温室蔬菜栽培对土壤交换性盐基离子组成的影响

对沈阳市大民屯镇蔬菜生产基地温室番茄栽培条件下土壤交换性盐基离子组成变化的研究表明,使用5年和11年温室0～30cm土层的土壤交换性K平均含量分别是其相邻露地菜田的4．1倍和8．7倍。由于土壤交换性K含量的增加,交换性K与盐量总量的比值随温室使用年限增加而显著增加,而Ca＋Mg与盐基总量的比值随温室使用年限增加而显著降低。土壤水溶性与交换性Ca、Mg、K之间、水溶性阳离子总量与交换性盐基离子及总量之间具有极显著的相关关系（P〈0．01）,表明温室土壤交换性盐基组成是土壤水溶性盐分积累的一个主要影响因素。与露地菜田相比,高量施肥条件下温室土壤交换性K含量的显著增加是交换性盐基组成及盐基离子之间比值变化的一个主要特征。     

沼液堆肥化与牛粪堆肥化的发酵特性及腐熟进程

为评价沼液作为堆肥含氮添加剂的应用效果,开发沼液的处理应用技术,以牛粪树叶堆肥为对照,将沼液和树叶混合堆制发酵,探讨其发酵特性与腐熟进程。研究结果表明,环境温度一直在10℃以下,沼液堆肥化和牛粪堆肥化均能经历35d以上的堆温超过50℃的高温发酵;而沼液堆肥化超过50℃的高温期持续时间比牛粪堆肥化少8d;经60d的发酵沼液堆肥化的半纤维素含量从发酵初期的12.14%下降到6.53%,纤维素含量由20.5%下降到9.8%;而牛粪堆肥化的半纤维素含量从12.8%下降到9.56%,纤维素含量由21.5%下降到15.9%。可见沼液堆肥化的分解更彻底。从C/N、温度、可溶性糖含量、含水量、种子发芽指数综合评价两种堆肥的腐熟度,沼液堆肥化进入腐熟状态约经30d,而牛粪堆肥化进入腐熟约需45d。     

蔬菜废弃物堆肥对设施蔬菜产量和土壤生物特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了蔬菜废弃物堆肥对小白菜的增产效果、土壤养分含量、土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高盆栽小白菜的产量和品质,其中30 t/hm2的高量蔬菜废弃物堆肥将产量提高了66.26%,将品质指标Vc、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高了35.64%、183.36%和39.42%。蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高土壤质量,有机质、总氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤微生物量碳、氮,以及土壤淀粉酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性的土壤质量指标。与牛粪相比较,高用量的蔬菜废弃物堆肥处理在小白菜产量、可溶性蛋白含量、土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、磷酸酶活性上显著高于牛粪;而在可溶性糖含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤微生物量、淀粉酶、脱氢酶活性上显著低于牛粪。综合而言,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够提高土壤质量,增加蔬菜产量和品质;在蔬菜产量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥优于牛粪,在蔬菜品质和土壤质量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥与牛粪相当。     

黑垆土非代换性钾剖面分布特征的研究

本文初步研究了黄土高原黑垆土主要亚类非代换性钾的变化、分布,表明其符合指数回归方程,是草原地带黑垆土主要特征之一。粘黑垆土剖面非代换性钾分布呈“S”型,是森林地带塿土向草原地带黑垆土、黑麻土和黑焦土过渡的森林草原地带的土壤,从形态上兼有塿土剖面非代换性钾分布某些特征,但量上有所差异。草原地带的墹地、沟掌地和川台地的黑垆土剖面非代换性钾分布具有森林草原地带黑垆土的特征。本研究从土壤非代换性钾剖面的变化为黑垆土分类和岩石地层的划分提供科学依据。     

