播期对机插水稻产量构成特征的影响

为探明播期对机插水稻产量构成特征的影响,试验选用粳型超级稻武运粳24和籼粳交水稻甬优2640为材料,系统研究播期对机插稻茎蘖动态、穗部性状和籽粒灌浆动态特性的影响,阐明不同播期条件下机插稻产量及其构成特征。研究表明,播期推迟,机插稻茎蘖数拔节期显著升高、成熟期下降,成穗率明显降低,早播与晚播变化差异达显著水平(P0.05)。机插稻穗长、着粒密度、单穗粒质量、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次二次枝梗数比例、一次枝梗粒数、二次枝梗粒数、单次枝梗着粒数、一次枝梗结实率、二次枝梗结实率均随播期推迟而呈下降趋势,而一次二次枝梗总粒数比呈上升趋势,且籼粳交水稻受播期影响较大。除一次二次枝梗数比例、一次二次枝梗总粒数比和一次枝梗着粒数差异较小外,穗部构成特征其余指标均于早播、晚播间差异显著(P0.05)。随机插稻播期推迟,强、弱势粒米粒终极生长量变小,单粒质量降低,强势粒的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率下降,到达最大灌浆速率的时间延迟,活跃灌浆期和有效灌浆时间均延长;弱势粒的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率差异较小,晚播较低,到达最大灌浆速率的时间推迟,活跃灌浆期缩短,有效灌浆时间延长。适宜早播机插水稻,群体茎蘖升降平稳,有效穗数增多,穗粒充足,穗部结构优化,结实率高,灌浆持续时间长,灌浆速率稳而高,弱势粒灌浆更充实,易实现稳产、高产。因此,苏中地区机插水稻提前至5月26日播种,抢时早栽,可实现单产突破。     

氮肥运筹与栽植方式对杂交籼稻籽粒灌浆及产量的影响

以杂交籼稻‘Ⅱ优498’为材料,在光温条件差异较大的四川省汉源和温江两地研究氮肥运筹方式[(基蘖肥与穗肥配比分别为9∶1(N_1)、7∶3(N_2)和5∶5(N_3)]与栽植方式[宽窄行栽培(C_1)、三角形栽培(C_2)、扩行减株栽培(C_3)、抛秧栽培(C_4)]对水稻库容量、籽粒灌浆充实及产量的影响,探明光温特性、养分调控和栽植方式与水稻籽粒灌浆及产量形成的关系。结果表明:1)光温优越的汉源地区水稻籽粒库容量、充实度、结实率和千粒重均优于温江,籽粒的最初生长势较低,达到灌浆峰值的日期推迟,前、中期的灌浆强度较高,历时久,生长量占比亦较大,且灌浆活跃期较长,更易获得高产;2)随着氮肥后移程度的增加,水稻最大库容量呈减小趋势,但籽粒的充实率、充实指数、库有效充实度、结实率和千粒重等均呈增加趋势,籽粒最初生长势降低,最大灌浆速率(G_(max))和平均灌浆速率(G_(mean))提高,达到灌浆峰值的日期推迟、生长量占比增加,灌浆历时缩短,总体以氮肥适度后移(N_2)处理产量更高;3)不同栽植方式在结实率和千粒重上的差异较小,而在生物产量、最大库容量、灌浆特征参数和充实指标上存在较大差异,各栽植方式在获得高产时存在相似的灌浆特性,即库容量较大,籽粒最初生长势较低,达到灌浆峰值的日期延迟、生长量占比较大,G_(max)和G_(mean)较高,宽窄行栽培、三角形栽培、扩行减株栽培和抛秧栽培分别在N_1、N_1、N_2和N_3条件下获得高产,其中三角形栽培产量最优;4)相关分析表明,随着最大库容量的增大,籽粒的最初生长势降低,灌浆峰值期延后,前、中期的灌浆历时与灌浆强度增加,达灌浆峰值期的生长量比例亦增加,且在前、中期的灌浆强度和前期的灌浆贡献率优势显著时更易获得高产。因此,提高水稻产量应结合当地的生态条件并针对不同的栽植方式采取相应的氮肥运筹措施。     

