不同水肥管理对苕子－玉米轮作农田土壤水稳性团聚体和持水能力的影响

  目的  为了探讨苕子-玉米轮作模式下不同水肥管理对苕子养分累积量及玉米季土壤含水量、水分特征曲线、水稳性团聚体组成、有机质、玉米籽粒产量的影响。  方法  于2017年在云南省农业科学院嵩明县试验基地布置苕子-玉米轮作大田试验。将玉米季部分肥料前移至绿肥季、在绿肥季设置灌溉处理作为调控措施,设10个处理。于苕子盛花期采样测定苕子养分累积量,于玉米生长时期实时监测土壤温度和含水量,于玉米收获期采样测定各处理的玉米产量、土壤有机质、水分特征曲线和团聚体组分等指标。  结果  绿肥季施氮磷肥和灌溉处理玉米籽粒产量最高。整个玉米季,冬闲处理土壤含水量总体最低,绿肥季施氮磷肥处理土壤含水量总体较高。冬闲处理土壤饱和含水量最低,各种绿肥季施肥处理土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量较对照处理均有提高。绿肥季灌溉和施肥措施不同程度的增加了土壤 > 2 mm团聚体含量,减少了0.25 ~ 2 mm和 < 0.053 mm团聚体含量。绿肥季不施肥,进行灌溉处理的 > 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（WSAC_0.25）、几何平均直径（GMD）和团聚体系数（K_CTP）较对照处理分别降低了9.10%、17.52%和33.25%,其中WSAC_0.25降幅显著。  结论  玉米季肥料前移至绿肥季不仅不影响玉米籽粒产量,绿肥季进行施肥灌溉还可有效增加后茬玉米籽粒产量。种植绿肥可以提升土壤持水能力,绿肥季施肥或灌溉处理可在土壤低吸力范围内进一步优化土壤持水性能。绿肥季施肥处理可通过较大幅度增加土壤中 > 2 mm团聚体含量来提高水稳性团聚体的稳定性,而绿肥季不施肥,进行灌溉处理则是通过更大幅度减少0.25 ~ 2 mm团聚体含量来降低水稳性团聚体的稳定性。     

长期不同轮作模式对黄壤团聚体组成及有机碳的影响

依托23年的黄壤长期定位田间试验,对比研究玉米单作(MM)、小麦||绿肥–玉米轮作(WMR)和油菜–玉米轮作(RMR)对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳的影响。结果表明:各处理机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体均以大团聚体(>0.25 mm的团聚体)为优势团聚体,占比高达93.04%和74.59%以上;WMR和RMR处理较MM处理显著提高了5~2 mm和2~1 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量及>5 mm和5~2 mm水稳性团聚体含量;WMR处理的水稳性团聚体MWD(平均重量直径)较MM处理显著增加了50%;WMR、RMR处理的PAD(团聚体破坏率)和ELT(土壤团聚体不稳定团粒指数)较MM处理分别显著降低了31.32%、25.97%和35.90%、30.65%;不同粒级水稳性团聚体中均以WMR处理的有机碳含量最高,>5、1~0.5、0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体的有机碳含量比MM处理显著增加了17.60%、34.41%、45.67%;土壤团聚体有机碳主要集中在>0.25 mm的大团聚体中,而在微团聚体中含量较少,轮作主要提高了>5 mm水稳性团聚体中有机碳的贡献率,WMR、RMR处理较MM处理分别提高了23.18和9.16个百分点。小麦||绿肥–玉米轮作能有效改善土壤团聚体组成,提高团聚体稳定性和有机碳含量,可作为贵州黄壤旱地较佳的轮作模式。     

