Pine Weevil Population Density and Damage to Coniferous Seedlings in a Regeneration Area With and Without Shelterwood

Damage to planted conifer seedlings by the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.), is considered to be less severe in shelterwoods than in clear-cuttings. To evaluate possible reasons for this reduction, this study investigated the relationship between seedling damage and pine weevil population density in the presence and absence of shelter trees. Assessments of seedling damage throughout a full growth season and absolute population density estimates were made at a fresh clear-cutting and an adjacent shelterwood (1 ha each). A grid of 100 pitfall traps was placed over each area, and population estimates were made using the mark–recapture technique. Pine weevil damage to seedlings was about twice as high in the clear-cutting, whereas pine weevil density was estimated to be higher in the shelterwood or about the same in the two treatments (～14?000 weevils ha^?1). Existing differences in microclimate between the shelterwood and clear-cutting did not seem to be the cause of the differences in damage levels. Thus, the hypothesis that seedling damage is reduced in shelterwoods because of increased availability of alternative food remains a candidate for further testing.     

The pitfalls of pitfalls: a comparison of pitfall trap catches and absolute density estimates of epigeal invertebrate predators in Arable Land

In an agroecosystem, catches of epigeal invertebrate predators obtained by pitfall traps were compared to absolute population densities estimated by ground photoeclectors in two different habitats, a field and an adjacent set-aside land. In general, abundance of Carabidae and Lycosidae were overestimated by pitfalls, while Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae were underestimated, and beetle larvae showed no obvious trend. The overestimation of Carabidae and Lycosidae by pitfalls had its maximum in spring and summer. Numbers collected by pitfalls did represent actual population densities better in the field than in the set-aside. This is probably caused by the higher vegetation diversity and complexity of the set-aside land which additionally influenced the catches. Pitfalls recovered higher numbers of animals and species, and species composition differed significantly between pitfalls and photoeclectors, in the field as well as in the set-aside. Body size seemed to be the main factor in determining the catch, the relatively larger species being more frequently caught by pitfall traps. In sum, the relationship between pitfall trap catches and actual population densities appeared to be either absent, weak or highly variable among taxa, habitat and time of the season. Thus numbers caught in pitfall traps cannot be considered as reliable indices of “real” abundance nor do they reflect the relative abundance within a given predator community correctly. Therefore, in most cases absolute density estimates should be preferred for the study of epigeal invertebrates in arable land. However, I suggest a combination of both pitfall traps and standardised area samples, because the two approaches possibly provide information of different qualities equally important for the evaluation of epigeal predator species, namely searching activity and population density.     

昆虫种群抽样技术研究的现状

本文对昆虫种群抽样技术的研究内容、抽样理论作了概述。关于种群的估值抽样技术分别就其抽取方法与数据统计分析、样本单元的选择、理论抽样数的确定、以及种群密度的简易估计方法等方面的研究现状作了介绍。关于种群序贯抽样以及利用序贯抽样方法估计种群密度等问题也进行了总结、评述。     

油松毛虫越冬幼虫“部分轮枝抽样”技术的研究

本文探讨以油松的“部分轮枝”(从油松基部起第1,2,3轮枝层中着生1,2a生针叶的枝条段构成的轮枝层)代替整株油松作为样本单元,估计油松毛虫越冬幼虫口密度的可行性;拟合积性模型建立了越冬幼虫种群的“部分轮枝抽样”模型;并对模型的估计精度、可靠性及置信区间进行了分析,导出了理论抽样数的计算公式;最后对“部分轮枝抽样”模型进行了实际应用检验。     

