Soil temperature regimes in Cameroon as defined in soil taxonomy

Soil temperature regimes of Cameroon were estimated from the relationships between mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and mean annual soil temperature (MAST) and their seasonal fluctuations. In the normal range of MAAT in Cameroon (20–30°C), the MAST is 2.3° to 2.6°C higher than the MAAT. The difference between mean summer (MSST) and mean winter soil temperatures (MWST) being always less than 5°C, only isotemperature regimes occur in Cameroon. We estimated that MAST decreases by 0.46°C per 100 m increase in altitude.A provisional soil temperature regime map has been prepared from the estimates, which indicates isohyperthermic temperature regimes as predominant in Cameroon. Isothermic regimes are believed to occur above 1,600 m altitude and isomesic regimes probably above 3,100 m altitude on Mount Cameroon.     

基于不同估算方法的贵州省土壤温度状况

土壤温度状况是土壤系统分类重要的土壤诊断特性,是土壤某些分类单元的划分依据。以贵州省86个气象站点(1951/71—1980)地面气候资料为基础,应用不同的土壤温度估算方法(土温内插法、土温直接估算、纽荷模型估算、气温回归估算法、纬度海拔回归估算法),判定贵州省各县(市)的土壤温度状况。结果表明,5种方法的估算结果基本一致,"不同海拔的贵州省经纬度海拔回归估算"方法在贵州省土壤温度状况估算中的应用更为广泛。贵州省土壤温度状况包括温性、热性和高热性三种土壤温度状况类型;有80个县(市)的估算结果属于热性土壤温度状况;威宁、大方属于温性土壤温度状况;有4个县(市)估算结果处在不同土壤温度状况临界值附近,存在两种土壤温度状况,其中水城、开阳和习水存在温性和热性两种土壤温度状况,而罗甸则存在高热性和热性两种土壤温度状况。将贵州省土壤温度状况作为诊断特性应用于土壤系统分类时,应综合考虑成土环境条件。     

Evaluation of the predictive capabilities of Landsat 7 ETM+ on 50‐cm mean annual soil temperature in the Transylvanian Plain,Romania

Mean annual soil temperature has important implications for crops as well as for soil classification and formation. Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) band‐6 was analysed to determine its relationship with mean annual soil temperature (MAST) at 50 cm in the Transylvanian Plain, Romania. Band‐6 is available in both high and low gain formats from the United States Geological Survey; for our study only high gain was evaluated because of the increased resolution that it provides. Both of the gain levels of band‐6 are measured at 10.4–12.5 µm (thermal infrared), at 60‐m spatial resolution. Four different months of Landsat 7 ETM+ data were used to predict MAST and compared with 50‐cm soil temperature data measured on‐site with in situ sensors and data logging stations. Despite no correction for land cover differences across the plain, strong relationships were found between the Landsat‐predicted and field measured MAST with a coefficient of determination (R²) for July, August, December and February of 0.63. Multiple regression analysis (MAST_Regression) provided a weaker relationship, when compared with MAST_{in situ}, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.42. Significant differences existed between urban and agricultural land covers, as identified by Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) data. The use of Landsat 7 ETM+ could reduce the time and expense of large field studies for determining MAST. These data could then be used for temperature models of entire regions, for a range of land management options.     

河南中西部典型褐土在系统分类中的归属

选取位于河南中西部褐土土类的7个典型单个土体作为研究对象,通过土壤剖面形态特征和理化性质的分析,确定了它们在中国土壤系统分类中的位置.按照《中国土壤系统分类(第三版)》诊断标准,供试剖面中诊断出包括黏化层、钙积层、雏形层、氧化还原特征、温性土壤温度状况、半干润土壤水分状况等诊断层和诊断特性,7个剖面中,4个划归淋溶土纲...     

Soil mapping for land‐use planning in a karst area of N Thailand with due consideration of local knowledge

For the development of sustainable land‐management systems in the highlands of N Thailand, detailed knowledge about soil distribution and soil properties is a prerequisite. Yet to date, there are hardly any detailed soil maps available on a watershed scale. In this study, soil maps on watershed level were evaluated with regard to their suitability for agricultural land‐use planning. In addition to common scientific methods (as underlying the WRB classification), participatory methods were used to exploit local knowledge about soils and to document it in a “Local Soil Map”. Where the WRB classification identified eight soil units, the farmers distinguished only five on the basis of soil color and “hardness”. The “Local Soil Map” shows little resemblance with the detailed, patchy pattern of the WRB‐based soil map. On the contrary, the “Local Soil Map” is fairly similar to the petrographic map suggesting that soil color is directly related to parent material. The farmers' perception about soil fertility and soil suitability for cropping could be confirmed by analytical data. We conclude that integrating local soil knowledge, petrographic information, and knowledge of local cropping practices allows for a rapid compilation of information for land‐evaluation purposes at watershed level. It is the most efficient way to build a base for regional land‐use planning.     