NUTRIENT PARTITIONING IN POTTED PEACH (PRUNUS PERSICA L.) TREES SUPPLIED WITH MINERAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilization on nutrient uptake and partitioning in potted peach trees. The study was carried out on 72 peach (Prunus persica L.) plants. The following treatments were compared: 1) unfertilized control, 2) mineral fertilization [713 mg nitrogen (N), 119 mg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅), 476 mg potassium oxide (K₂O) pot^?1], 3) cow manure (119 g dw pot^?1) and 4) compost (119 g dw pot^?1). Compared to the untreated control, plant biomass was improved by supplying cow manure and compost. Potassium concentration in fine roots and leaves was higher in compost treated trees. Leaf concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were decreased by applications of compost and cow manure. Nutrient concentrations in fine roots were always positively correlated with nutrients in coarse roots, only N showed a negative correlation. With the exception of Ca and Mg, macronutrients removed by trees were higher after compost fertilization than in unfertilized controls.     

外源微生物对堆肥理化性质及酶活影响的研究

利用牛粪和稻草为原料进行堆肥实验,通过测定堆肥过程中的温度、含水率等物理、化学指标以及酶活性的变化,研究了接种外源微生物对堆肥过程的影响。结果表明,接种外源微生物比对照提前2d达到高温期,并且维持时间长。大肠杆菌数量及植物毒性比不接种大幅度降低,纤维素酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶均有所增加。说明接种外源微生物可以使堆肥中微生物数量增多,加速堆料中有机物的分解,加快堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥反应的进程,对优化堆肥工艺具有重要的意义。     

Effect of 15-Year-Long Fertilization on Potassium Quantity/Intensity Relationships in Black Soil in Northeastern China

The effect of long-term fertilization and cropping on soil potassium (K)–supplying capacity has not been extensively studied. Five treatments [control, nitrogen (N), N–potassium (P), NPK, and NPK + manure (NPKM)] were used to evaluate the quantity and intensity relationship (Q/I) of K in black soil (Luvic Phaeozems soil) after a 15-year (1990–2005) long-term fertilization with a continuous corn cropping located in Changchun, Jilin Province, northeast China. Results showed that the long-term K fertilization of NPK or NPKM markedly increased the values of equilibrium active ratio (AR₀ ^K) and nonspecifically available K (?ΔK₀) but decreased the potential buffering capacity (PBC^K) value. Values of the AR₀ ^K and??ΔK₀ in the NPK and NPKM treatment were about four and two times greater than those in the control, N, and NP treatments, respectively. Compared with the non-K fertilization, PBC^K values were decreased by 40–49% under the K fertilization. The black soil suffered from K deficiency even with NPK fertilization as evidenced from the greater free energies of K⁺ exchanging for calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) (?ΔG) (14.7–18.8 kJ mol^?1) than the threshold value of 14.6 kJ mol^?1, from the lower soil K⁺ saturation (1.34%–1.44%) than the critical value of 2.00%, and from the response of corn yield to K fertilization. Our results demonstrated that the increment of the current K application rate through fertilizer and/or manure is needed to improve corn yield in the long run in northeastern China.     

Response of nectarines to organic fertilization under the rain-fed ecosystem of Northwest Himalayas

The comparative efficacy of organic sources on cropping behavior, nutrient dynamics, physico-chemical and biological properties of soil and fruit quality under rain-fed agroecosystem on “Silver King” nectarines was investigated. Bio-organic nutrients, namely vermi-compost (VC), biofertilizer (BF), farmyard manure (FYM), compost (comp), vermiwash (VW) and cow urine (CU) were evaluated in 11 different treatment combinations. The treatment application of VC at 25 kg tree^?1, BF at 40 g tree^?1, FYM at 30 kg tree^?1, comp at 15 kg tree^?1, VW_1:10 and CU_1:10 significantly improved plant growth and fruit quality characteristics of nectarine trees. This superior combination also enhanced physico-chemical and biological properties of the rhizosphere soil when compared to control as conventional chemical fertilizer application nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. Different treatments of bio-organic sources changed pH of the soil to neutral. Available macronutrient contents of soil (viz. N, P, and K) increased by 57.8%, 27.7%, and 16.4%, respectively. Microbial biomass of soil fungi, total bacteria, actinobacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved 66.0%, 73.8%, 133.3% and 350.0%, respectively, over control. Considerably, a higher amount of leaf macronutrients, N (3.53%), P (0.23%), and K (3.2%), was also recorded over control.     