有机无机肥配施对碳酸盐黑钙土的退化修复研究

针对碳酸盐黑钙土有机质含量逐年减少,保水、保肥、蓄水保墒能力下降等问题,开展了以增施牛粪、翻压绿肥和配方施肥等方法的碳酸盐黑钙土修复技术研究。结果表明,采用增施牛粪、绿肥等有机肥和配方施肥技术可明显改善碳酸盐黑钙土的理化性质,与当地常规施肥相比,增施有机肥和配方施肥处理的田间持水量增加6.9%~17.4%,土壤孔隙度增加7.4%~11.8%,土壤容重降低0.09~0.1 g/cm3,玉米产量增加10.3%~16%,翻压绿肥对碳酸盐黑钙土保墒蓄水能力提升效果好,连续施用有机肥对退化碳酸盐黑钙土修复效果明显。     

连年翻压绿肥对植烟土壤物理及生物性状的影响

【目的】土壤的生物性状可作为评价土壤生态环境质量的指标,而土壤的物理性状对土壤的水、 肥、 气、 热等因素具有调控作用。绿肥是一种养分全面的优质生物肥源,翻压的绿肥种类以及绿肥和化肥的配施比例会影响土壤微生物的种群数量以及土壤酶活性,并对土壤的物理、 化学和生物性质以及生产力产生重要影响。本文研究连年翻压绿肥后土壤中微生物种群数量、 微生物量碳、 土壤酶的年际变化及其对植烟土壤团粒结构和土壤紧实度影响,旨在为烟区土壤改良和特色烟叶开发提供理论依据。【方法】利用3年田间定位试验,研究了连年翻压绿肥对植烟土壤物理及生物性状的影响; 将鲜土样过2 mm筛后,利用平板涂布法以及氯仿熏蒸培养法测定了连年翻压绿肥后土壤中细菌、 真菌和放线菌数量以及微生物量碳的含量; 将土样风干并过1 mm 筛后测定了土壤脲酶、 酸性磷酸酶以及过氧化氢酶的活性。土壤紧实度采用CP40Ⅱ数显式土壤紧实度仪对不同处理的土壤进行原位测定; 而土壤团聚体结构采用沙维诺夫法进行,采集的原状土样采用干筛法进行分级,然后计算出不同粒级团聚体的百分含量以及平均重量直径和几何平均直径。 【结果】连年翻压绿肥显著降低了10 cm土层处的土壤紧实度,且以翻压高量绿肥处理（30000 kg/hm2+85%化肥,GMH）的土壤紧实度最低,其土壤紧实度较常规施肥 (F) 和不施肥 (CK) 处理分别降低了25.4%和29.9%; 翻压绿肥增加了土壤中大于7 mm 的机械团聚体含量,但降低了小于1 mm 机械团聚体的含量。随着翻压绿肥年限的增加,翻压绿肥土壤中细菌、 真菌和放线菌的数量以及土壤微生物量碳均呈增加的趋势,翻压3 年绿肥后,GMH处理的土壤细菌、 真菌和放线菌的数量以及土壤微生物量碳含量较F处理分别提高了49.0%、 47.8%、 35.4%和40.7%; 与常规施肥相比,翻压低量绿肥 （15000 kg/hm2+85%化肥,GML）降低了土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,但翻压高量绿肥能够恢复和提高其活性。【结论】连年翻压绿肥能够降低土壤紧实度,增强土壤团聚结构的稳定性,提高土壤中细菌、 真菌和放线菌的数量以及土壤微生物量碳的含量; 翻压高量的绿肥有利于土壤中脲酶、 过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的提高。     

Thermal shock and rain effects on soil surface characteristics: A laboratory approach