热胁迫对不同小麦品种灌浆速率的影响

为了给小麦高产稳产和耐热新品种选育提供依据,对北部冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区的12个推广小麦品种在正常及热胁迫下的产量、千粒重及灌浆过程进行了研究。试验于2014—2015年度在河北省辛集马兰农场进行,用大棚升温作为热胁迫处理,在小麦灌浆期对不同品种在正常及热胁迫处理下的灌浆速率进行测定,收获后测定产量和千粒重,并计算热感指数。结果表明,‘中麦175’、‘衡4399’、‘衡4444’、‘CA0816’和‘中麦875’在自然生长及热胁迫处理下有较高的产量。在小麦灌浆中后期的籽粒快增期及缓增期发生的热胁迫会通过影响灌浆速率显著影响小麦的千粒重及产量。根据千粒重热感指数对不同小麦品种的耐热性进行评估,发现‘京冬8号’、‘CA0816’、‘CA1062’、‘中麦875’、‘中麦895’及‘衡4444’的千粒重热感指数1,是耐热性较好的品种;其他品种的千粒重热感指数≥1,是热敏感品种。对不同品种在正常及热胁迫条件下的灌浆速率进行分析,发现热胁迫对不同耐热性品种灌浆速率产生影响的起始时间不同,耐热性好的品种的灌浆速率在灌浆后期才会受到热胁迫的影响,热敏感品种在灌浆中期即受到热胁迫的影响。总之,‘CA0816’、‘中麦875’和‘衡4444’是丰产性和耐热性都较好的品种;‘衡4399’和‘中麦175’的千粒重热感指数一般,但产量在自然生长及热胁迫下均较高;‘京冬8号’耐热性好,丰产性略差。以上品种均可作为优异的耐热资源在育种中加以利用,在育种实践中需联合使用品种的产量数据和千粒重热感指数来评估该品种在耐热性育种中的价值。     

Effect of nitrogen application during ripening period on photosynthesis and dry matter production and its impact on yield and yield components of semidwarf iniica rice varieties under water culture conditions

Abstract

A water culture pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of N application during the ripening period (RP) on photosynthesis, dry matter production, and its impact on grain ripening and yield in two semidwarf indica type varieties viz. Gui Zhao 2 (GZ) and BR3 (BR) compared with a japonica type variety Koganemasari (KO) under four N rates viz. 0 (N₀), 10 (N₁₀), 20 (N₂₀), and 40 (N₄₀) mg L^?1. Results showed that N application enabled to maintain a higher leaf area and delay leaf senescence in both indica and japonica type varieties but the decrease in the rate, of leaf area was higher in the former than in the latter and the rate was reduced with increasing N rates. Flag leaf photosynthesis and SPAD values of N treated plants were higher throughout the RP, showing the presence of a significant correlation either for each variety or all the varieties together. Higher photosynthetic rate was supported by higher leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value basis) content, stomatai conductance, and N concentration in leaf blades. Top dry matter content increased with increasing N rates mainly due to mean leaf area rather than NAR except for BR during RP but it was higher in KO than in GZ and BR. Reduction of shoot weight due to translocation of dry matter to panicles during RP was suppressed by N rates both in GZ and BR while shoot weight increased in the N-treated plants in KO. The dependency of KO on current photosynthates for panicle weight was found to be almost hundred percent while the contribution of stored carbohydrates in shoot before heading to panicle weight in GZ and BR was in the range of 4-27 and 33-54%, respectively and the rest was contributed by current photosynthates. The percentage increased with increasing N rates. Percentage of ripened grains (PRG) increased with increasing N rates in GZ and BR due to the increase in dry matter production and in the photosynthetic rates of apex leaves, despite the larger spikelet number and larger hull size. However, KO showed almost no variation although it had the highest PRG among the varieties. Brown rice yield followed the same pattern as that of PRG in GZ and BR and the highest yield was produced by BR followed by GZ and KO. These results suggest that N application during RP was more effective in increasing yield in the semidwarf indica type varieties than in the japonica type variety.     

