Differential uptake of dieldrin and endrin from soil by several plant families and Cucurbita genera

Abstract

Dieldrin and endrin, a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), were used extensively on arable land in Japan from 1958 to 1971. Because of their extreme persistence in soils, dieldrin and endrin have been detected in cucumber fruits produced in some areas at concentrations exceeding the limit set by the Food Sanitation Law. Thus, we compared the uptake of dieldrin and endrin by 32 plant species of arable crops in 17 families and by 34 cultivars of Cucurbita sp. grown in contaminated soil to select a candidate cleaning crop for phytoremediation and substitute produce crops. Cucurbits took up more dieldrin and endrin than the other families, and uptake by zucchini was the highest. Apart from the cucurbits, only jute (Tiliaceae) took up any dieldrin and endrin, and uptake by the other 15 families was negligible. Among Cucurbita sp., a number of cultivars took up nearly as much dieldrin and endrin as zucchini, and some took up less than popular rootstock cultivars for graft cultivation of cucumber. These results suggest that cucurbits, especially zucchini, would make good candidates for phytoremediation, and non-cucurbits crops would make good substitute crops in dieldrin-contaminated and endrin-contaminated fields. Moreover, low-uptake Cucurbita sp. cultivars offer promise for breeding substitute rootstocks for grafting cucumber. To determine the uptake mechanism of dieldrin and endrin, a sand culture experiment was conducted. Komatsuna (Brassica campestris var. perviridis), soybean and tomato, which took up negligible chemicals from soil, took up significant quantities from sand culture mixed with dieldrin and endrin. Therefore, even non-cucurbits accumulate dieldrin and endrin under saturated conditions in the rhizospere. This result suggests that cucurbits are able to desorb or dissolve dieldrin and endrin that are strongly sorbed in soil.     

Chlorophenol binding to dissolved and particulate soil organic matter determined in controlled equilibrium systems

We determined the sorption of 2,4‐dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) to dissolved (DOM) and particulate soil organic matter (POM) from the same soil in controlled equilibrium systems, using ¹⁴C‐labelled chlorophenols in combination with reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) and liquid scintillation. Associations of DCP, TCP and PCP to DOM and POM were satisfactorily described by linear adsorption isotherms. Together with the absence of substantial competition between DCP and TCP for binding sites, this indicates a hydrophobic partitioning mechanism. The organic carbon normalized partitioning coefficient (K_OC) for the binding of DCP was similar in magnitude for POM (K_POC) and for DOM (K_DOC), whereas K_POC for the more hydrophobic compounds TCP and PCP were approximately one order of magnitude greater than K_DOC. On the basis of the relationships between log K_OC and the organic carbon normalized partitioning coefficient (log K_OW), the extent of association to POM increases more with the hydrophobicity of the chlorophenol than the extent of association to DOM. This holds for our data obtained for DOM and POM of similar origin, as well as for various sources of POM and DOM reported in the literature. Differences in the magnitude of K_POC and K_DOC in our study could not be accounted for by differences in gross carbon chemistry of POM and DOM, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C‐NMR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thus, other factors such as the average size and capacity of hydrophobic moieties could explain differences in chlorophenol association between POM and DOM. We conclude that K_POC and K_DOC need to be determined explicitly, when the transport and retention of chlorophenols is modelled, and not calculated from relationships between log K_OC and log K_OW.     

天津郊区土壤与作物中有机氯农药残留现状与来源初析

通过在天津塘沽和宁河地区野外实地采样分析,了解研究区域有机氯农药各异构体在土壤及作物各部位的残留水平,并通过特征比值推测其来源。结果表明,塘沽和宁河地区土壤中六六六的残留浓度均值分别为88.76μg·kg^-1与98.46μg·kg^-1,β-HCH占绝对优势而γ-HCH均未在土壤样品中检出,α-HCH手性分析结果显示为非消旋体,均表明土壤中六六六来自历史残留而非新近输入或林丹的使用。塘沽和宁河地区滴滴涕的残留浓度均值分别为30.87μg·kg^-1与1.30μg·kg^-1,亦来自历史残留,在个别点位可能曾使用过三氯杀螨醇。作物样品中六六六与滴滴涕的含量较高,经对数变换的生物富集系数变化范围分别为0.24～0.73与2.02～2.90。六氯苯、七氯、艾氏剂、异艾氏剂、反式氯丹、顺式氯丹、狄氏剂与异狄氏剂在大部分土壤与作物样品中也有不同程度的检出。     