In addition to its direct impact on soil physical and chemical soil properties, fire produces a sudden change in plant cover. The post-fire impact of falling raindrops on unprotected soil surfaces is a major cause of detachment of aggregates, physical degradation and erosion of soils. The aim of this work was to analyse the effects of burning intensity and rain under factor-controlled conditions using unaltered soil samples. Assessed variables were soil organic carbon, aggregate stability and water repellency (0–1 cm mineral soil), as well as soil surface compaction and hydraulic conductivity. Unaltered topsoil cores were obtained in a mature Mediterranean gorse shrubland. We applied two successive treatments: burning (unburned, low and high burning levels) and rain (77 mm/h). The soil properties studied were scarcely affected by burning. However, soils showed high vulnerability to raindrop impact: a) aggregate stability and organic carbon were not significantly affected by burning; b) low intensity burning increased the frequency of samples with moderate water repellency, whereas unburned together with high burning showed more cases of low and extreme water repellency; c) the rain treatment produced a significant decrease in hydraulic conductivity although this response was independent of burning level; d) the highest reduction in hydraulic conductivity was observed in the samples with highest values prior to the rain treatment, and this was related to the highest organic carbon contents, and e) the reduction in hydraulic conductivity could be explained by the development of a thin and friable surface crust, although the cone penetrometer was not sensitive enough to detect this observed phenomenon.     

The effect of dairy sewage sludge amendment on repellency and hydraulic conductivity of soil aggregates from two depths of Eutric Cambisol

Appropriate management of sewage sludge is an important worldwide issue due to the still growing amount of wastewaters. In the study we examined to what extent the addition of dairy sewage sludge compared with mineral fertilization affects porosity, repellency index, and hydraulic conductivity of variously sized aggregates from two soil depths of Eutric Cambisol derived from loess: 5–15 cm and 25–35 cm. The repellency index was calculated as a ratio of ethanol and water sorptivity. Data on water and ethanol sorptivities of initially air‐dry soil aggregate fractions were obtained from steady state flow measurements using an infiltration device. Hydraulic conductivity was determined by measuring water infiltration at five pressure heads: –8, –6, –4, –2, and 0 cm of water column with the same device as for sorptivity determination. Addition of sewage sludge to the soil decreased the soil repellency index by an average of 27% in topsoil and 32% in subsoil for both aggregate sizes, respectively, and increased hydraulic conductivity about four times in both layers. Smaller aggregates (15–20 mm diameter) from soil amended with sewage sludge, in comparison with larger ones (30–35 mm diameter), had a higher repellency index by 36 and 24% in topsoil and subsoil, respectively. As for aggregates from soil with mineral fertilization, those differences were smaller and equal to 15% in subsoil, in topsoil smaller aggregates even had slightly lower repellency index (by 5%). Aggregates taken from the upper soil layer were more water repellent and had smaller hydraulic conductivity than those taken from subsoil, regardless of soil treatment and aggregate size.     

Dynamic Relationship Between Biologically Active Soil Organic Carbon and Aggregate Stability in Long-Term Organically Fertilized Soils

Biologically active soil organic carbon (BASOC) is an important fraction of soil organic carbon (SOC), but our understanding of the correlation between BASOC and soil aggregate stability is limited. At an ecological experimental station (28°04 -28°37 N, 116° 41 -117° 09 E) in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, China, we analyzed the dynamic relationship between soil aggregate stability and BASOC content over time in the red soil (Udic Ferrosols) fertilized with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium chemical fertilizer (NPK) without manure or with NPK plus livestock manure or green manure. The dynamics of BASOC was evaluated using CO2 effux, and soil aggregates were separated according to size using a wet-sieving technique. The soils fertilized with NPK plus livestock manure had a significantly higher content of BASOC and an improved aggregate stability compared to the soils fertilized with NPK plus green manure or NPK alone. The BASOC contents in all fertilized soils decreased over time. The contents of large aggregates (800-2000 μm) dramatically decreased over the first 7 d of incubation, but the contents of small aggregates (< 800 μm) either remained the same or increased, depending on the incubation time and specific aggregate sizes. The aggregate stability did not differ significantly at the beginning and end of incubation, but the lowest stability in all fertilized soils occurred in the middle of the incubation, which implied that the soils had a strong resilience for aggregate stability. The change in BASOC content was only correlated with aggregate stability during the first 27 d of incubation.     