播期对不同品种类型机插稻生长特性的影响

为了探讨河南省稻-麦两熟区播期对不同品种类型机插稻生长特性的影响,在豫南稻区罗山,以生产上主推的常规中熟中粳、常规和杂交迟熟中粳、常规早熟晚粳和迟熟中籼5个类型品种为材料,通过分期播种试验,对不同品种类型毯苗机插水稻的产量及其构成因素、茎蘖数、干物质量及群体生长率等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明：1）在试验设置的播期范围内,不同品种机插稻平均产量在播期间和品种类型间差异达极显著（P<0.01）,即随着播期的推迟呈极显著下降（P<0.01）,第Ⅰ播期（5月11日,10.60 t/hm2）较第Ⅱ（5月16日）－Ⅵ（6月5日）播期分别增产2.15%～28.81%;杂交迟熟中粳产量（10.44 t/hm2）极显著高于其他4种品种类型（P<0.01）,较其他类型品种分别增产9.20%～17.53%。同一品种类型,除了中熟中粳的产量在第Ⅱ播期（5月16日）最高,随后呈显著递减趋势外,其他4种类型品种机插稻的产量均是随着播期的推迟呈极显著下降趋势（P<0.01）,但品种类型间下降幅度不同。2）在产量构成因素中,除结实率在年份间差异不显著、在播期间和品种类型间差异极显著外,其他产量构成因素在年份间、播期间和品种类型间差异均达极显著（P<0.01）。同一类型品种,除中熟中粳的结实率随播期推迟呈先略升后明显下降趋势外,其他类型品种的穗数、每穗颖花数、总颖花量、结实率和千粒质量等产量构成因素均是随播期的推迟呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）下降趋势;在播期影响下,每穗颖花数和结实率的变化较大,穗数和千粒质量的变化较小;且对产量影响大小为每穗颖花数＞结实率＞穗数＞千粒质量;相关分析表明,产量与每穗粒数、总颖花量和结实率呈显著或极显著正相关,与穗数和千粒质量呈负相关;总颖花量与每穗粒数呈极显著正相关,与穗数呈负相关。进一步通径分析表明,对产量的贡献率最大的是群体颖花量,最小的是千粒质量,对群体颖花量的贡献率较大的是每穗颖花数,较小的是穗数。3）随着播期的推迟,不同品种类型水稻的茎蘖数在拔节期呈明显的递增趋势,在抽穗期和成熟期呈明显的下降趋势;单茎和群体干物质量、群体生长率在主要生育时期均呈逐渐下降趋势;成穗率和收获指数均呈逐渐下降趋势;但品种类型间和播期间下降幅度不同。综合机插稻高产及生育安全性考虑,豫南稻区首选杂交迟熟中粳"穗大粒多"型品种,适宜播期可推迟到5月25日。该研究结果为河南省豫南稻区机插水稻高产高效生产及配套品种的科学选用提供参考。     

高CO2浓度和剪叶疏花对水稻‘Y两优2号’ 产量形成的影响

利用稻田FACE(Free Air CO_2 Enrichment)平台,以创造世界高产纪录的超级稻组合‘Y两优2号’为试验材料,CO_2处理设环境CO_2浓度[(382.5±2.0)μmol·mol-1]和高CO_2浓度(增200μmol·mol-1)两个水平,齐穗期源库改变设对照、剪除剑叶(剪1叶)、剪除所有功能叶(剪3叶)以及相间剪除一次枝梗(疏花),研究开放条件下高CO_2浓度对不同源库处理水稻产量及其构成因子的影响。结果表明,对没有进行剪叶疏花处理的水稻(即对照)而言,高CO_2浓度使‘Y两优2号’籽粒产量平均增加12%,这主要与每穗颖花数和结实能力均略有增加有关。高CO_2浓度使剪1叶、剪3叶处理水稻的产量分别增加26%和57%,这主要与饱粒率和所有籽粒平均粒重均大幅增加有关。对齐穗期疏花处理水稻而言,高CO_2浓度导致的产量增幅与对照水稻接近。与对照相比,齐穗期剪1叶、剪3叶处理使水稻籽粒产量分别降低17%和52%,均达极显著水平,这主要与饱粒率和所有籽粒平均粒重均显著下降有关;尽管齐穗期疏花处理使水稻结实能力显著增加,但因每穗颖花数减半,产量大幅下降(-29%)。籽粒最终产量对高CO_2浓度的响应与饱粒率和所有籽粒平均粒重的响应呈显著正相关。以上结果表明,水稻齐穗期人为改变源库比例(特别是剪叶)可以改变籽粒结实能力和最终产量对高CO_2浓度的响应。     

