氮肥、土壤湿度和温度对稻田土壤甲烷氧化的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer,soil mosture and temperature and temperature on methane oxidation in paddy soil were investigated under laboratory conditions.Addition of 0.05 g N kg^-1 soil as NH4Cl strongly inhibited methane oxidation and addition of the same rate of KCl also inhibited the oxidation but with more slight effect,suggesting that the inhibitory effect was partly caused by increase in osmotic potential in microorganism cell,Not only NH4^ but also NO3^- greatly affected methane oxidation.Urea did not affect methane oxidation in paddy soil in the first two days of incubation,but strong inhibitory effect was observed afterwards.Methane was oxidized in the treated soil with an optimum moisture of 280 g kg^-1 ,and air-drying inhibited methane oxidation entirely.The optimum temperature of methane oxidation was about 30℃ in paddy soil.while no methane oxidation was observed at 5℃or 50℃。     

不同施氮量下双季稻连作体系土壤氨挥发损失研究

采用密闭室间歇通气法研究双季稻连作体系不同施氮量下土壤氨挥发损失。结果表明,早稻氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后的15d内,第3～5d出现峰值,损失总量为N 22.60～162.0 kg /hm2,损失率为 29.29%～52.32%;晚稻氨挥发主要发生在施肥后的11d内,第3 d出现峰值,损失总量为N 22.35～141.4 kg /hm2,损失率为35.75%～46.82%。早、晚稻各生育期连作周期的氨挥发量均与施氮量呈显著线性关系。     

Effect of the long-term application of anaerobically digested residual slurry on methane emissions in a rice paddy field

ABSTRACT

The anaerobic digestion of livestock manure is an environmentally compatible technology used for the production of renewable energy. Anaerobically digested residual slurry has been used worldwide as a liquid fertilizer in both upland and paddy fields. However, a controversial question remains as to whether the application of slurry to rice paddy fields increases methane emissions; although methane is one of the most prevalent greenhouse gases, little is known about the effects of the long-term application of residual slurry on methane emission. In this study, we repeatedly applied slurry to a paddy field for six years at different application rates (10, 15, and 20 g N m^?2 based on ammonium-nitrogen content). At the fifth and sixth years of application, we evaluated the effect in terms of methane flux and soil total carbon content. The effect of the long-term application of the slurry (10 g N m^?2) on grain yield was equivalent to that of chemical fertilizer (10 g N m^?2). The application of the residual slurry was likely to increase the cumulative methane emissions during rice growing season in both 2006 and 2007. On the other hand, we observed that soil total carbon did not accumulate significantly in the soil. Thus, we cannot rule out the potential risk of additional methane emissions caused by the application of the residuary slurry to paddy fields.     

长期施用绿肥对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤养分的影响

通过对26年长期定位试验结果的统计分析,结果表明:绿肥与化肥长期配合施用有利于水稻稳产增产,减少化肥的使用量,提高化肥NPK养分的农学利用效率达60%以上。26年水稻平均产量以OM3处理(紫云英+猪粪)最高,比CK增产64.47%,比NPK处理增产6.86%;其化肥养分农学效率为16.33kg/kg,比NPK处理化肥养分农学效率高118.9%。绿肥与化肥长期配合施用土壤有机质、全氮和全磷均有所积累,积累的量与肥料施用量及有机肥种类相关,以紫云英+猪粪处理最优。土壤钾素均表现亏缺,土壤全钾和速效钾均低于试验前,亏缺幅度最小的是紫云英+稻草处理,其土壤全钾和速效钾分别比对照高4.28%和13.94%。通过对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾与水稻产量关性分析,相关系数最高的为土壤全钾(r=0.808**),说明缺钾已成为限制红壤稻田高产的主要肥力因子。     

麦秆还田氮肥运筹对水稻产量及土壤氮素供应的影响

通过田间对比试验,研究了小麦秸秆全量还田后不同N肥运筹模式对水稻生长及土壤N素供应的影响。结果表明,小麦秸秆全量还田使水稻增产5.3%,且N肥运筹模式由传统模式A(基蘖肥:穗肥=5:5,基肥:分蘖肥=6:4)优化为B(基蘖肥:穗肥=6.5:3.5,基肥:分蘖肥=8:2)时,增产幅度更大,达9.3%。秸秆全量还田主要通过提高水稻结实率和成穗率,增加有效穗数,实现水稻增产。秸秆还田影响了水稻生长进程,表现为抑制水稻前期(孕穗期)生长和N素累积,而促进后期生物量增加和N素累积。同一时期,N肥模式B水稻生物量、N素累积量均高于模式A。秸秆全量还田后,土壤矿质N发生变化,水稻生育前期较不还田处理(CK)低,而后期较CK高,且N肥运筹模式B较A高。秸秆还田提高了N肥利用率,RNA、RNB分别比CK增加4.1和8.6个百分点,且土壤N素表观盈余量表现为:RNBRNACK。因而,小麦秸秆全量还田,并采用N肥运筹模式B,是实现水稻高产,维持土壤N素平衡的有效措施。     

秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对白土田水稻产量和氮吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究小麦秸秆直接还田条件下不同氮肥基追比例运筹方式对白土稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响, 为华中低产白土稻田水稻合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】设置2种小麦秸秆还田量(0和3000 kg/hm2)及3种氮肥基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例(80-0-20、 60-20-20 和40-30-30)和不施氮的对照, 共7个处理, 分别为N80-0-20、 N60-20-20、 N40-30-30、 N80-0-20+S、 N60-20-20+S、 N40-30-30+S和CK。水稻收获期采集代表性样品考察水稻产量结构性状, 同时测定水稻籽粒和秸秆产量, 分析籽粒和秸秆氮素含量, 计算水稻氮素吸收量和氮肥利用效率。【结果】基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒产量最高, 两年试验较不施分蘖肥的对照分别增产9.4%~12.9%和7.4%~8.9%。实施小麦秸秆直接还田后, 水稻籽粒产量较不施秸秆的对照分别提高10.2%~23.4%和0.8%~5.5%。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒含氮量最高, 较不施氮的对照提高11.3%, 而秸秆含N量随中后期追肥比例的加大而提高。秸秆还田条件下, 氮肥后移能明显提高水稻籽粒和秸秆含氮量。水稻籽粒氮素吸收量, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20处理最多, 2011年较对照N80-0-20分别增加13.7%和24.8%, 2012年提高14.5%和9.2%; 秸秆氮素积累量则随中后期追肥用量的增加而增多, 基-蘖-穗肥比例40-30-30处理最多。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20的处理氮素干物质生产效率、 氮素稻谷生产效率、 氮收获指数均最高, 百公斤籽粒吸氮量最低。秸秆还田条件下, 氮素干物质生产效率和氮素稻谷生产效率均随中后期追肥量的增加而下降, 而百公斤籽粒吸氮量则最高。氮素农学效率、 氮肥回收利用率和偏生产力也是60-20-20比例的处理最高, 较对照N80-0-20农学效率分别提高4.90和2.44 kg籽粒/kg N, 氮肥利用率提高7.82和21.29个百分点, 偏生产力提高4.90和2.44个百分点。【结论】综合水稻产量、 氮素吸收量以及氮肥利用效率, 安徽省江淮丘陵低产白土地区, 小麦秸秆直接还田条件下, 单季中稻氮肥的基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例, 以60-20-20运筹方式较为适宜。     

有机肥与化肥不同比例配施下水稻土铵态氮释放特征

采用淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法,研究了有机肥(猪粪和牛粪)与化肥(尿素)氮以不同比例配施后对水稻土铵态氮释放特征的影响。结果表明:与单施100%尿素处理相比,培养到28 d,配施有机肥处理(除80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮、70%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理)显著降低土壤铵态氮的累积释放量,且随有机肥配施比例的增加降幅增大,降低幅度为5.78%~41.20%(P0.05);培养28~90 d,配施有机肥处理(50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理除外)的土壤铵态氮释放量显著提高;至培养90 d,50%尿素氮配施50%猪粪氮和80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量显著高于单施100%尿素处理,提高幅度分别为4.81%和9.32%(P0.05)。培养结束时,氮素减施20%(单施80%尿素氮、50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮)处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量与单施100%尿素处理无显著差异。本研究表明,50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮既可以降低土壤铵态氮前期释放速率,又可以增加水稻土持续稳定的供氮能力,对减少氮肥损失维持作物生产具有重要意义。     

