,平均碳储量为24．97kg／m^2;不同群落类型的碳储量大小依次为：阔叶林〉针阔混交林〉针叶林〉疏林,群落的固碳能力（树木生物量与土壤固碳）顺序同此。表层土壤的有机碳含量变异较大,其变化范围为8．9～35．2g／kg,平均为18．89g／kg。     

辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌不同植被类型表层土壤特性

[目的]对辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌不同植被类型下表层土壤特性进行研究,为辽东山区冰缘地貌土壤生态环境的管理和保护提供基础数据和科学依据。[方法]以老秃顶子古石河冰缘地貌发育的落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、暗针叶林、灌草丛4种植被类型表层土壤为研究对象,采用野外定点取样及实验室分析相结合的方法,研究不同植被类型下的土壤特性。[结果]土壤属于酸性淋溶土,含有多种氧化物,各植被类型间土壤特性存在明显差异,相对而言,灌草丛表土温度较高,毛管孔隙所占比例大,保水蓄水能力较强;针阔混交林土壤比重小,疏松程度好,有机质含量较高;暗针叶林土壤酸性较强;落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林土壤水分更有利于植物生长,枯落物现存量较多,涵养水源和保持水土功能较好。[结论]海拔高度对土壤特性影响显著,枯落物现存量及养分储量与土壤特性有明显定量关系。保护区可通过改善土壤养分含量维持生境稳定性。     

Response of labile soil organic matter to changes in forest vegetation in subtropical regions

Labile soil organic matter (SOM) can sensitively respond to changes in land use and management practices, and has been suggested as an early and sensitive indicator of SOM. However, knowledge of effects of forest vegetation type on labile SOM is still scarce, particularly in subtropical regions. Soil microbial biomass C and N, water-soluble soil organic C and N, and light SOM fraction in four subtropical forests were studied in subtropical China. Forest vegetation type significantly affected labile SOM. Secondary broadleaved forest (SBF) had the highest soil microbial biomass, basal respiration and water-soluble SOM, and the pure Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation (PC) the lowest. Soil microbial biomass C and N and respiration were on average 100%, 104% and 75%, respectively higher in the SBF than in the PC. The influence of vegetation on water-soluble SOM was generally larger in the 0–10 cm soil layer than in the 10–20 cm. Cold- and hot-water-soluble organic C and N were on average 33–70% higher in the SBF than in the PC. Cold- and hot-soluble soil organic C concentrations in the coniferous-broadleaved mixed plantations were on average 38.1 and 25.0% higher than in the pure coniferous plantation, and cold- and hot-soluble soil total N were 51.4 and 14.1% higher, respectively. Therefore, introducing native broadleaved trees into pure coniferous plantations increased water-soluble SOM. The light SOM fraction (free and occluded) in the 0–10 cm soil layer, which ranged from 11.7 to 29.2 g kg⁻¹ dry weight of soil, was strongly affected by vegetation. The light fraction soil organic C, expressed as percent of total soil organic C, ranged from 18.3% in the mixed plantations of C. lanceolata and Kalopanax septemlobus to 26.3% in the SBF. In addition, there were strong correlations among soil organic C and labile fractions, suggesting that they were in close association and partly represented similar C pools in soils. Our results indicated that hot-water-soluble method could be a suitable measure for labile SOM in subtropical forest soils.     

Beziehung zwischen ökologischen Artengruppen und bodenchemischen Verhältnissen in Hamburger Waldbeständen

Relationships between ecological groups of plants and chemical properties of soils in forest ecosystems at Hamburg An analysis of vegetation in connection with soil analyses were carried out at 172 different forest sites at Hamburg. The objective of the investigation was to verify whether there is a relationship between the vegetation units characterized by ecological groups of plants (Ellenberg, 1974) and chemical properties of the soil. The results showed that the floristic mapping and characterization of the site according to the ecological groups of plants allow a rough differentiation of graded subunits in the area investigated. The relationship between the subunits and particular soil chemical properties was not sufficient, to permit a characterization of the soil chemical properties in the ecological estimation of forest sites.     