不同灌水量下尿素添加适宜氮肥增效剂促进夏玉米灌浆增产

为揭示不同灌水水平和氮肥增效剂类型对夏玉米籽粒灌浆过程的影响规律，以郑单958品种为研究对象，采用裂区设计，主区设置2个灌水水平：40 mm（W1）、60 mm（W2）；副区在单施尿素（U）的基础上添加不同类型氮肥增效剂：脲酶抑制剂（NBPT）、硝化抑制剂（DCD）、双效抑制剂（NBPT+DCD），采用Richards方程模拟夏玉米籽粒灌浆过程，研究不同灌水水平和氮肥增效剂类型对夏玉米各灌浆特征参数的调控效应，同时分析不同处理对夏玉米干物质转运和产量形成的影响。结果表明，3种氮肥增效剂下夏玉米的籽粒产量均显著高于U，DCD和NBPT+DCD的效果优于NBPT；增加灌水量至60 mm，可使氮肥增效剂的增产效果增强，NBPT、DCD和NBPT+DCD的产量分别提高了6.55%、5.36%和10.53%。NBPT、DCD和NBPT+DCD的转运率分别比U增大23.42%、19.58%和45.33%；两个灌水水平下的转运率无显著差异。Richards模型能较好地模拟夏玉米籽粒灌浆动态过程，拟合方程决定系数均在0.99以上。W2较W1水平显著延长了夏玉米总灌浆期持续时间，且延长了灌浆快增期和缓增期的灌浆时间，显著提高了缓增期的灌浆速率。3种氮肥增效剂均可提高夏玉米平均灌浆速率，且NBPT+DCD和DCD提高了灌浆快增期的灌浆速率。不同氮肥增效剂在不同灌水水平下效果不同。W2水平下，DCD能提高籽粒灌浆起始生长势，其总灌浆期持续时间延长至47.10 d，且优化了3个灌浆阶段的时长比例，平均灌浆速率较高，达0.828 g/d，是该研究中灌水水平和氮肥增效剂类型的最佳组合，研究可为关中地区氮肥增效剂的合理施用提供理论依据。     

不同基因型冬小麦籽粒灌浆特征及其与千粒重的关系

基于2017/2018年度黄淮冬麦区田间试验观测数据,采用Logistic方程,对2个弱春性和6个半冬性冬小麦品种的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合分析,研究千粒重与籽粒灌浆特性的关系。结果表明,半冬性品种的灌浆速率普遍高于弱春性品种,其灌浆中后期的高灌浆速率,显著提高了其千粒重;弱春性品种返青后生长较快,开花早,灌浆时间显著长于半冬性品种,但其平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率均显著低于半冬性品种。不同基因型品种的籽粒灌浆速率显著影响千粒重,而且灌浆中后期的灌浆速率与千粒重呈显著性正相关。虽然不同品种的灌浆持续时间有一定差异,但是灌浆持续时间对千粒重增加的影响不大。根据灌浆特征参数与千粒重的相关性分析,快增期和缓增期的灌浆速率对千粒重具有决定性作用,而与各阶段灌浆持续时间并无显著相关关系。综合可知,试验区域更适合种植推广商355、豫教5号和存麦1号等半冬性品种。     