Aggregate stability and microbial community dynamics under drying-wetting cycles in a silt loam soil

Aggregate stability often exhibits a large inter-annual and seasonal variability which occurs regardless of residue treatments and is often larger than the differences between soils or cropping systems. Variations in soil moisture and seasonal stimulation of microbial activity are frequently cited as the major causes. The goal of this paper was to evaluate the effects of drying-rewetting cycles on aggregate stability and on its main microbially mediated agents from a mechanistic point of view. The 3-5 mm aggregates of a silty soil were incubated at 20 °C for 63 days with the following treatments and their combinations: (i) with or without straw input and (ii) with or without exposure to four dry-wet cycles. Microbial activity was followed by measuring the soil respiration. We estimated the microbial agents of aggregate stability measuring hot-water extractable carbohydrate-C, microbial biomass carbon and ergosterol content. We measured the water drop penetration time to estimate the hydrophobicity and aggregate stability according to Le Bissonnais [1996. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: I. Theory and methodology. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 425-437] to distinguish three breakdown mechanisms: slaking, mechanical breakdown and microcracking. The addition of straw stimulated microbial activity and increased the resistance to the three tests of aggregate stability, enhancing the internal cohesion and hydrophobicity of aggregates. All the estimated microbial agents of aggregate stability responded positively to the addition of organic matter and were highly correlated with aggregate stability. Fungal biomass correlated better with aggregate stability than total microbial biomass did, showing the prominent role of fungi by its triple contribution: physical entanglement, production of extracellular polysaccharides and of hydrophobic substances. Dry-wet cycles had less impact on aggregate stability than the addition of straw, but their effects were more pronounced when microbial activity was stimulated demonstrating a positive interaction.     

Effect of fire severity on water repellency and aggregate stability on Mexican volcanic soils

A field study was conducted in order to study the effects of different wildfire severities on [1] soil organic matter content, [2] soil water repellency, and [3] aggregate stability; [4] the distribution of soil water repellency in aggregate sieve fractions (1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5 and < 0.25 mm) was also studied. Five similar burned sites and two long-unburned control sites were selected under mixed fir and pine forests in volcanic highlands from Michoacán, Mexico. Soil water repellency was observed in soil samples from all sites, although changes were influenced by fire severity. Sites affected by low severity fires did not show important changes in burned soils in comparison with controls, while high severity fires caused different responses: water repellency was increased or destroyed probably due to temperatures below or above 200–250 °C during burning. The degree of wettability/repellency from the fine earth fraction of burned soils seems to be conditioned by < 0.5 mm aggregates, more than coarser aggregates which always showed a higher degree of wettability. It is suggested that destruction of organic matter during burning occurs principally in coarse aggregates, where combustion can be more intense. Aggregate stability (measured using pre-wetted aggregates between 4 and 4.8 mm) did not change under low severity burning but it was considerably reduced in the case of a high fire severity. Losses of organic matter and destruction of water repellency seem to be the reasons for that reduction in this type of soil in contrast to previous studies, where aggregate stability increased after burning. Changes in both properties (water repellency and aggregate stability) are expected to induce modifications in runoff and soil loss rates at the hillslope scale.     

无机肥配施粪肥对华北褐土团聚体分布及有机碳含量的影响

为研究无机肥配施粪肥对华北褐土团聚体分布、稳定性及对土壤有机碳（Soilorganiccarbon,SOC）保护性机制的影响,于2012年采自河北省徐水县试验站冬小麦一夏玉米定位试验田进行了试验。设置1个空白对照CK,1个单施化肥处理N10,4个粪肥与化肥配施处理M1N9、M2N8、M3N7、M5N5,采集0～20cm耕层土样,测定土样团聚体稳定性和SOC含量。结果表明：单施化肥不能明显提升土壤中SOC含量;配施粪肥能显著地提高R0.25和大团聚体中OC（Organiccarbon）的含量。M3N7处理能显著提高团聚体平均重量直径（Meanweightdiameter,MWD）、几何平均直径（Geometricmeandiameter,GMD）和各级团聚体中OC的含量。M2N8、M3N7、M5N5处理中SOC主要分布在2-0．25mm的大团聚体上,CK处理中SOC主要分布在微团聚体上,大团聚体含量较低,说明微团聚体比大团聚体形成的早,稳定性高于大团聚体,验证了微团聚体通过胶结作用形成大团聚体的层次性机制。该褐土的团聚体一SOC相互作用说明大团聚体的层次性形成和稳定性对SOC的保护具有关键作用。     