运用红边参数估算叶片叶绿素含量

Soil samples collected from several sites along an altitudinal transect on the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed for hexachlorobenzenes(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs).The results showed that HCHs and DDTs were found in the soil samples from the remote high altitude areas away from source regions,which confirmed the long-range atmospheric transport phenomenon of these organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) insecticides.The OCP concentrations in the soils had a significant negative correlation with altitude;they showed a trend to increase with decreasing altitude,but the increase was not continuous,being interrupted at some moderate-altitude sites on the transect.The distances from the source region,landforms,soil properties,and physical-chemical properties of OCPs were more important than total organic carbon content to the distribution of OCPs in soils disturbed by human activities.An analysis of the compositions of HCH isomers and DDTs revealed predominantly low ratios of α-HCH to γ-HCH,ranging from 0.06 to 4.79,which suggested current lindane inputs.On the other hand,low p,p-DDT/p,p-DDE and o,p-DDT/p,p-DDT ratios were observed,indicating mainly aged historical DDT residues in the study area.     

Congener-specific evaluation of biota-sediment accumulation factor model for HCHs and DDTs under small-scale in situ riverine condition

Purpose

The congener-specific biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) model for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) was evaluated for four different freshwater fish species (Orienus plagiostomus, Tor putitora, Glyptothorax punjabensis, and Cyprinus carpio) in in situ riverine conditions of Kabul River, Pakistan.

Materials and methods

The congeners of HCH and DDT were quantified using gas chromatograph (GC-ECD). The BSAF for each congener (HCHs and DDTs) was calculated from paired observation of congener’s measured concentrations in fish and sediment taken at the same site. Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the influence of sediment organic carbon fraction (f _soc ) and organism lipid fraction (f _lipid ) on BSAF, and the relationship between BSAFs and logarithm of octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ows) of HCH and DDT congeners, respectively.

Results and discussion

The BSAFs for total HCH (t-HCH) and total DDT (t-DDT) ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 and from 0.2 to 1.6, respectively. The model was significantly influenced by both fish (p = 0.004) and chemical types (p = 0.002) at 95 % confidence level. The sediment organic carbon fraction (f _soc ) and fish lipid fraction (f _lipid ) had not-too-weak effects on BSAF values for all fish species. The BSAF values were linearly fitted with logarithmic octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ows) of HCH and DDT congeners, despite the different chemical structures, and different compound class significant negative correlations between log K _ows and BSAF values were found, indicating that hydrophobicity is one of the key factors influencing the bioaccumulation potential of the investigated compounds.

Conclusions

The present study confirmed the applicability of the BSAF model as a screening tool for predicting bioaccumulation of sediment-associated HCH and DDT congeners in investigated fish species under small-scale in situ riverine conditions of Kabul River and suite the model for benthic fish (G. punjabensis) on the basis of the 25th and 75th percentiles of congener-specific BSAF values.

     

1-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients of 5 Pharmaceuticals from Human Medical Care: Carbamazepine, Clofibric Acid, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, and Propyphenazone

Laboratory studies were conducted to characterize the 1-octanol/water partition coefficients of pharmaceutically active substances carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and propyphenazone. Partition coefficients determined by shake flask experiments (OECD guideline 107) varied between log K _OW 1.51 for carbamazepine, 2.88 for clofibric acid, 1.90 for diclofenac, 2.48 for ibuprofen, and 2.02 for propyphenazone. Comparison of these values with the literature values revealed rather significant differences for most of the compounds. The partitioning coefficients of the acidic compounds diclofenac and ibuprofen agreed much better with sorption and mobility data from previously conducted experiments, whereas K _OW values for carbamazepine were lower and for clofibric acid higher than expected from experiments. Only K _OW values for propyphenazone were in the same range as reported in the literature and expected from column experiments.     