高、中、低产田水稻适宜施氮量和氮肥利用率的研究

为探明不同施氮水平对湖北省高、 中、 低产田水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。选用水稻品种两优培九为供试品种,采用大田小区试验,探索不同地力水平（高、 中、 低）下稻田的最佳施氮量,考察不同施氮水平对不同地力水平水稻产量及产量构成因素、 氮肥贡献率、 土壤氮素依存率和氮肥利用率的影响规律。结果表明, 在2011年大田试验中,高产田和中产田都在施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2 的处理中获得最高产量,分别比CK增产10为探明不同施氮水平对湖北省高、 中、 低产田水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。选用水稻品种两优培九为供试品种,采用大田小区试验,探索不同地力水平（高、 中、 低）下稻田的最佳施氮量,考察不同施氮水平对不同地力水平水稻产量及产量构成因素、 氮肥贡献率、 土壤氮素依存率和氮肥利用率的影响规律。结果表明, 在2011年大田试验中,高产田和中产田都在施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2 的处理中获得最高产量,分别比CK增产10.70%、 27.23%;而低产田则是在施氮为N 240 kg/hm2处理中产量达到最大,比CK增产44.70%。在2012年大田试验中,高产田、 低产田均在施氮为N 180 kg/hm2 时达到最高产量,分别比CK增产12.43%、 74.19%;而中产田在施氮处理为N 240 kg/hm2 时达到最大,比CK增产28.80%。在一定范围内,施氮量越高,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥生理利用率越高,偏生产力越低。综合产量、 产量构成因子以及氮肥利用率得出高产田与中产田适宜施氮量为N 120~180 kg/hm2,低产田适宜施氮量为N 180~240 kg/hm2。适宜施氮量上低产田中产田高产田。     

上海地区水稻土氮素矿化模拟

Three types of paddy soils, derived from granite, Quaternary red clay and basalt, respectively, were selected to study the effects of Fe and Mn in paddy soils on methane production and emission through pot and incubation experiments. The results indicated that the difference of Fe and Mn in paddy soils was one of the important factors causing obvious differences in methane emission from different soil types. Soil Fe and Mn affecting methane emission from the paddy soils was likely through affecting soil Eh and forming Fe and Mn plaques on rice roots. Different rates and valences of added Fe and Mn significantly affected methane production from paddy soils. Therefore, this study enhanced understanding of processes controlling methane emission from paddy soils and may help to improve modeling and estimating regional and global methane emission from paddy soils.     

长期施钾对红壤水稻土水稻产量及土壤钾素状况的影响

研究了长期定位施肥试验中连续27年（1981～2007）施用钾肥对水稻产量和土壤钾素状况的影响。本试验选择了其中5个处理:CK（不施肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NP+RS（施氮、磷肥和稻草）和NPK+RS（施氮、磷、钾肥和稻草）。结果表明,施钾能明显提高水稻产量,施钾肥的NPK和NPK+RS处理27年的早稻平均产量分别比NP和NP+RS处理增加15.2%和10.9%;晚稻增产17.2%和9.1%;在27年54季水稻种植期间,不同施肥处理早、晚稻产量的变化趋势不同。CK、NP处理的早、晚稻产量随时间的推移呈负变化趋势,而NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS处理的早、晚稻产量呈正变化趋势。施钾的NPK和NPK+RS处理不同土层中土壤全钾、缓效钾和速效钾含量均高于NP和NP+RS处理的相同土层;除NPK+RS处理外,其它各处理表观钾平衡均为负值,其中CK和NP处理钾的负平衡值最大。长期施用钾肥能提高水稻产量和维持土壤钾素肥力。     

不同地力水平下超级稻高产高效适宜施氮量及其机理的研究

在江苏淮北稻区,稻麦两熟制条件下,选取有代表性的超级稻品种徐稻3号（中熟中粳）为供试材料,系统研究了麦茬田高、中、低3种地力水平上不同施氮量对超级稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响,并探讨了不同地力水平上超级稻高产高效的机理。结果表明：1）同一施氮水平下,高地力土壤上水稻产量显著高于中地力,中地力显著高于低地力,两年3种地力水平上的最高产量对应的最适施氮量分别为259.9和261.7 kg/hm^2、290.1和290.8kg/hm^2、346.8和344.1 kg/hm^2;2）氮肥表观利用率与施氮量之间存在显著或极显著的二次曲线关系,两年的最高氮肥表观利用率对应的施氮量分别为高地力274.1和263.0 kg/hm^2、中地力295.4和291.3 kg/hm^2、低地力332.6和337.7 kg/hm^2,不同地力水平及施氮量条件下,氮素收获指数、氮素稻谷生产效率及氮素生理利用率差异显著,均随施氮量增加而降低,不同地力水平之间表现为高地力〈中地力〈低地力的趋势;3）不同地力水平上通过调节施氮量可以获得较高总颖花量,产量构成因素能够协调发展,随着生育期进程的推进,不同地力水平上随施氮量增加,水稻群体氮素积累量呈上升趋势,氮素转移率与贡献率降低,而抽穗到成熟阶段的氮素吸收速率表现出先升后降的趋势,以上各项指标均表现出高地力〉中地力〉低地力的水平。通过对不同地力条件下施氮量与产量及氮素吸收利用关系的研究,认为不同地力土壤实现氮肥高产高效目标,高地力土壤应适时控氮肥,以调整产量构成因素协同发展同时提高氮素利用率;中、低地力应加强培肥地力并增施氮肥,增大群体总颖花量及植株的氮素累积量;该地区高、中、低3种地力水平麦茬田上氮肥高产高效对应的合理施氮量分别为264.7（259.9～274.1）kg/hm^2、290.8（290.1～295.4）kg/hm^2、344.1（332.6～346.8）kg/hm^2。     