不同施肥措施及施肥年限下土壤团聚体的大小分布及其稳定性

土壤团聚体的数量和质量直接影响着土壤性质和有机碳固存。研究不同施肥措施及施肥年限对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤团聚体的重量分布比例及其稳定性的影响,可为该区农业生产和土壤质量提升提供科学依据。采集复垦6,11年定位试验不同施肥处理耕层(0—20 cm)土样,选取不施肥(CK)、平衡施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机肥配施(MNPK)4个处理,利用干筛法和湿筛法获得4种粒径的团聚体/粉黏粒组分(>2,0.25~2,0.053~0.25,<0.053 mm),用>0.25 mm团聚体的含量(R0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(ELT)表示团聚体的稳定性,同时测定土壤有机碳含量。结果表明:施肥年限较施肥措施对土壤团聚体的含量及稳定性产生了更显著的影响。干筛条件下,施肥6,11年均显著降低了各处理0.053~0.25 mm团聚体和<0.053 mm组分的含量,降幅分别为68.39%~87.37%,69.63%~78.32%(6年)和90.01%~93.68%,78.29%~83.93%(11年);湿筛条件下,施肥11年显著提高了各处理>2 mm团聚体的含量,增幅达473.35%~645.16%,但是显著降低了0.053~0.25 mm团聚体的含量,降幅为43.67%~57.54%。土壤团聚体的稳定性也随着施肥年限的增加而逐渐增强,表现为DR0.25、WR0.25和MWD值呈增加趋势,而PAD和ELT值呈降低趋势。土壤有机碳含量与DR0.25、WR0.25、MWD水稳性呈极显著正相关关系,而与PAD和ELT呈极显著负相关关系。本研究表明,该区域连续培肥11年提高了土壤大团聚体的含量而伴随着微团聚体含量的显著减少,导致土壤结构越来越稳定。这对于提高采煤塌陷区复垦土壤肥力、改善土壤结构产生了良好的效果。     

Organic matter and wetting capacity distribution in aggregates of Chilean soils

The wetting capacity of Hapludands and Palehumults under grassland and forest in southern Chile was assessed by measuring contact angles of solid, water and air interfaces. Microaggregates obtained from natural aggregates of two sizes (4–6.3 and 10–12 mm) were spread onto microscope slides and drops of saturated aqueous KCl solution were placed on the surface of the aggregates. The wetting angles of the drops were measured with a microscope with a horizontal viewing direction and an ocular containing a goniometer. The wetting capacity was determined on layers peeled progressively from the walls of aggregates toward their centres, and the organic matter content of the different aggregate layers was determined. The water stability of the aggregates was measured by dry and wet sieving. Hapludands always showed greater hydrophobicity than Palehumults. The wetting resistance of the soil matrix samples was less than that of the single layers of aggregates. The wetting resistance of aggregates generally increased from the exterior to their centre. The increase was strongest in the topsoil under grassland. Smaller aggregates under both grassland and forest showed a greater hydrophobicity than larger ones. Organic matter content increased towards the aggregate interiors, especially in the fine aggregates. Aggregates with greater water repellence were more stable to dry and wet sieving, especially under forest. Therefore, intensive management decreases wetting resistance and makes the soil less stable.     