福建茶园土壤六六六和滴滴涕残留水平及来源分析

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,分析了福建茶园土壤中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）类有机氯农药（OCPs）的分布、组成和来源。结果表明,∑HCHs和∑DDTs浓度分别为0.251-1.120 ng.g^-1和0.210-2.406 ng.g^-1,属于清洁背景范围;漳浦、福鼎和福州茶园土壤∑OCPs浓度显著高于其他样点。除福州外,其他样点HCH同系物中γ-HCH相对含量最高,占HCHs总量的26.3%-76.3%。DDTs中以o,p′-DDT相对含量最高,为34.7%-60.8%。0-15 cm土壤HCHs和DDTs浓度（分别为0.593 ng.g^-1和1.340 ng.g^-1）均高于15-30 cm（0.451 ng.g^-1和0.862 ng.g^-1）。除福州β-（/α＋γ）-HCH和α-/γ-HCH值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明福州HCHs为历史污染,其他样点均存在HCHs新输入,并可能存在林丹的使用或输入;除福鼎p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明除福鼎外其他样点均有DDTs的新输入;o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT值均较高,表明可能有大量三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入。     

河西走廊及兰州地区土壤中典型有机氯农药残留研究

应用Agilent7890-5975CGC-MSD对甘肃省河西走廊及兰州地区17个表层土壤样品中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）的残留水平进行分析,并对其来源进行初步解析。研究结果表明：研究区土壤中DDTs残留范围为0.22~53.69ng·g-1,平均值为8.58ng·g-1;HCHs残留范围为0.07~9.16ng·g-1,平均值为1.32ng·g-1;DDTs的残留较HCHs占优势,约占二者总残留量的87%。（DDE＋DDD）/DDT比值介于0.12~0.48之间,平均值为0.27,o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT比值在0.11~0.79之间,平均值为0.34,表明研究区土壤中的DDTs主要来源于工业源DDTs残留。α-HCH/γ-HCH介于0.64~15.5间,平均值为3.19,可推断研究区近期内不存在HCHs的使用,土壤中的HCHs残留主要来源于历史上工业HCHs和林丹的共同输入。与国内外其他地区土壤相比,该地区HCHs和DDTs的残留量处于较低水平;依照土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）的要求,研究区各采样点土壤环境处于相对安全的状态。     

Comparative Effect of Two Different Types of Phosphate on Cadmium Uptake by Radish (Raphanus sativa L.) Grown in Arable Soil Affected by Mine Activity

To evaluate the effect of type of phosphate (P) material on reducing soil cadmium (Cd) extractability and radish Cd uptake in the field, two different P materials, fused superphosphate (FSP) and dipotassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄), were applied at rates of 0, 33.5, 100.5, and 167.5 kg P ha^?1 before seeding radish (Raphanus sativa L.) in a Cd-contaminated soil. Plant-available Cd concentration in soil and total Cd uptake by radish increased with increasing FSP application but decreased with K₂HPO₄. The significant decrease in soil pH and negative charge of soil by FSP application led to an increase in bioavailable Cd fraction in soil and in Cd uptake by radish. However, K₂HPO₄ increased soil pH and negative charge of soil and decreased bioavailable Cd fractions. Soil pH and negative charge of soil played an important role in controlling Cd uptake by radish in soil to which phosphate was applied.     

铜污染农田表层土壤的持久性有机氯农药残留状况

土壤中持久性有机污染物往往与重金属共存形成混合污染,但过去的研究较少关注它们在土壤中的相互影响。本研究选择典型铜污染区农田,分析了铜不同污染程度的表层土壤中HCB、HCHs与DDTs等持久性有机氯农药的组分及含量。结果表明:DDTs在土壤中的残留量随着土壤铜污染程度的加剧而上升;土壤中铜抑止了DDT向DDE或DDD的转化,DDTs残留量相对较大。供试土壤中持久性有机氯农药含量与有机质之间的相关性分析表明,污染土壤中两者之间的相关性大于未污染土壤,说明铜促进了土壤中的DDTs和HCHs与土壤有机质结合,这可能是导致水田土壤中DDTs的平均含量显著高于旱地和林灌地土壤的原因之一。     

Evaluating soil sodium indices in soils of volcanic nature conducive or suppressive to Fusarium wilt of banana