Soil Properties and Selected Aluminium Forms in Acid Forest Soils as Influenced by the Type of Stand Factors

Massive forest damage has been observed in certain mountainous regions affected by acidification. Declining of trees is ascribed to direct effect of SO₂ and also increasing concentration of mobile forms of Al in soils. The aim of this paper is to describe the influence of stand factors to distribution of Al forms in the Jizera Mountains region, Czech Republic. A set of 251 samples from 98 sites was collected. Basic soil characteristics and the content of different Al forms were determined. The amount and relative share of these Al forms under different types of vegetation was evaluated, with emphasis on the surface organic horizons. The results showed that phytotoxic mobile Al forms are the most influenced by altitude and organically bound Al forms by forest type. Non-toxic forms of Al are more abundant in broadleaved forest. Soils under coniferous forest are more affected by acidification.     

Soil properties and plant production after short-term fallows in Senegal

Abstract. Field trials of vegetation modification were carried out to test the hypothesis that the management of key plant groups such as trees, perennial grasses and legumes would improve soil chemical properties in short-term fallows. Soil properties and plant production during a 4-year fallow period and millet yields after clearing were recorded at two sites representing dry and subhumid climates in Senegal, West Africa. During the four years of fallow, soil organic matter did not vary significantly at either site. A decrease in amounts of Olsen P, calcium and potassium in soil (0–10 cm depth) by 42–50% occurred at one site due to an effect of perennial grasses. The highest millet yields were measured in plots on which the largest amounts of biomass had been burnt after clear-cutting. These results confirmed that short-term fallows do not replenish soil organic matter and nutrient contents. The introduction of planted species did not arrest the decline in soil quality.     

庐山不同林分类型土壤活性有机碳及其组分与土壤酶的相关性

土壤活性有机碳直接参与土壤生物化学转化过程,影响土壤酶活性,对土壤养分有效化作用明显。以庐山3种不同林分类型下土壤为研究对象,通过对不同林分下土壤活性有机碳及其组分与土壤酶活性状况进行相关分析。结果表明:（1）3种林分类型下WSOC和DOC平均含量排序均为阔叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 针叶林,而ROC由大到小依次为针阔混交林 > 阔叶林 > 针叶林;针阔混交林下MBC平均含量较高,针叶林下MBC平均含量较低。（2）3种林分类型下土壤蔗糖酶活性排序为针阔混交林 > 阔叶林 > 针叶林;纤维素酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的大小顺序为针叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 阔叶林;针阔混交林下脲酶活性最低,阔叶林最高;针阔混交林下多酚氧化酶活性最高,阔叶林最低;过氧化氢酶活性高低序列为阔叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 针叶林。（3）3种林分类型下土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶等水解酶与土壤活性有机碳各组分的相关性较好,多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶等氧化酶与土壤活性有机碳各组分之间没有表现出明显的相关性。     

Acidification of soils by trees and forests

Abstract. The impact of isolated trees and natural forest vegetation on soil acidity is discussed. There is a considerable variation in impact between species on similar soils and between sites for any given species. The effect of coniferous plantations on soil acidity is reviewed and the causes of any increased acidity discussed. Crop species, initial soil conditions, silvicultural practices and the proportion of the tree removed at felling are all important factors influencing the long-term impact of plantations on soil acidity.     

Properties of soil particle size separates after 40 years of continuous corn

Abstract

Changes in chemical and mineralogical characteristics associated with different particle size fractions in soil after 40 years of continuous production of corn by the conventional tillage method (CC) as compared with those of an adjacent native grassland site (NG) are investigated. Results indicate that corn cropping in a soil previously supporting native vegetation produces a decline in total and humified organic matter, phenolic compounds, enzymatic activities, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and hydrosoluble ions, both in the whole soil and in its particle‐size separates. The’ largest losses in organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents of the cultivated soil were observed in the sandy fractions, the lowest in the silt+clay separates. The humification index (HI) indicates a higher degree of humification of the organic matter in NG than in CC samples. For both NG and CC sites the finest fraction (silt+clay) resulted to be enriched in organic C, total N, humus, phenolic compounds, enzyme activity, CEC, and hydrosoluble ions with the only exception of mineral N forms and sulphates (SO₄). Slight differences were observed in the mineralogical composition of NG and CC soils. The sandy fractions of NG showed greater amounts of phyllosilicates while a lower content was found in the silt+clay fraction of CC as a consequence of a crumbling of parent rock into small pieces induced by repeated tillage practices.     