大气CO2浓度升高对不同穗型冬小麦灌浆动态的影响

利用开放式空气中CO2浓度升高系统（Free Air CO2 Enrichment,FACE),以CO2浓度为主处理,FACE圈内白天（5：30-18：00）CO2浓度550±17μL·L-1,对照浓度400±16μL·L-1,品种为副处理,选取大穗型（陕旱8675）、中穗型（京冬8号）和多穗型（胜利麦）3个小麦品种为研究对象进行实验,研究未来CO2浓度升高条件下,不同穗型冬小麦品种籽粒灌浆特征的动态变化。结果表明：（1）CO2浓度升高明显增加了各品种的初始粒重。中穗型品种京冬8号灌浆前期粒重增加,但最终籽粒重无影响,其灌浆时间和平均灌浆速率影响亦不明显;大穗型品种陕旱8675灌浆时间比对照延长19.3%,其籽粒重显著增加,穗上、中、下部增重分别为11.0%、20.9%、23.3%,全穗增重18.8%;CO2浓度升高后多穗型品种胜利麦灌浆速率的降低抵消了灌浆时间延长对籽粒总重的效应,其灌浆过程粒重增加不明显。（2）CO2浓度升高对多穗型品种京冬8号和大穗型品种陕旱8675灌浆参数（最大灌浆速率、到达最大灌浆速率的时间、平均灌浆速率和灌浆时间）的影响均表现为上部和下部穗大于中部穗,而多穗型品种胜利麦中部穗各灌浆参数变化幅度明显高于上、下部穗。（3）CO2浓度升高条件下,京冬8号和陕旱8675均表现为前期灌浆时间缩短,中、后期灌浆时间延长,而其在3个时期的平均灌浆速率变化正好相反;胜利麦在3个时期的灌浆时间均延长,平均灌浆速率降低。研究表明大穗型冬小麦品种比多穗型品种对大气CO2浓度增加的响应更明显。     

Biomass and nutrient accumulation rates of rice cultivars differing in their growth duration when grown in fertile and low-fertile soils

Abstract

The lack of water availability led scientists to breed short duration rice varieties despite their lower yield potential than the long duration rice varieties to ensure sustainability in lowland rice fields. It is not yet clear whether this reduction in yield is due to the reduced crop duration and/or is associated with the reduction in biomass and nutrient accumulation rates. Field experiments were conducted at low-fertile and fertile sites using 22 rice varieties differing in their duration (short, medium, and long), and yield potential (low and high). Straw and grain dry weights (DW), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were measured. For rice varieties grown in the low-fertility site, straw and grain DWs, biomass accumulation rate (g plant^?1?day^?1), and N, P, and K accumulation rates (mg plant^?1?day^?1) were reduced by 63, 61, 56, 44, 79, and 43%, respectively, than those observed in the fertile site. At the low-fertile site, short duration rice varieties had only 64% straw and 76% grain DWs, 67% biomass accumulation rate, and 87% N, 82% P, and 64% K accumulation rates than those observed in medium and long duration rice varieties. The differences were less pronounced at the fertile site. Reduced biomass, N, P, and K accumulation rates, apart from the reduced crop duration, hindered grain yield and thereby the sustainability of short duration rice varieties, particularly at low-fertile sites. Thus, rice breeding programs for low-fertile soils and short duration varieties should specifically be designed.     

Rapid Variety Identification of Pure Rough Rice by Fourier‐Transform Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy

Rice variety is considered as an important factor influencing cooking and processing quality because of variations in size, shape, and constitution. Difficulty in management of rough rice with lower varietal purity becomes a significant problem in rice production and can result in the reduction of rice quality. Fourier‐transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the variety of rough rice through whole‐grain techniques. Moist rough rice samples (n = 259) comprising five varieties (Khao Dawk Mali 105 [KDML105], Pathum Thani 1, Suphan Buri 60, Chainat 1, and Pitsanulok 2) were gathered from different locations around Thailand and scanned in the NIR region of 9088–4000 cm^–1 in reflectance mode. Soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) methods were used for identification by utilizing preprocessed spectra. The highest identification accuracy achieved was 74.42% by the SIMCA model and 99.22% by the PLSDA model. The best PLSDA model demonstrated approximately 97% correct identification for KDML105 samples and 100% for the others. This study raises the possibility of applying FT‐NIR spectroscopy as a nondestructive technique for rapidly identifying moist rough rice varieties in routine quality assurance testing.     