The ability of three soil Na indices to predict soil conduciveness or suppressiveness to disease caused by the soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense was evaluated in seven banana plantations from the Canary Islands (Spain). These indices were exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), soluble Na (SS₀) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR₀) in 1:2.5 soil-water extracts (SAR_w and total cationic concentration (TCC_w)=0. Sodium selectivity coefficients (K_G0,K₀) and TCC₀ were calculated from soil exchange and solution data. The effects of ESP, SAR₀, SS₀, TCC₀, K_G0 and K₀ on soil available iron (Fe extracted from soil by DTPA) and aggregate stability in water (water-stable aggregates (WSA), 200-2000 μm) were also studied. Our results showed that SAR₀ calculated using cationic concentrations in 1:2.5 extracts might be a good indication of a relationship between SS₀ and soluble divalent cations in conducive and suppressive volcanic soils to Fusarium. Both TCC₀ and dispersion-flocculation concentrations seem to be not linked to soil suppressiveness or conduciveness to Fusarium wilt. These results suggested that soil physical properties seem to be not controlled by Na behaviour in these type of soils and, therefore, sodicity and salinity should not be a problem from a physical point of view. Moreover, SS₀ and SAR₀ were always greater in suppressive areas than in conducive areas. SAR₀ was significantly correlated with SS₀ but correlations between ESP against SS₀ and SAR₀ were weak. For SAR₀ values above 2.5 (mmol_c l⁻¹)^1/2 and ESP values below 15%, the exchangeable Na did not seem to be related to the capacity of suppressive areas to release more Na to soil solution. Larger values of SS₀ were observed in suppressive areas for these values of SAR₀ and ESP. It implies a lower quantity of soluble Na salts in conducive samples. A high Na salt content in soil can produce an increase of soil pH, which exerts a negative influence on available Fe release to soil solution. A clear separation between conducive and suppressive samples from relations between SS₀ and SAR₀ against WSA and Fe-DTPA showed that SS₀ and SAR₀ can be satisfactory indices to study the influence of Na concentrations on the incidence of Fusarium wilt. The mass of WSA increase in conducive areas might be favoured by the smaller amounts of soil solution Na found in these samples. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that release of Na to soil solution could favour soil suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt limiting soil aggregation and the availability of Fe, at least in soils of volcanic nature that are not affected by salinity or sodicity processes.     

Apparent cation-exchange equilibria in podzolic forest soils

The Gaines–Thomas selectivity coefficient, K, was used to express the relation between the cations in solution and the cations in exchange sites in podzolic forest soils. Soil solution was obtained by centrifuging a fresh bulked soil sample. Exchangeable cations HX, AlX, CaX, MgX and KX and effective cation-exchange capacity, CEC_e, were determined with 0.1 m BaCl₂. Apparent values of K indicated a preference of Ca²⁺ over Mg²⁺ and over Al³⁺ in O, A and B horizons (log K_Al–Ca < 0 and log K_Mg–Ca < 0), whereas log K_K–Ca and log K_H–Ca exceeded zero. The horizons were similar with respect to log K_H–Ca, and the differences in log K_Mg–Ca were small. Log K_K–Ca and log K_Al–Ca increased in the horizons in the order O < A < B. Log K_Al–Ca was not significantly correlated with the fraction AlX/CEC_e. Log K_Mg–Ca was positively correlated with the fractions HX/CEC_e and AlX/CEC_e, and negatively correlated with log (CaX/MgX). The selectivity coefficient of binary cation exchange seemed to be applicable to in situ soil solutions. However, the fraction of each cation on exchange sites should be based on the CEC_e rather than on the sum of the two cations. The latter, also, seemed to be acceptable in cases of exchangeable cations with a large relative content in soil, e.g. in Al³⁺–Ca²⁺ exchange in A and B horizons, and in H⁺–Ca²⁺ exchange in O and A horizons.     

Selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rhizosphere of sewage sludge-treated soil: implications for the biodegradability of POPs

The impact of regular application of sewage sludge or farmyard manure on the organic contaminant loads in soil was assessed in a model rhizobox experiment. Two soils originating from a long-term field crop rotation and fertilizer experiment running since 1996 were used. The total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) contents were determined in the rhizosphere and bulk soil. The results showed low but still detectable contents of PCBs and OCPs in the soil, substances which were banned a few decades ago. Among the OCPs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites reaching up to 18.2 µg kg^?1 of the soil even exceeded the preventive levels for these compounds in agricultural soils, i.e. 7.5 µg kg^?1 of soil. For PBDEs, PFOA, and PFOS, their contents in the soil significantly increased with sewage sludge application. The enhancement of the potential biodegradability of the POPs in the rhizosphere was confirmed only for hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), where, the level of γ-HCH increased significantly in the rhizosphere soil compared to bulk soil. Thus, natural attenuation of POPs in the soil-plant system seems to be insufficient for most of the investigated compounds.     

Measuring the bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls to earthworms in soil enriched with biochar or activated carbon using triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane

Purpose

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent soil contaminants that resist biodegradation and present serious risks to living organisms. The presence of biochar in soils can lower the availability of PCBs to biota. In this study, the effect of biochar enrichment in soils on bioaccumulation of PCBs was investigated.