四川省土壤温度状况空间分布特征

土壤温度状况(STR)在现代土壤系统分类中是确定土壤分类单元的重要诊断特性。利用四川省160个气象站点的多年年均和月均地面气候资料与数字高程模型数据,分析不同气象因子与地形因素对土壤温度(土温)的影响,然后以显著影响的因子为辅助变量,采用回归克里格法预测四川省STR的空间分布,依据中国土壤系统分类高级与基层分类划分标准中有关STR的定量诊断指标,对四川省STR及其空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明,气温、经度、纬度与海拔对土温有显著影响,在高级分类划分标准下,四川省STR以热性、温性、寒性为主,部分区域为永冻、冷性、高热;在基层分类划分标准下,四川省STR以热性、温性、冷性为主,部分地区为高寒性、近寒性、亚寒性、高热性。四川省STR分析为四川土壤系统分类与土壤资源的合理利用提供了科学依据。     

有机物料还田对黑土胞外酶化学计量特征的影响

冷凉区有机物料（秸秆和有机肥）还田黑土胞外酶计量特征是否受年平均温度的影响，目前缺少定量研究和深入分析。根据气候条件，该研究在黑龙江省西部依据纬度特征选取了12个有机物料还田年限大于5 a的定位试验点，基于有机物料还田种类对土壤胞外酶计量学特征及驱动因子进行了区域性分析。结果表明土壤胞外酶C:N:P在1:0.97:0.61～1:1.13:0.71之间，即有机肥还田（M）和秸秆还田（S）处理下土壤微生物整体面临微生物碳和养分（氮）限制。研究发现随年均温度升高，M和S处理的碳获取酶活性降低，而氮获取酶活性增加。此外，年均温度升高还使得M处理磷获取酶活性降低，而S处理磷获取酶活性增加。总体而言，东北冷凉区有机物料还田黑土微生物能量和养分限制主要受年平均温度直接影响，间接受pH值，土壤C:P等影响。该研究为冷凉区黑土建立合理的碳氮磷施肥模式提供数据支撑，为土壤养分恢复提供理论依据。     

Measurement,prediction and interpretation of soil temperature for use in soil taxonomy: Tropical Australian experience

Soil temperature data for use in the application of Soil Taxonomy to soil classification in the Australian tropics is reported for a three year study period at 15 sites. The research indicates that, although there is a paucity of soil temperature data in the tropics and that simple instrumentation and relatively infrequent observation will provide soil temperature data that are suitable for use in Soil Taxonomy, there are a number of problems of interpretation which can have important consequences to classification.Vegetative cover has a significant effect on soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm in both the humid and semi-arid tropics of Australia. This effect is sufficient to cause a shift from iso to non-iso regimes; for a change from vegetated to bare surfaces, as is common with a cropping land use.The relationship between the defined summer and winter periods and the measured hottest and coldest three months is strongly influenced by both the soil moisture regime and vegetative cover. Again these differences in interpretation are sufficient to seriously affect classification. In order to avoid these problems the ‘Trop’ concept could be modified to ‘mesic or warmer temperature regime and an udic moisture regime’ and deletion of the iso requirements.A comparison of two recommended methods for estimating soil temperature from screen temperature showed them both to be unsatisfactory, particularly in the semiarid tropics. The errors produced by each method were sufficient to cause important changes to soil classification when using Soil Taxonomy.The work demonstrates the importance of treating soil temperature and moisture regimes together. In the ustic regimes, mean monthly soil temperature at 50 cm can be adequately predicted by adding 4.0 degrees to the mean monthly screen temperature; whilst in the udic regimes it appears that the same can be achieved by adding 2.0 degrees to the screen temperature.     