花后渍水对不同耐渍型冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

江汉平原冬小麦中后期常遭受涝渍灾害,为明确花后渍水对冬小麦籽粒灌浆进程的影响,以郑麦9023（耐渍型）和扬麦20（敏感型）2个小麦品种为研究对象,利用灌排可控的测坑模拟冬小麦花后不同天数（5、9、13和17 d）的渍水胁迫,应用Richards模型对冬小麦籽粒灌浆进程进行了模拟,在此基础上分析各籽粒灌浆参数与渍水天数的关系。结果表明：花后渍水5、9、13和17 d,郑麦9023（耐渍型）分别减产10.84%、19.51%、25.93%和36.52%,扬麦20（敏感型）分别减产14.25%、25.84%、37.26%和47.84%。导致冬小麦减产的主要原因是千粒质量降低,花后渍水天数每增加1 d,冬小麦郑麦9023和扬麦20千粒质量分别降低0.961和0.996 g。Richards方程能极显著模拟花后渍水冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程,拟合方程决定系数均在0.99以上。对耐渍型冬小麦,花后渍水主要显著缩短活跃灌浆期,且主要是显著缩短籽粒灌浆快增期和缓增期的持续天数;对敏感型冬小麦,花后渍水主要显著降低籽粒灌浆三阶段的灌浆速率。花后渍水增加1 d,郑麦9023籽粒活跃灌浆期缩短0.827 d,籽粒灌浆快增期、缓增期灌浆持续天数分别缩短0.492、0.963 d,扬麦20单粒最大灌浆速率降低0.046 mg/d、单粒平均灌浆速率降低0.032 mg/d,籽粒灌浆渐增期、快增期和缓增期单粒灌浆速率分别降低0.011、0.040和0.010 mg/d。研究可揭示花后渍水致使冬小麦减产的影响过程,为冬小麦涝渍灾害防控提供理论支撑。     

Abstracts of nippon Dojohiryogaku Zasshi

The effects of air temperature and light on the grain filling of an indica (IR20) and ajaponica rice (Fujisaka 5) was studied in artificially lighted cabinets. Within the daily mean temperature range of 16° to 28°C, the higher the temperature, the faster the grains filled and matured. At 28°C, the upper grains of IR20 rice took 13 days to reach the maximum weight, whereas those of Fujisaka 5 took 18 days. The optimum daily mean temperature range to achieve maximum weight per grain was 19° to 25°C for IR20 and 16° to 22°C for Fujisaka 5.

Apparently, IR20 rice is better adapted to higher temperatures during the ripening period than is Fujisaka 5 rice. More chalky grains occurred when the temperature was above or below the optimum range. Both day and night temperatures affected grain weight and grain quality.

The daily mean temperature was found to be the most meaningful expression for describing the effect of temperature on grain filling. Low light intensity appeared to cause a slight delay in the grain filling of the whole panicle and a reduction in the percentage of filled grains on the lower branches. A combination of high light intensity and low temperature gave the best ripening grade (grain weight × percent filled grains).     