长期不同施肥对水稻土有机氮素矿化特性影响的研究

通过定位试验研究了长期不同施肥措施对水稻土氮素矿化特性的影响。结果表明,长期不同施肥措施显著影响水稻土氮矿化势及矿化速率。与不施氮肥相比,单施氮肥使水稻土氮矿化势下降,矿化速率加快;氮肥与有机肥配施可极显著增加水稻土氮矿化势,降低矿化速率。在氮肥与有机肥配施的基础上,水稻插秧后接种“Azolla”固氮菌体可降低氮矿化势,提高矿化速率。     

土壤增氧方式对其氮素转化和水稻氮素利用及产量的影响

以3种不同生态型水稻品种中浙优1号(水稻)、IR45765-3B(深水稻)和中旱221(旱稻)为材料,比较研究了不同增氧方式(T1-增施过氧化钙、T2-微纳气泡水增氧灌溉、T3-表土湿润灌溉和CK-淹水对照)下稻田土壤氮素转化和水稻氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明:1)增氧处理明显改善土壤氧化还原状况,3种增氧方式下土壤氧化还原电位均高于CK。稻田增氧促进土壤氮素硝化,在分蘖期和齐穗期T1、T2和T3的土壤硝化强度和脲酶活性均显著高于CK,反硝化强度显著低于CK。2)不同增氧处理对水稻氮素吸收的影响不同,在拔节期、齐穗期和完熟期3品种的植株氮素积累量均表现为T1、T2显著高于CK,而T3显著低于CK;在完熟期,T1处理下中浙优1号、IR45765-3B和中旱221植株氮素积累量分别较CK增加了21.2%、13.2%和17.0%,而T2处理下3品种的植株氮素积累量分别较CK增加了14.3%、6.9%和9.1%。3)与CK相比,T1和T2显著提高水稻籽粒产量和收获指数,氮素籽粒生产效率与CK无显著差异,而T3显著增加水稻氮素干物质生产效率和氮素籽粒生产效率。可见,施用过氧化钙和微纳气泡水增氧灌溉能有效改善稻田土壤氧化还原状况,不仅显著提高水稻产量,而且显著增强稻田氮的硝化而减少氮素损失,从而提高水稻氮素积累量和氮素收获指数。     

Effects of preceding compost application on the nitrogen budget in an upland soybean field converted from a rice paddy field on gray lowland soil in Akita,Japan

Abstract

The annual nitrogen (N) budget was measured in a soybean-cultivated upland field during the first year after conversion from a paddy field on gray lowland soil, which is typically found on the Sea of Japan side of northern Japan. Forage rice was cultivated on lysimeter fields for 4 consecutive years with applications of chemical fertilizer, immature compost, or mature compost (the control, immature compost, and mature compost plots, respectively), and then the fields were converted to upland fields for soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill cultivar Ryuho) cultivation. Input (seed, bulk N deposition, and symbiotic dinitrogen [N₂] fixation) and output (harvested grain, leached N via drainage water, and nitrous oxide emission) N flows were measured, and the field N budget was estimated from the difference between the input and output. The soybean plants in the immature and mature compost plots grew well and had higher yields (498–511 g m)^?2) compared to the control plot (410 g m)^?2). Total N accumulation in the soybean plants derived from N₂ fixation (g N m)^?2) in the mature compost plot (27.7) was higher than those in the control (18.1) and immature compost plots (19.9). Percentages of soybean N accumulation derived from N₂ fixation ranged from 53% to 74%. N derived from symbiotic N₂ fixation accounted for more than 90% of the total N input, whereas harvested grain accounted for approximately 85% of the total N output. N leaching mainly occurred during the fallow period, accounting for 13–15% of the total N output. The annual N budgets were negative (?10.0,?14.2, and ?6.4 g N m)^?2 year)^?1 for the control, immature compost, andmature compost plots, respectively). The Nloss from the immature compost plot was higher than that of the control plot, because the N output in harvested grain was higher, and the N input by N₂ fixation was similar between plots. While the N loss from the mature compost plot was lower than that of the control plot because the N output in harvested grain was higher, as was the case in the immature compost plot, the N input by N₂ fixation was also higher. Preceding compost application—whether immature or mature compost—to paddy fields increased the subsequent soybean yield during the first year after conversion. This result suggests that N loss and the following decrease in soil N availability in the field could be mitigated by increased N₂ fixation resulting from mature compost application with an appropriate application practice.     