Effects of phosphorus-based application of animal manure compost on the yield of silage corn and on soil phosphorus accumulation in an upland Andosol in Japan

Animal manure contains significant amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) that can be utilized as fertilizer. However, manure application rates are generally set to meet crop N demand, which results in excess P application which increases the risk of P loss into bodies of water. We examined the application method of manure compost based on crop P demand on the dry matter yield of silage corn (Zea mays L. var. indentata), on nutrient uptake and on soil P accumulation in an upland Andosol with a high P-fixing capacity. Cattle and poultry manure composts (CMC and PMC) with different P solubility were applied to meet the crop’s N requirements (N-based application) or P requirements (P-based application) in 3 consecutive years. Supplemental N was applied using polyolefin-coated urea in the P-based treatments. The dry matter yields and nutrient uptakes of silage corn in the P-based CMC and PMC application systems were similar to those in the corresponding N-based systems. The average relative efficiency of N in CMC (33%) was close to the predicted value (30%) during the study. On the other hand, the relative efficiency of N in PMC (42%) was higher than the predicted value (28%). The average relative efficiency of P from CMC and PMC was 109% and 50%, respectively. These were higher than the predicted values based on the available P proportion (the sum of water- and sodium bicarbonate-soluble P) for CMC (78%) and PMC (34%), indicating that the available P fraction in the manure composts was more effective than that in P fertilizer for corn growth or that the other P fractions were also effective for corn. P-based manure compost application lowered the soil P accumulation to between 41 and 43% of the value in the N-based accumulation (versus a value of between 31 and 40% of that value for soil Truog-P). Compared to N-based manure compost application, P-based manure compost application with supplemental N fertilizer produced similar dry matter yields of corn and suppressed soil P accumulation in the upland Andosol field.     

长期不同施肥潮土活性有机氮库组分与酶活性对外源牛粪的响应

【目的】研究不同施肥制度下潮土中活性有机氮库及酶活性对新添加有机物料的响应机制,可深入理解不同施肥制度培肥土壤、提高土壤基础地力的机理。【方法】供试土壤采集于从1986年开始的长期定位试验处理,包括CK (不施肥)、OF (常量有机肥)、CF (常量化肥)、OCF (常量有机无机配施) 4个处理。通过室内恒温培养试验,研究添加等氮量牛粪后长期不同施肥潮土有机氮库组分(微生物量氮、可溶性有机氮和颗粒有机氮)含量及土壤酶(α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和酚氧化酶)活性的变化特征。【结果】首先,无论添加牛粪与否,土壤全氮、可溶性有机氮和颗粒有机氮含量均随培养时间呈上升趋势或与初始时期差异不显著;添加牛粪的长期不施肥与施化肥处理土壤微生物量氮含量显著低于相同处理不添加牛粪的土壤微生物量氮含量。其次,培养结束后,添加牛粪增加了长期不同施肥潮土全氮、可溶性有机氮和颗粒有机氮含量,分别提高了5.43%~15.49%、5.83%~69.42%及9.75%~42.29%,却降低了土壤微生物量氮含量16.91%~62.10%。另外,施肥、添加牛粪及其交互作用对土壤酶活性具有显著影响(P <0.05);无论添加牛粪与否,不同施肥处理土壤氧化酶(过氧化物酶和酚氧化酶)活性显著低于不施肥处理,不同施肥处理的土壤水解酶活性却呈现不同的变化趋势。不添加牛粪情况下,长期施肥显著提高了除β-葡萄糖苷酶以外的土壤水解酶活性;其中与长期不施肥处理相比,长期施用化肥土壤β-木糖苷酶和β-纤维素酶分别提高了208.74%和180.75%。添加牛粪情况下长期施用有机肥土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶和β-纤维素酶比不施肥分别提高了201.40%和308.04%;冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)显示,添加与不添加牛粪条件下土壤酶活性的关键环境驱动因子不同,在不添加牛粪时为可溶性有机氮,添加后其关键驱动因子为全氮和可溶性有机氮。【结论】不同施肥制度下土壤微生物量氮、可溶性有机氮、颗粒有机氮与土壤全氮之间呈显著正相关;室内好气培养条件下,添加牛粪显著提高了长期不同施肥潮土的全氮、可溶性有机氮、颗粒有机氮含量,却显著降低了土壤微生物量氮含量;不同施肥制度下土壤酶活性差异显著,牛粪的添加改变了影响长期不同施肥潮土酶活性的关键环境因子。     