微生物肥对水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响

以杂交稻中浙优1号和甬优9号为材料,研究微生物肥对水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,在相同施氮水平下,施用微生物肥后2个水稻品种分别增产41%和87%,其中主要增加了水稻有效穗,提高结实率和籽粒粒重;但分蘖成穗率有所下降;微生物肥能提高水稻叶片的光合速率,穗分化期和齐穗期的叶片光合速率均高于对照,也有利于增加齐穗期的物质生产量。研究表明微生物肥能提高氮素的农学利用率,实现减肥增产,且随着施氮量下降,氮素利用率呈升高趋势。     

超级晚稻灌浆特性与温光条件的关系

基于2011-2013年超级稻岳优6135分期播种田间试验数据,利用抽穗普期-成熟期每5d一次的千粒重动态观测资料并计算相应的灌浆速率,与同时段逐日气温和日照时数进行数理统计分析,建立基于不同温度要素、日照时数及温光组合的灌浆速率和千粒重的模拟模型,探究该水稻品种灌浆特性与各气象因子间的关联以及达到最优灌浆效果的气象条件。结果表明：灌浆速率、千粒重与各温度要素及日照时数间均呈一元二次函数关系,与各温光组合间呈二元二次函数关系。灌浆特性与各温度要素间的相关性优于其与日照时数间的相关性,不同温度要素及温光组合与千粒重的相关性优于与灌浆速率的相关性;日最低气温累积值与日照时数的组合是影响超级稻岳优6135灌浆特性的最重要温光因子。灌浆期积温达900℃·d,日照时数接近300h时,千粒重达到最大,灌浆过程趋于完成,籽粒趋于饱满,籽粒充实度最理想。     

Varietal traits limiting the grain yield of tropical maize

Tropical maize varieties were grown at a tropical lowland location in various -seasons and at a highland location in Mexico to study the general growth pattern of tropical maize. The following results were obtained.

1. The tropical maize variety grown at the lowland location in summer was characterized by (a) a high growth rate and a short growth duration, (b) a small leaf area duration during maturing, (c) a sizable loss of dry weight at late maturity, (d) a low harvest index, and (e) a small number of kernels formed per unit field area. Although these characters may be interrelated, the predominant cause of the former two appear to be environmental and that of the latter three, genetic.

2. The grain yield of tropical maize grown at the lowland location in summer was low mostly because of a small number of kernels and maybe also because of short leaf area duration. The senescence of leaves after silking was rapid and the growth duration was short under high temperatures.

3. Although the number of kernels was small, grain yield was higher at the highland than at the lowland location, and also was higher in the winter than in the summer plantings at the lowland location. At the highland location or in winter, the longer growth duration and the longer leaf area duration compensated for the smaller crop growth rate and resulted in a larger dry matter production after silking and a higher grain yield. Larger kernel size also contributed to the higher yield of highland maize.     

精量有序机抛种植模式对寒露风影响下双季晚稻生产的减灾作用

2020年在湖南大通湖区按照裂区设计进行大田试验,以水稻品种泰优390和H优518为材料,设常规机插秧（T1）、人工手抛秧（T2）和精量有序机抛秧（T3）三种处理,观察测定不同种植模式下的秧苗素质、产量及其构成因素、茎蘖动态和生育期,以探究不同种植方式对寒露风影响下晚稻生长发育特性、产量及产量构成的影响,找出在寒露风影响下更具有稳产减灾效果的种植方式,并对其减灾机理进行探究,为水稻生产和防灾减灾策略提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）采用钵苗育秧技术培育秧苗的精量有序机抛种植模式的秧苗素质相对较好,与采用毯苗育秧技术育秧的机插种植模式的秧苗素质差异显著。（2）移栽后,精量有序机抛秧返青最快,分蘖发生最早。（3）精量有序机抛秧的水稻生育期较手抛秧、机插秧显著缩短,品种泰优390可缩短生育期4～12d,H优518可缩短生育期3～8d。（4）在寒露风影响下,精量有序机抛秧的水稻成穗率、结实率、收获指数、单位面积有效穗数、千粒重及产量较手抛秧、机插秧高,且与机插秧处理差异达到显著水平。品种泰优390和H优518精量有序机抛秧的产量分别比手抛秧、机插秧增产21.7%、273.5%和12.9%、19.6%。研究结果说明使用精量有序机抛方式育出的秧苗素质较高,移栽大田后返青较快,分蘖速率较快,后期分蘖下降幅度小,有效穗数、结实率、千粒重较高,比人工手抛秧、常规机插秧更能促进水稻产量的提高。综合气候条件考虑,使用精量有序机抛方式能缩短晚稻生育期,在冷害严重的年份具有明显减灾效果。     