Soil capability as a predictor of cropland change in Alberta,Canada from 1988 to 2010

Understanding the mutual influences between cropland use and soil characteristics is important in anticipating and planning for food production, environmental protection and resource sustainability. Numerous studies focus on the relationship between crop rotations and soil characteristics at a microscale, but fewer studies focus on the relationships between soil capability and cropland use and change at a medium scale. We explore how soil capability has influenced cropland changes over 22 yr, using statistical and land use transition analysis. Landsat images from the years 1988, 2002 and 2010 were used to map cropland changes by soil capability class within a pilot site in Alberta, Canada. Between the late 1980s and 2010: (i) the area of annual crops increased substantially while that of forest and summer‐fallow decreased; (ii) changes in cropland use among annual crops, perennial crops and summer‐fallow differed substantially depending on soil capability; and (iii) a transition from annual crops and summer‐fallow to perennial crops was more likely on land of poorer soil capability, whereas the transition from perennial crops and summer‐fallow to annual crops was more likely on land with higher soil capability. The changes in land use practices identified in this study indicate that producers are actively intensifying production on their best land to optimize profitability while simultaneously reducing the intensity of production on poorer land for either financial or environmental reasons, or both.     

基于土地利用变化的县域水土流失消长评价方法探讨

以人类活动扰动比较大的内蒙古自治区达拉特旗和人类活动扰动比较小的青海省称多县为例,收集了2014—2015年和2017年土地利用、遥感影像等资料,采用中国土壤流失方程计算了水力侵蚀模数。在此基础上,分析了2017年与2014—2015年土地利用和水土流失面积的差异,对比了基于两期土地利用图和基于遥感影像变化得到的水土流失消长变化之间的差异。结果表明:基于两期土地利用图得到水土流失面积变化大,基于遥感影像变化得到的水土流失面积变化小,前者水土流失面积变化量是后者的64倍(称多县)和94倍(达拉特旗)。基于遥感影像变化得到的水土流失面积消长结果更符合实际情况。水土流失面积消长量远小于土地利用面积变化量。本结果可为即将开展的全国水土流失消长评价工作提供技术参考。     

Principal soil types (Great soil groups) in Japan

Classified into three types, zonal, intra-zonal, and azonal, Japanese soil type may be explained as follows (see “General map of principal soil types”).     

Soil Quality Indicators in Relation to Land Use and Topography in a Small Catchment on the Loess Plateau of China

Better understanding of how the loess soils respond to topography and land use under catchment‐scale vegetation restoration is needed to enable science‐based land management interventions for the policy‐driven “Grain‐for‐Green” eco‐restoration program in the Loess Plateau of China. The objective of this study was to characterize the relationships of four selected soil quality indicators to land use under vegetation restoration and topography for a small catchment (0·58 km²) in the Loess Plateau. The major land uses established in the catchment are cropland, fallow (i.e., natural revegetation), grassland, and jujube orchard. The four soil quality indicators were soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil total phosphorus (STP), and mean root zone soil water content during the wet season (MRZSWwet). SOC, STN, and MRZSWwet were significantly different (p < 0·05) for different land uses. Grassland showed the highest values for these three properties, whereas cropland had relatively low values for SOC and STN. Land use had no effect on STP, although the lowest value was observed in grassland. Spatial analysis showed that various relations between soil quality indicators and topography (slope and elevation) were observed. These relations were generally weak for most of them, and they varied with land uses. Further analyses indicated that land uses, slope, and elevation had significant effects on the relations between different soil quality indicators. The results here should provide useful information for the further development of “Grain‐for‐Green” program. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

GIS/RS集成技术在叙利亚滨海土壤侵蚀评价和模拟研究上的应用

An integrated remote sensing(RS) and geographic informtion system(GIS) technique was employed to characterize the spatial distribution of the risk of soil erosion by water on Lakaia district ,Syria,The universal soil loss equation(USLE)was used to calculate the annual soil loss rates for Latakia soils ,Mainly,remote sensing data soil survey,land use inventory,elevation data and climatic atlases are used as resource data sets to generate USLE facto values ,The results revealed that integration of GIS/RS with USLE was a practical and effective approach for monitoring soil erosion over large areas.     

基于GIS和改进型土地生态适宜性评价模型的茶叶适宜性综合评价

Tea(Camellia sinensis) is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China;however,the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom.In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province,the annual mean temperature,the annual accumulated temperature above 10 C,the frequency of extremely low temperature below 13 C,the mean humidity from April to October,slope,aspect,altitude,soil type,and soil texture were selected from climate,topography,and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops.These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system(GIS).The grey relational analysis(GRA) was combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability,and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation(LESE) model was built.Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province,the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS.The results demonstrated that the highly,moderately,and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27 552.66,42 724.64,and 26 507.97 km 2,and accounted for 28.47%,44.14%,and 27.39% of the total evaluation area,respectively.Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province.The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops,providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.     