风管加设导流板对牛粪堆肥效果和微生物群落的影响

通风是影响堆肥效果的重要因素,通风小孔出流速度及方向由管内流速和静压产生的流速共同决定。由于近进风口处管内流速相对较高,小孔出风气流向风管轴线偏斜,近进风口区域物料存在通风弱区。为避免该区域通风量不足影响堆肥效果,该研究在风管首个出风小孔后端（以进风气流方向计）加设导流板(0.75、1、1.25 cm),基于计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics,CFD）方法确定导流板高度,并设置2组试验,以加设导流板为处理组（T）,无导流板为对照组（CK）,探究导流板对牛粪堆肥效果和微生物群落的影响。研究结果表明,导流板可显著降低近进风口处通风弱区,且板高度显著影响均匀性,高度为0.75、1、1.25 cm时气流平均速度分别提高10.8%、34.0%、34.2%。处理组（T）与对照组（CK）相比,处理组物料高温期温度提升2.1 ℃,堆肥结束时含水率降低5.5%,挥发性固体含量降低2.4%,种子发芽指数提高20.9%。高通量测序结果表明,增设导流板可显著提高微生物群落的多样性与丰富度,特别是高温阶段高温双岐菌属（Thermobifida）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）以及降温与腐熟阶段糖单胞菌属（Saccharomonospora）和副土地杆菌属（Parapedobacter）的相对丰度。通过冗余分析表明,Thermobifida、Bacillus与温度呈正相关,与C/N呈负相关,Saccharomonospora、Parapedobacter与Germination Index呈正相关,与Volatile Solids Content呈负相关,表明风管加设导流板可促进物料有机质降解,提高腐熟效果。该研究可为堆肥风管设计提供技术支持。     

Soil–Plant Nutrient Relationship at Different Growth Stages of Spinach as Affected by Phosphorus and Manure Applications

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the soil–plant phosphorus (P) correlation at different growth stages of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Treatments consisted of three levels of phosphorus [0 20, and 60 mg kg^?1 as Ca(H₂PO₄)₂] and two levels of organic matter (0% and 2% w/w as feedlot cattle manure). Plant and soil samples were taken at 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks after seedling emergence and were analyzed for plant nutrients. Results showed that correlation between soil and plant P concentration was significant and positive at the 4th week but significant and negative later on. Plant P concentration was the greatest at the 4th week. During all growth stages, dry-matter yield of plant increased with increase in soil P concentration, suggesting the importance of maintaining adequate levels of phosphorus in soil, especially during the early stages of growth. Application of organic matter significantly increased soil and plant P concentrations.     