Eluviation of dissolved organic carbon under wetting and drying and its influence on water infiltration in degraded soils restored with vegetation

One mechanism in the restoration of severely degraded soil by vegetation might be the movement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to macropore and aggregate surfaces. We propose that this lowers the soil wetting rate and subsequently its slaking resistance by creating a partially hydrophobic surface. In this study, we determined how wetting and drying (w/d) cycles redistribute DOC to soil surfaces, and how DOC affects hydrophobicity where it accumulates, in relation to the soil surface area to volume ratio and to different types of vegetation planted to restore a severely degraded soil. Repacked soil cores that simulate different soil aggregate sizes were tested. The results showed that w/d cycles increase surface DOC concentration through a depletion of DOC in the interior of the soil. Correspondingly, w/d cycles enhanced hydrophobicity, measured as a water repellency index, R, from 1.5–2.3 to 3.6–7.6, the values affected significantly by the type of vegetation. This index (R) did not change for a control soil with no vegetation. The link between the amount of DOC and water repellency was weak (coefficient of determination r² = 0.06–0.26), indicating that DOC quality was probably more important than its quantity. Although increasing the core size resulted in a greater accumulation of DOC on the drying surface of the core, the impact of this on water repellency was minimal. Incubation caused a decrease in the amount of DOC, but had minimal influence on water repellency. This work improves the understanding of changes in soil wetting and soil stabilization under processes of natural weathering and vegetation restoration.     

再生水灌溉对农田土壤水流运动影响的研究进展

再生水灌溉农田既可节约宝贵的水资源、缓解农业用水紧缺,同时再生水中的多种营养元素和微量元素可促进作物生长、提高粮食产量。但再生水中的物质进入农田后将引起土壤孔隙结构、团聚体结构、黏粒分散特征和水土作用关系等一系列的变化,进而引起土壤入渗性能和导水性能的改变,增大环境污染风险。该文综述了再生水中的悬浮无机固体、大分子有机质、油脂、表面活性剂和盐分对农田土壤水流运动的影响及其作用机理,指出受灌农田土壤结构性质演化过程与驱动机制、受灌农田土壤与灌溉入渗水流之间的相互作用关系为该领域亟需开展的2个研究方向。文章对再生水农田灌溉制度制定、污染风险控制和生态环境保护均有参考价值。     

Variation of intra‐aggregate organic carbon affects aggregate formation and stability during organic manure fertilization in a fluvo‐aquic soil

The aggregate formation and stability are controlled by the dynamics of soil organic matters (SOM), but how it is related to SOM chemical composition within different‐sized aggregates is largely unknown during manure fertilization. In this study, the variations of intra‐aggregate organic carbon (OC), including intra‐particulate organic matter (iPOM) and mineral‐associated organic matter, were quantitatively and qualitatively analysed, and then, their effects on aggregate formation and stability were assessed under four treatments: control (CK), mineral fertilizer (NPK), reduced manure (30%M) and manure fertilizers (M). Manure application (M) significantly increased macroaggregate proportion, mean weight diameter (MWD), and OC contents within different‐sized aggregates compared to CK, NPK, and 30%M. The OC accumulation of macroaggregate in M was attributed to OC content increase in silt plus clay subfraction rather than iPOM with more labile organic groups; oppositely, in microaggregate it was located in the relatively stable fine iPOM. The macroaggregate formation and stability were controlled by the fine iPOM within macroaggregates, whose abundant polysaccharide‐C and aliphatic‐C after manure fertilization advanced the microbial growth except for Gram‐positive bacteria, which further promoted macroaggregate formation and stability. The free silt plus clay fraction also affected macroaggregate formation and stability, and its polysaccharide‐C derived from microorganisms or decomposing SOM was positively associated with MWD and macroaggregate proportion. Because polysaccharide‐C can be easily associated with mineral particles, further improving micro‐ or macroaggregation. We conclude that continuous manure fertilization could increase labile SOM accumulation within aggregates and then facilitate microbial growth, which collectively are responsible for aggregate formation and stabilization.     