三峡库区主要森林植被类型土壤渗透性能研究

对三峡库区11种主要森林植被类型114块临时样地土壤渗透指标及物理性质进行测定和比较。结果表明:(1)各森林植被类型林地A层土壤渗透速率和孔隙度均高于B层,土壤渗透速率与土壤孔隙度之间存在显著相关关系。(2)不同森林植被类型林地各层次土壤稳渗速率存在差异。常绿阔叶林地各层土壤的稳渗速率最高,A、B层分别达到8.72 mm/min,8.52 mm/min,其后依次为杉木林、针叶混交林等,马尾松林最低,A、B层分别仅为2.22 mm/min和1.13 mm/min。(3)不同土壤种类的相同层次土壤稳渗速率存在显著差异,紫色土稳渗速率最高,A,B层分别为6.48 mm/min,3.25 mm/min,其后为山地棕壤、山地黄棕壤,最低为山地黄壤,其A、B层稳渗速率分别为1.98 mm/min,1.65 mm/min。(4)砂土A、B层均具有最高的非毛管孔隙,分别达到10.54%,8.28%,其稳渗速率均为最高,A、B层稳渗速率分别为7.16 mm/min,5.66 mm/min,显著高于其他质地土壤。(5)森林土壤的渗透特性和孔隙度受植被、土壤种类及质地等多种因素的影响,建立了利用多指标进行林地土壤渗透速度和孔隙度预测的多元线性模型。研究结果可为探讨森林对流域水文过程的调节机制及科学评价三峡库区森林植被水源涵养功能奠定基础。     

黄土高原不同植被群落多样性与土壤有机碳密度关系研究

为了探明黄土高原不同植被群落多样性与土壤有机碳密度关系,在黄土高原纸坊沟小流域选取几种典型的植被群落(刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia、铁杆蒿Artemisia gmelinii、长芒草Stipa bungeana、狼牙刺Sophora davidii和柠条Caragana korshinskii),野外调查了植被多样性,同时室内测定0—100 cm土壤有机碳含量、密度以及相关土壤环境因子。结果显示:(1)不同植被群落多样性指数(Margalef丰富度、Mclntosh均匀度和Shannon-Wiener多样性)表现出相同的变化特征。柠条和刺槐群落差异不显著(p>0.05),二者显著低于其他植物群落(p<0.05),长芒草和狼牙刺群落最高,二者之间差异不显著(p>0.05),显著高于其他植物群落(p<0.05); 不同植物群落Simpson优势度指数呈现出相反的变化趋势,刺槐>柠条>铁杆蒿>狼牙刺>长芒草。(2)不同植物群落土壤全氮含量、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、速效养分(硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷)大致表现为相同的变化特征,均表现为长芒草和狼牙刺群落高于其他群落,而柠条和刺槐群落土壤养分含量低于其他植物群落,不同植物群落土壤pH值表现出相反的变化特征。(3)在垂直方向,土壤有机碳密度随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,80—100 cm土层土壤有机碳密度最低(p<0.05),0—20 cm土层土壤有机碳密度最高,表现出明显的“表聚性”,相同土层土壤有机碳密度大致表现为长芒草和狼牙刺群落高于其他植物群落。(4)相关性分析显示,不同植物群落多样性指数与有机碳和有机碳密度呈显著或极显著的正相关。冗余分析显示,土壤pH值和微生物量碳含量是主导植被多样性和土壤有机碳密度重要驱动因子; 双因素分析表明植被类型和土层深度对土壤有机碳含量和密度具有显著的影响(p<0.05)。     

土壤利用方式改变对滇东南岩溶区土壤特性的影响

对云南东南部的文山岩溶地区土壤资源利用现状及其土壤特性,以及土壤利用方式改变对生物多样性和生态环境造成的影响进行了分析研究,结果表明:植被覆盖较好的土壤呈垂直规律分布,土层深厚,阔叶林下A层平均厚度17cm。土体为A-B-C-D完整构型,土壤发育良好。<0.001mm的粘粒10～60%。土壤C/N平均比值阔叶林下19 17,针叶林和针阔混交林下10.4。阔叶林土壤有机质平均含量115.7gkg-1,为亚热带肥力较高的土壤,但植被类型改变为针阔混交林则降为77.4gkg-1,改变为针叶林降至55.9gkg-1,改变为坡耕地则降至14.9gkg-1,反映了岩溶地区人为活动影响下的土壤退化趋势。