Kura Clover Response to Potassium Fertilization

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.) is a persistent perennial forage legume that produces high-quality herbage for grazing, but its response to potassium (K), an essential plant nutrient, is unknown. Our objective was to determine the effect of four dipotassium oxide (K₂O) rates on forage yields and stands of Kura clover compared to birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). There was a significant linear response in Kura clover and alfalfa forage yields to K₂O fertilization each year. Averaged over 4 years, Kura clover forage yield increased by 0.024 Mg ha^–1 per kg of K₂O applied, and the yield response was similar for alfalfa. Birdsfoot trefoil forage yield response to K₂O fertilization was less than those of alfalfa and Kura clover. In the first 2 years after seeding, Kura clover forage yields were consistently less than for alfalfa at all rates of K₂O fertilizer, but in subsequent years Kura clover yields were similar to or exceeded those of alfalfa. Final groundcover values, an estimate of stand density, of unfertilized (0 K₂O rate) Kura clover, birdsfoot trefoil, and alfalfa were 86, 35, and 21%, respectively. Final groundcover of Kura clover and alfalfa was increased by K₂O fertilization. We conclude that Kura clover has good persistence with low soil K fertility but stands and yields can be increased by fertilization.     

Effect of organic,inorganic, and combined organic and inorganic P fertilization on plant P uptake and soil P pools

Phosphorus (P) is a limited resource, and its efficient use is a main task in sustainable agriculture. In a 6‐year field experiment on a loamy‐sand soil poor in P, the effects of organic, inorganic, and combined organic‐inorganic fertilization on crop yield, P uptake into grain, and soil properties (organic matter [OM] content, pH, water‐extractable P [P_w], double lactate–extractable P [P_dl], oxalate‐extractable P [P_ox], P‐sorption capacity [PSC], and degree of P saturation [DPS]) were investigated for the maritime climate in northeast Germany. Nine treatments were compared: a control treatment without fertilizer application, two organic fertilizers (cattle manure [CM] and biowaste compost [BC]; applied at a rate of 30 t ha^–1 in autumn 1998 and 2001), application of triple‐superphosphate (TSP; applied once a year either in autumn or in spring to evaluate the effects of application date), and combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizations. Several winter and spring crops (oilseed rape, barley, wheat) were cultivated according to good agricultural practice. The 6 year–average yield and P uptake were significantly higher for fertilized plots than for nonfertilized plots. Although the combination of organic × inorganic fertilizers resulted in higher soil P contents, significant yield increases were only found when organic fertilization was combined with TSP in spring. Small effects of P supply on yield in some years indicate that plant‐available soil P (despite of low P_dl values) was sufficient for crop growth. Phosphorus supply affected soil P_dl and P_w more than the parameters measured in the oxalate extract (P_ox, PSC, DPS). In general, periodically applied cattle manure and biowaste compost had the same effect on yield, P uptake, and soil P status as annually applied soluble mineral P.     

Comparison of Mehlich-3 and Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA for the Extraction of Phosphorus and Potassium in Calcareous Soils from Florida

Developing a fast and reliable soil testing method is critical for improving soil testing efficiency and ensuring reliable fertilizer recommendation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate Mehlich-3 (M-3) as a replacement for ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) to extract phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and to determinate the relationships between extractable P and K and their uptakes by crop in calcareous soils. M-3 and AB-DTPA were compared by using two approaches. In the first approach, the amounts of extracted P and K were compared by analyzing soil samples collected from agricultural production areas; in the second approach, snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were grown in pot to determine the P and K uptakes by crop. There were significant correlations between M-3 and AB-DTPA for both soil test P and K based on soils collected from the agricultural field and the pot study. Soil test P and K by both extractants were significantly correlated with their uptakes by snap bean. The critical value of M-3-P regarding snap bean uptake was 47 mg kg^?1 and was higher than that (18 mg kg^?1) for AB-DTPA-P, whereas critical soil test K levels were similar between M-3 and AB-DTPA. M-3 was identified as an alternate improved extraction method instead of AB-DTPA in calcareous soils based on this study. However, more work will be needed to identify the correlation of the two extractants and crop responses under a field condition.