轮作休耕模式对土壤团聚体及有机碳含量的影响

为探究轮作休耕模式对红壤坡耕地团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的影响,通过田间试验设置了休闲地、玉米单作、玉米-豌豆-玉米和玉米-苕子-玉米4个处理,分析了不同种植模式下土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量,结果表明:(1)不同种植模式下土壤机械稳定性和水稳定性团聚体组成均以≥0.25 mm粒径占比最高,机械稳定性团聚体占比在80.68%以上,水稳定性团聚体达到了77.05%以上,且≥0.25 mm团聚体所占比例大小顺序为:休闲地>玉米-豌豆-玉米>玉米-苕子-玉米>玉米单作。(2)根据不同团聚体稳定指数(MWD,GMD,R_0.25和PAD)显示,休闲地的团聚体稳定性最好,与玉米单作之间差异显著,且休闲地和玉米轮作两种模式下团聚体稳定性均优于玉米单作。(3)玉米单作土壤团聚体有机碳含量最低,玉米轮作和休闲地能显著提高有机碳含量,并且玉米-苕子-玉米轮作效果最优; ≥0.25 mm粒径范围的团聚体储存的有机碳含量最高。(4)通过对土壤水稳性团聚体稳定指数与有机碳含量的相关性分析表明,4个不同团聚体稳定指数与有机碳含量都呈极显著正相关关系,与R_0.25相关程度最高。研究结果可为试验区域坡耕地水土流失防治提供理论依据。     

Short-term effects of management on the soil structure in a deep tilled hardened volcanic-ash soil (cangahua) in Ecuador

In the Ecuadorian Cordillera, the hardened volcanic ashes (cangahuas) account for 15% of the cultivated area. The soil resulting from the fragmentation of these materials, generally by heavy machinery, shows an apparent stable millimetric structure. However, this new structure is highly susceptible to disintegration under rain, because it contains no organic matter and little clay, and the material itself is readily eroded in consequence. We studied the evolution of soil aggregate stability in two factorial experiments during five cultivation cycles with two kinds of soil preparation and five fertilization treatments. The aggregate stability was not influenced by either kind of soil preparation, nor by large additions of cattle manure (80 t ha^?1) or green manure (10 t ha^?1), nor by growing a perennial grass. The variation in the aggregate stability seemed to depend on the components inherited from the original volcanic material: in the plots with larger clay content, and with swelling clay minerals, the aggregates were less stable than those composed of isometric fine silt particles.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体稳定性及固碳特征的影响

施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本研究旨在探讨长期作物残留和投入有机物料对水稻土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,分析不同粒级团聚体的固碳特征及其与团聚体形成的相关性,以及土壤和不同粒级团聚体对累积碳投入的响应。长期定位施肥试验始于1986年,设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、秸秆化肥混施(RS)、低量粪肥配施化肥(M1)和高量粪肥配施化肥(M2)5个处理。2009年采集0~10 cm土壤样品,测定总土以及大团聚体(LM,2 mm)、较大团聚体(SM,0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(MA,0.25~0.053 mm)和黏粉粒(SC,0.053 mm)的质量比例及其SOC浓度,并分析闭蓄于SM内部的颗粒有机物(POM)、微团聚体(MA-SM)和黏粉粒(SC-SM)的质量含量和SOC浓度。结果表明,与CK和CF比较,有机肥混施化肥处理(RS、M1和M2)均显著提高了LM和SM的质量比例和平均当量直径(MWD),降低了SC质量含量;两个粪肥配施化肥处理(M1和M2)的效果优于秸秆化肥混施(RS),但是M1和M2间差异不显著;单施化肥则降低了稳定性团聚体的比例。团聚体的SOC浓度没有随粒级增大而增加,各处理均为LM和SM结合的SOC浓度最高,其次为SC,最小为MA。与CK比较,有机肥混施化肥处理均显著提高了各粒级团聚体的SOC浓度。总土SOC的增加主要取决于SM的SOC含量,而MA-SM组分决定了SM固持SOC的能力。总土、LM和SM的SOC含量以及从SM分离出的POM、MA-SM和SC-SM的SOC含量均与累积碳投入量呈显著正相关,但总土分离出的MA和SC的SOC含量对累积碳投入量反应不敏感,表现出碳饱和迹象。因此,尽管长期大量施用有机物料促进了红壤性水稻土大团聚体的形成和团聚体稳定性,增加了其SOC的固持,但有机质可能不是该土壤水稳性团聚体形成的最主要黏结剂。     