华南双季杂交稻氮素养分消耗量及其影响因素研究

为找出华南双季早稻和晚稻的氮素养分消耗量(即生产1.kg稻谷植株所吸收的氮素的克数,CN),评价施氮量、施氮时期以及光照和温度等气象因子对CN的影响,20012～005年以杂交稻为材料进行5年7季田间试验。结果表明:1)施氮量和施氮时期对杂交稻CN有显著影响,CN随着施氮量的增加而提高;施用穗粒肥使CN显著提高,而施用基肥和分蘖肥对CN的影响不显著;2)稻谷产量与CN呈开口向下的抛物线关系,在一定条件下,最适CN的产量最高,最适CN与结实期日照时数成正比,结实期光照条件不良,是早稻最适CN低于晚稻的主要原因;3)综合本研究及以往研究结果,初步确定在常年气候条件下华南双季杂交稻CN参数值为早季19,晚季21,可根据目标产量或结实期日照时数对CN参数进一步优化。     

施氮量对不同品质类型小麦产量、品质和旗叶光合作用的调节效应

采取田间试验,研究了施氮量对强筋小麦临优145和中筋小麦临优2018产量、品质、灌浆进程及旗叶光合作用的影响。结果表明,施氮使成穗数、穗粒数和结实小穗增加,千粒重降低,产量提高,以成穗数对产量贡献最大;施氮使平均灌浆速率降低,灌浆持续时间延长,灌浆后期灌浆速率下降相对较慢;旗叶叶绿素相对含量和净光合速率提高。临优145施氮量225.kg/hm2和临优2018施氮量150.kg/hm2时,2个品种的营养品质和加工品质均得到改善,蛋白质各组分均有所提高,达到产量与品质的协调。综合考虑施氮对2个不同品质类型小麦产量和品质的影响,施氮量对成穗数、穗粒数和产量影响作用大,千粒重和品质主要决定于品种遗传特性。     

Nitrogen acquisition and its relation to growth and yield in recent high-yielding cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japan

During the last two decades, high-yielding cultivars for multipurpose use of rice have been bred and released in Japan. Some of them have repeatedly recorded high yields of over 9?t?ha^?1 of brown rice (about 11.25?t?ha^?1 of rough rice). Here, characteristic features of nitrogen (N) acquisition and its relation to formation of yield components, dry matter production and grain yield at yield levels over 9?t?ha^?1 of brown rice in recent high-yielding cultivars, a large grain type of japonica variety, “Akita 63,” extra-panicle weight types of indica variety, “Takanari” and “Saikai 198,” and a panicle weight type of japonica variety, “Fukuhibiki,” are described as compared with those in the standard japonica cultivars, “Toyonishiki” and “Nipponbare.” The grain yield of the recent high-yielding cultivars was 9.4 to 11.6?t?ha^?1 of brown rice; that is 1.2?1.7 times greater than those of the standard cultivars. Sink capacity (1000-grain weight?×?spikelet number per unit land area) was 47?62% greater in the recent high-yielding cultivars, largely due to their 1.3?1.5 times greater N-use efficiency for sink formation (sink capacity per unit amount of total plant N in the aboveground part at maturity), although major component(s) responsible for their greater sink capacity differ among the cultivars. The ratio of grain yield to total dry matter was 1.1?1.4 times greater in the recent high-yielding cultivars than in the standard cultivars, indicating that the former efficiently translocate dry matter into spikelets during the grain-filling period. N-use efficiency for dry matter production (total dry matter per unit amount of total plant N) was comparable between “Akita 63,” “Fukuhibiki” and “Toyonishiki,” and slightly greater in “Takanari” and “Saikai 198” than in “Nipponbare.”

These results indicate that greater N-use efficiency for sink formation and efficient translocation of dry matter into spikelets contribute greatly to the high-yielding potential of the recent high-yielding cultivars.