长期有机养分循环利用对红壤稻田土壤供氮能力的影响

通过15年的田间定位试验结合盆栽试验,研究了长期有机养分循环利用和不同化肥配施对红壤稻田土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量氮(MB-N)和土壤氮的矿化量与生物吸氮量有极显著的正相关关系,是良好的土壤供氮能力指标。长期有机养分循环利用或配合化肥施用能显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮含量和氮的矿化量,提高幅度分别为20.1%4～0.9%、0.460～.60.g/kg和55.0%(6周);明显提高土壤MB-N含量,提高幅度平均为70.3%。长期纯化肥处理对土壤碳、氮库的积累和氮的矿化量的提高作用甚微。盆栽试验表明,长期施用氮肥和氮、磷、钾肥土壤供氮量提高量极小,与长期不施肥相比提高幅度分别为2.1%和6.2%,而有机养分循环利用能显著提高土壤供氮量,提高幅度为33.7%8～9.0%。随着有机养分循环利用和NPK肥配合程度的提高,土壤供氮量提高幅度呈上升的趋势。     

早稻施氮对连作晚稻产量和氮肥利用率及土壤有效氮含量的影响

于20022～005年,在湖南长沙采用连续定位试验,研究了早稻施氮对连作晚稻产量、氮肥利用率、土壤有效氮含量的影响。试验设早稻施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻施氮/晚稻施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻施氮4个处理。结果表明,在连续4年早季施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.45.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.13.t/hm2,氮素吸收量183.6.kg/hm2,分别比连作晚稻不施氮处理增加28.4%、35.1%和103.5%,均达到显著水平;在连续4年早季不施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.61.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.14.t/hm2,氮素吸收量165.6.kg/hm2,分别比不施氮处理增加33.4%、37.6%和95.6%,均亦达到显著水平。连作晚稻在早季不施氮和早季施氮两种情况下氮肥利用率不同,前者的氮肥生理利用率显著高于后者,增幅为37.8%,两者的氮肥农学利用效率、吸收利用率差异不显著,但前者4年氮肥农学利用效率平均值比后者高18.1%,吸收利用率低6.8个百分点。早晚两季均不施氮小区土壤碱解氮含量均明显低于其他施氮小区,但没有出现随试验年度加长而连续下降的趋势;当早稻或晚稻其中有一季施用了氮肥,或者两季均施用了氮肥的小区,土壤碱解氮含量差异不显著。说明连作晚稻产量主要受当季施氮量的影响,而受早季施氮量的影响较小;早季不施氮小区的连作晚稻氮肥的农学利用效率、生理利用率比早季施氮小区高;在一定程度上降低稻田氮肥用量不会导致土壤背景氮含量的下降。     

机械化整地方式对低洼水田土壤理化性质及水稻产量影响

低洼地是黑龙江省分布在三江平原地区的地势较低的一类耕地土壤,由于地势低、易受渍涝影响,土壤生产力低,作物产量低而不稳,提高这类土壤生产力对农业生产尤为重要。该文以低洼地典型的一类土壤沼泽土为供试土壤,采用大田对比试验的方法,开展旋耕、深松、深翻、深松鼠洞4种不同机械化整地方式对低洼水田理化性质改良效果的研究。结果表明:与常规旋耕比,深松、深翻机械整地可以使0～30cm土层土壤含水率降低10.03%～27.23%,土壤透水性提高,土壤容重增加0.05～0.18 g/cm3、增幅为6.60%～16.98%,差异显著,深松、深翻使土壤硬度提高,总孔隙降低幅度3.16%～11.92%,滞水现象得到改善,深松鼠洞机械整地效果与旋耕比差异不明显;在排水晒田后,土壤温度明显上升,平均每天增加1～2℃,深松效果好于深翻,土壤氮素供应强度增加;深松整地水稻产量连年增加,第1年增产4.21%,第2年增产10.46%,达到显著水平,深翻对水稻产量无影响,第2年有增加趋势,差异不显著,深松鼠洞整地第1年和第2年水稻产量与旋耕比无差异显著,在深松鼠洞改土技术及机械研发上要进行新的改进与探讨。     