Materials and methods

We applied two types of biochar including pine needle biochar (PC) and wheat straw biochar (WC), and an activated carbon (AC) to soil (2 % w/w) and employed two alternative methods to quantified rates of bioaccumulation: a living bioassay (using earthworm, Eisenia fetida, as a model organism) and a triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM).

Results and discussion

Our results show that the application of biochar or AC greatly reduced the uptake of PCBs (particularly less-chlorinated PCBs) by earthworms (the reduction in total PCBs concentration was up to 40.0 and 49.0 % for PC and WC treatments, while 71.6 % for AC application). We found that the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for PCBs in the earthworms in biochar/AC-enriched soils were strongly correlated with O:C ratio of the biochar/AC (R ²?=?0.998, p?<?0.05). We observed that BAFs increased at log K _OW below 6.3 and decreased at log K _OW values greater than 6.3. We demonstrated that the concentration of PCBs in TECAM membranes were positively correlated with the concentration of PCBs earthworms in soil.

Conclusions

TECAM offers an efficient and cost-effective method for predicting the bioavailability of PCBs in field-contaminated soils undergoing sorbent-based remediation.

     

福建茶园茶叶中六六六和滴滴涕残留水平及来源分析

运用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-μECD）分析了福建茶园茶叶中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）等有机氯农药（OCPs）的分布、组成和来源。结果表明,∑OCPs浓度为0.764～10.561ng.g-1,永泰最高,福鼎最低,一般而言,老叶中∑OCPs浓度高于嫩叶;∑HCHs浓度为0.373～7.427ng.g-1,永泰最高,政和最低,老叶中HCHs浓度显著高于嫩叶;茶叶中HCHs同系物以γ-HCH为主,占总量的51.3%～94.1%;α-/γ-HCH表明所有茶园均存在林丹的使用或输入,β-（/α＋γ）-HCH表明所有茶园均非HCHs历史污染,可能存在HCHs其他新的来源。∑DDTs浓度为0.123～5.168ng.g-1,政和最高,福鼎最低,老叶和嫩叶中无显著差异;与土壤类似,茶叶中DDTs同系物以p,p′-DDT和o,p′-DDT为主,两者之和占总量的67.3%～96.0%;p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT表明,除福鼎、永泰和安溪外,其他茶园均存在工业DDTs的使用或输入;o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT表明,除政和外,其他茶园均存在大量的三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入,以安溪较为严重。     

漳州土壤中有机氯农药残留研究

A soil survey was conducted in Zhangzhou City,an important agricultural region in south of the Fujian Province,China.93 surface soil samples were collected in the paddy fields,vegetable lands,orchards and tea plantations from Zhangzhou City.An additional soil profile was sampled in a paddy field as previous research had indicated high concentrations of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in the paddy fields.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs) ranged from 0.64-78.07 ng g 1 dry weight and hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs) ranged from 0.72-30.16 ng g 1 dry weight in the surface soil of the whole study region.Ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH < 4 and o,p-DDT/p,p-DDT > 1 in all soil samples suggested that lindane and dicofol were widely applied in this region in the past.Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in soils from the four land use types followed the orders:paddy fields > vegetable lands > tea plantations > orchards and tea plantations > orchards > paddy fields > vegetable lands,respectively.Analyses of the data showed no correlation(r < 0.1) between elevation and OCPs contents in paddy fields,orchards and vegetable lands,indicated no significantly different features in distribution of HCHs and DDTs in the soils from low lying plains and mountains and the unsystematic usage of OCPs,and highlighted the fragmented nature of agricultural production in Zhangzhou,as well as the reemission of OCPs from the soils,where high OCPs concentrations were found,in Longhai of Zhangzhou.In addition,no obvious relationship between the OCPs and total organic carbon(TOC)(r < 0.3) was observed in the soil profile.The mean contribution of dicofol in total DDTs was 66% in the whole Zhangzhou region.The approximate burdens of HCHs and DDTs in the surface layer of 0-20 cm were 0.44 and 1.55 t,respectively.The storage of both HCHs and DDTs in soil surface layer(0-20 cm) accounts for 40% burden of the soil layer of 0-50 cm(1.10 t HCHs and 3.87 t DDTs),in which the highest concentrations of OCPs were observed in soil profile.     