The iOS/Android application “e-SoilMap” for creating a new user-oriented soil map

To enhance the efficiency of soil information in the field survey, we developed the mobile application called “e-SoilMap” for creating a new user-oriented soil map. This application has the following three unique functions: annotatable map, data sharing over the cloud and offline support for allowing the user to create a high-value-added soil map in their Internet space. Both iOS and Android versions of the mobile application mainly consist of three key components: (1) a map manager, (2) a soil manager and (3) a user manager. The map manager is responsible for displaying background maps to the user. The soil manager displays a soil map and related soil information, which are provided by the National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), on the background maps. And the user manager is responsible for creating an annotatable map and sharing the user data in the cloud. The “e-SoilMap” provides soil information to users using location-based spatial query processing and allows the creation of annotatable pins on the soil map. The main target of this application was designed to be a wide variety of technical fields such as agronomic assessment, engineering applications, hydrology and hydrogeologic assessments, environmental assessment and policy decisions.     

Impact of Land Uses,Agrophysical Variables and Altitudinal Gradient on Soil Organic Carbon Concentration of North‐Eastern Himalayan Region of India

In the fragile hilly ecosystem of North‐eastern Himalayan Region (NEHR) of India, interaction of land use change and soil organic carbon (SOC) holds significance in sustaining land productivity. However, because of limited data, the effect of land use on SOC inventory at regional level is poorly quantified. The present study assessed the influence of seven major land uses and agrophysical variables (soil texture, bulk density, annual rainfall and mean temperature) on SOC concentration and stock across altitudinal gradients (6–3,500 masl) of NEHR of India. Results revealed that non‐agricultural land uses (grasslands and forests) registered significantly higher SOC concentration (2·20 to 2·51%) and stock (35·2–42·1 Mg ha⁻¹) compared with agricultural (shifting and settled‐up and lowlands), plantation and horticultural land uses (SOC, 1·44 to 1·63%; stock, 27·4–28·4 Mg ha⁻¹). Principal component analysis exhibited that the variation in SOC concentration among the land uses was mostly contributed by finer fractions of soil separates (silt and clay contents), and altitudinal gradient led variation in climatic variables (rainfall and temperature). Trend analyses depicted that SOC increased with an increase in rainfall and clay content but decreased with mean temperature and soil bulk density. Along the altitudinal gradient (6 to 1,000 masl), an inconsistent increase in silt + clay, annual rainfall, SOC concentration, and stock was also observed. However, beyond 1,000 masl, the corresponding increase was linear. The wide variability in SOC concentration and stock, therefore, resulted from the interaction of land uses, altitudinal gradients, textural gradients and climatic variables Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于多源数据的土壤水分反演及空间分异格局研究

温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)是一种通过反演土壤水分来反映土壤干旱状况的重要方法。在TVDI的基础上引入数字高程模型(DEM)数据对地表温度进行校正,能够减少地形起伏对能量二次分配的影响。用阈值将研究区分割成不同土地利用类型,结合野外同步实测数据,用分段反演模型反演渭-库绿洲土壤水分分布图,并对渭-库绿洲土壤水分的空间格局和分异规律进行分析。结果表明:(1)地形校正后的TVDI能够更好地反映土壤水分状况;(2)土壤水分总体上从西至东,由北向南降低,在绿洲内部较为稳定,在交错带变化较为剧烈,土壤水分垂直变异系数呈现幂函数递减的整体变化趋势;(3)针对研究区不同土地利用类型用分段反演模型进行反演,有效地实现优势互补,总体上提高了土壤水分的反演精度,在区域土壤水分研究中值得关注和应用。     

基于GIS和RS的土地利用与土壤侵蚀关系研究——以冀北地区为例

 冀北地区土壤侵蚀以水蚀和风蚀为主,根据水利部颁布的《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(1997),参考有关学者提出的土壤风蚀强度分级指标,构建研究区土壤侵蚀强度的分级指标。运用GIS和RS技术,提取土地利用、坡度、植被覆盖度、土壤质地等信息,通过GIS空间叠加分析,得出冀北地区土壤侵蚀强度分级图,详细研究土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布特征;进一步与土地利用图叠加,分析不同土壤侵蚀强度下的土地利用特征和不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀状况。