Status of paddy soils as affected by paddy rice and upland soybean rotation in northeast Japan,with special reference to nitrogen fertility

To investigate the current available nitrogen (N) and chemical properties of paddy soils affected by crop rotation between irrigated paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) and upland soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (paddy-upland rotation), topsoils were collected from 22 fields of four different farmers in the northeastern region of Japan. Regardless of organic material application, a significant negative correlation was found between available soil N and an increase in the proportions of upland seasons to total crop seasons after the initiation of paddy-upland rotation. Soil total N and total carbon (C) also tended to decrease with an increase in upland frequency. In fields with repeated applications of cattle manure compost, the soil available N was higher than in fields where only crop residue was applied. A significant negative correlation was also found between the soil available N:total N ratio and upland frequency. This indicates that the part of soil N related to available N was notably lost by the use of paddy fields as upland fields. In order to sustain available soil N over the minimum suitable level of 80?mg?kg^?1, upland frequency should not exceed 65% when only crop residues and no other organic materials are applied. The upland frequency can be raised by the repeated application of organic materials which maintain a higher level of available soil N. The results imply that care should be taken to maintain the N fertility of paddy soil at a suitable level in paddy-upland rotation, and that upland frequency and organic materials applied are important factors to do this.     

施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响

在高肥力土壤条件下,研究了施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,小麦生长期间,施氮处理0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著大于不施氮处理;当施氮量大于150.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加;随小麦生育进程推进,施氮处理上层土壤硝态氮下移趋势明显,至小麦成熟时,施氮1952～85.kg/hm2处理60100.cm土层硝态氮含量显著大于其它处理。小麦生长期间,0100.cm土层铵态氮积累量较为稳定,施氮处理间亦无显著差异。与不施氮肥相比,施氮提高小麦生长期间040.cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量;当施氮量小于240.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,土壤微生物量氮含量增加。小麦的氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而降低;施氮1051～95.kg/hm2,收获时小麦植株吸氮量、生物产量、子粒产量和子粒蛋白质含量提高;而施氮量大于240.kg/hm2时,小麦生育后期的氮素积累量降低,收获时植株吸氮量、生物产量和子粒蛋白质含量降低。说明本试验条件下,施氮1051～50.kg/hm2可满足当季小麦氮素吸收利用,获得较高的子粒产量和蛋白质含量。继续增加施氮量,土壤微生物量氮含量增加,但土壤中残留大量硝态氮,易淋溶损失。     

水稻品种和砷污染对土壤溶解性有机碳氮的影响

选取有机质含量和pH不同的2种水稻土(黄泥田和红泥田),通过盆栽实验研究砷(As)污染条件下,种植9个水稻品种对土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性有机氮(DON)含量的影响,分析水稻品种、As污染和土壤类型的相对影响与交互作用.结果表明,水稻品种显著影响了土壤DOC和DON的变化,在水稻收获后,DOC平均含量的大小顺序为杂交稻(41.09±0.92 mg kg-1)＞籼稻(38.10±1.53 mg kg-1)＞粳稻(37.74± 1.37 mg kg-1);DON平均含量的大小顺序为粳稻(2.94± 0.40 mg kg-1)＞杂交稻(2.61±0.42 mg kg-1)＞籼稻(1.45± 0.17 mg kg-1).As污染降低了土壤DOC和DON的含量,但不同品种水稻的响应不同.与对照相比,As污染条件下,黄泥田和红泥田中DOC平均含量分别下降了14.4％和11.1％,DON平均含量分别下降了65.0％和44.7％;DOC在种植杂交稻后降幅最小,而DON在种植籼稻后降幅最小.在两种水稻土中,黄泥田的DOC和DON平均含量高于红泥田,在没有As污染条件下,分别高22.4％和45.8％,这与黄泥田有机质含量和pH高有关.水稻品种、As污染和土壤类型对DOC和DON变化的影响不同,3个因子对DOC变化的相对贡献率分别为7.7％、15.5％和27.6％,对DON变化的相对贡献率分别为14.7％、24.2％和2.0％.