Zur statistischen Abhängigkeit der Adsorption verschiedener Herbizidwirkstoffe vom Anteil der organischen Substanz in Böden

On the relation of herbicide adsorption and soil organic fraction Freundlich adsorption isotherms were measured for four herbicides (atrazine, terbuthylazine, chlorotoluron, isoproturon) and 24 soil horizons, which are typical of Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany. The relationship between the adsorption constant (K_Fr) of a chemical and the fraction of organic carbon (f_OC) of the soil horizons was evaluated. Chemical specific K'_OC-values, that are independent of soil organic carbon fraction varied considerably for each herbicide (CV about 50%); therefore these values as well as K_OC-values, that are determined by linear regression of K_Fr and f_OC should be evaluated critically before application. K'_OC- and K_OC-values derived from experiments showed decreasing affinity of the herbicides to soil horizons in the order terbuthylazine > chlorotoluron > atrazine ? isoproturon. Calculation of K_OC from K_OW or water solubility of each herbicide, however, led to changes in the above mentioned ranking. Hence, especially K_OW or water solubility based K_OC-values may lead to false conclusions concerning chemical mobility. For atrazine, terbuthylazine and isoproturon Freundlich adsorption constants increased overproportionally with increasing organic carbon content of soils. The relationships between K_Fr and f_OC therefore were described better by a non-linear equation (second order polynom) than by a linear approach. Contrary, for chlorotoluron a linear relation between K_Fr and f_OC holds at least for the range of f_OC investigated in this study.     

崇明岛东北部表层土壤及近地表大气中HCHs DDTs污染及土-气交换

通过对崇明岛东北部表层土壤和大气中HCHs和DDTs两类有机氯农药的测定,对其残留现状和环境行为进行了研究。结果表明,土壤中HCHs浓度为0.40～20.0ng·g^-1,DDTs浓度为0.78～163.2ng·g^-1,绝大部分地区未超过国家土壤环境质量标准规定,近期没有新的HCHs和DDTs污染源输入;近地面大气中气相HCHs和DDTs的浓度范围分别为0.38～2.26ng·m^-3和0.17～0.98ng·m^-3。研究表明大气长距离传输对该区域的有机氯农药污染有较为明显的影响。初步运用逸度概念模型对该区域进行分析,发现HCHs和DDTs的逸出方向绝大部分地区为从土壤向大气挥发。     

土壤对镉的吸附与解吸——Ⅱ.吸附势与解吸势

本文提出了吸附势(logK_a)和解吸势(logK_d或相对解吸势logK_dr)两个有关吸附和解吸的强度概念,并进行了理论推导和实验验证。logK_a和logK_d或logK_dr是影响土壤或胶体吸附和解吸因素的综合反应。实验证实logK_a可用于表征土壤胶体对Cd的相对选择性,并且对胶体吸附Cd有着良好的预测性;logK_dr可用于表征土壤胶体对Cd的相对固定能力,并可用于估测Cd的污染程度。盆栽试验表明,随着土壤胶体logK_a的增加,或logK_dr的降低,稻草或糙米中Cd的含量下降。可以预期,吸附势和解吸势不但在土壤物理化学,土壤环境化学研究中,而且在植物营养化学、水化学、以及界面化学等方面有可能获得实际应用。     

Factors controlling the partitioning of pyrene to dissolved organic matter extracted from different soils

The mobility of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soils can be influenced by the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM). While numerous studies have determined interactions of HOCs with humic and fulvic acids, only few data exist on the partitioning of HOCs to natural, non‐fractionated DOM as it occurs in soil solutions. In this study, DOM was extracted from 17 soil samples with a broad range of chemical and physical properties, originating from different land uses. The partition coefficients of pyrene to DOM were determined in all soil extracts and for two commercial humic acids using the fluorescence quenching method. For the soil extracts, log K_DOC values ranged from 3.2 to 4.5 litres kg^?1. For the Aldrich and Fluka humic acids, log K_DOC was 4.98 and 4.96 litres kg^?1, respectively, thus indicating that they are not representative for soil DOM. After excluding these two values, the statistical analysis of the data showed a significant negative correlation between log K_DOC and pH. This was also shown for one sample where the pH was adjusted to values ranging from 3 to 9. A multiple regression analysis suggested that ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm (an indicator for aromaticity) and the E4:E6 ratio (an indicator for molecular weight) had additional effects on log K_DOC. The results indicate that the partitioning of pyrene to DOM is reduced at alkaline pH, probably due to the increased polarity of the organic macromolecules resulting from the deprotonation of functional groups. Only within a narrow pH range was the K_DOC of pyrene mainly related to the aromaticity of DOM.