长期不同施肥方式对华北地区温室和农田土壤团聚体形成特征的影响

土壤的团聚状况是土壤重要的物理性质之一,团聚体数量是衡量和评价土壤肥力的重要指标。施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本文以华北地区曲周长期定位试验站的温室土壤和农田土壤为研究对象,运用湿筛法,对比研究施用化肥(NP)、有机肥加少量化肥(NPM)、单施有机肥(OM)3种施肥方式对温室和农田两种利用方式土壤水稳性团聚体含量、分布和稳定性的影响,以提示施肥措施对不同土地利用方式土壤水稳性团聚体特征的影响。结果表明:在温室土壤和农田土壤中,OM处理较NP和NPM处理显著降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤有机质含量(P0.05),且在0~10 cm土层中效果最为明显。其中在温室土壤0~10 cm土层,单施有机肥处理(OM1)的土壤容重为1.17 g·cm~(-3),分别较施用化肥(NP1)和有机肥加少量化肥(NPM1)处理降低12.0%和8.6%,OM1的土壤有机质含量为54.81 g·kg~(-1),较NP1和NPM1增加104.8%和35.7%;在农田土壤0~10 cm土层,单施有机肥处理(OM2)的土壤容重为1.19 g·cm~(-3),较施用化肥(NP2)、有机肥加少量化肥(NPM2)分别降低8.5%和7.0%,OM2的土壤有机质为22.67 g·kg~(-1),较NP2、NPM2分别增加23.1%和15.0%。温室土壤和农田土壤中,0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~40 cm层土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均为OMNPMNP;OM处理下水稳性团聚体的分形维数(D)值最低,NP处理下最大。OM处理显著降低0~20 cm土层内水稳性团聚体的D值,表层0~10 cm土层效果最为明显,土壤结构明显得到改善;相比农田土壤,温室土壤稳定性指标变化最为明显,团聚体结构改善效果最好。土壤有机质含量与0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量间呈极显著正相关关系(P0.001),说明土壤有机质含量越高,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量就越高,土壤团聚体水稳性越强,土壤结构越稳定。因此有机施肥方式能在补充土壤有机碳库和有效养分含量的同时,显著增加土壤中大团聚体的含量及其水稳性,是提高华北平原农田土壤、尤其是温室土壤结构稳定性和实现土壤可持续发展的有效措施。     

Water-repellent soil and its relationship to granularity, surface roughness and hydrophobicity: a materials science view

Considerable soil water repellency has been observed at a wide range of locations worldwide. The soil exhibiting water repellency is found within the upper part of the soil profile. The reduced rate of water infiltration into these soils leads to severe runoff erosion, and reduction of plant growth. Soil water repellency is promoted by drying of soil, and can be induced by fire or intense heating of soil containing hydrophobic organic matter. Recent studies outside soil science have shown how enhancement of the natural water repellency of materials, both porous and granular, by surface texture (i.e. surface roughness, pattern and morphology) into super‐hydrophobicity is possible. The similarities between these super‐hydrophobic materials and observed properties of water‐repellent soil are discussed from a non‐soil scientist, materials‐based perspective. A simple model is developed for a hydrophobic granular surface and it is shown that this can provide a mechanism for enhancement of soil water repellency through the relative size and spacing of grains and pores. The model provides a possible explanation for why soil water repellency should be more prevalent under dry conditions than wet. Consequences for water runoff, raindrop splash and soil erosion are discussed.