更新复壮技术对冷箭竹种群密度及地上部分生物量影响的研究

更新复壮技术对大熊猫主食竹种之一冷箭竹的种群密度和地上部分生物量的影响的研究,结果表明:更新复壮技术主要提高冷箭竹1～3年生的种群密度和地上部分生物量,1～3年生冷箭竹实验区的种群密度为24.4株m~(-2),是对照区的1.88倍;生物量为1064.021kg/hm~2,是对照区的1.49倍。其各器官生物量的排序为竹秆>竹枝>竹叶,并且为大熊猫提供了更多的可利用的食物量,约1007.909kg/hm~2,为对照区的1.40倍。同时,还探讨了不同林分类型和经营措施内冷箭竹的种群密度和生物量,对于林分类型的影响效果为,糙皮桦—冷箭竹林>岷江冷杉—冷箭竹林>红桦—冷箭竹林,对于经营措施来说,则是集约经营最好,中等经营次之,粗放经营较差。总之,更新复壮技术能够延缓冷箭竹的开花枯死,促进新笋萌发,提高竹子生物量,从而缓解大熊猫的食物危机,促进大熊猫的生存繁衍。     

柳杉木材密度测定研究

设定了长岭岗林场23年生柳杉人工林木材密度指标，分析立地条件对柳杉木材密度的影响，同时讨论了改善木材密度的方法。结果显示；立地条件对柳杉全干密度的影响差异显著，全干密度的差异主要是由土层厚度和土壤肥力的差异所导致。薄土陡坡及山脊上林木的气干密度和基本密度高于其它3种类型的密度指标。     

A geostatistical approach to spatial density distributions of sika deer (Cervus nippon)

Sika deer (Cervus nippon) cause serious damage to trees in Japanese forests. Browsing, bark stripping, and tree abrasion with antlers account for 50% of total wildlife damage over the past decade. The extent of forest damage depends on deer population density. We determined the spatial distribution of sika deer population density on Mt. Hiko (Fukuoka Prefecture, southwestern Japan). We also investigated changes in population density distribution over time. Determinants of population density were examined, with particular emphasis on the hunting cull. Deer densities in 1999 and 2004 were estimated by fecal pellet counts at 86 sites. We used kriging, a geostatistical technique that is a component of geographic information systems, to interpolate site-specific point data over large areas of landscape. Mapping procedures showed that high-density (≥30.0 deer km^?2) and low-density sections of landscape (≤10.0 deer km^?2) decreased in areal extent between 1999 and 2004. Contractions of high-density sections were attributable to intensive hunting. In low-density landscape sections, reduced hunting pressure allowed increased persistence of adult animals whose high fecundity led to population growth and higher deer densities. Landscape tracts with medium deer densities (10.0–30.0 deer km^?2) expanded, adding further difficulties to the task of wildlife management. Given the scale of the problems caused by deer, it is clear that reliable estimates of population size across space and time are essential components of the wildlife manager’s toolbox.     

栎线小卷蛾幼虫危害皮胎果梨花蕾防治指标研究初报

栎线小卷蛾的幼虫危害梨树的花和嫩叶,且种群数量逐年增大,已成为影响临夏州皮胎果产业发展的重要害虫。通过对栎线小卷蛾幼虫为害皮胎果梨花的损失率进行研究,并根据近几年栎线小卷蛾幼虫防治技术推广应用实践,确定栎线小卷蛾幼虫防治指标,结果表明：皮胎果花蕾损失率与栎线小卷蛾幼虫虫口密度之间呈极显著的正相关线性关系,虫口密度越大,落蕾量越大;栎线小卷蛾幼虫防治指标为7头/100花。     

竹梢凸唇斑蚜空间分布型及抽样技术研究

应用Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法,对竹梢凸唇斑蚜空间分布型及抽样技术进行了研究,并进行了影响因素分析.结果表明:竹梢凸唇斑蚜在竹林间呈聚集分布,且符合负二项分布,聚集强度随种群密度的升高而增加;种群聚集主要是由昆虫本身的习性和某些环境因素引起.在空间分布型研究的基础上提出了理论抽样数和序贯抽样方案.     

三种松毛虫混合种群幼虫抽样技术的研究

本文应用Taylor幂法则模型中的两个参数a和b,就3种松毛虫混合种群幼虫的抽样技术进行了以下几个方面的研究:①最适理论抽样数的确定;②种群密度的简易估计;③复序贯抽样技术;④简易序贯抽样技术;⑤简单随机抽样最适样方大小的确定;⑥资料代换方法。此外,文中还就种群聚集临界密度进行了探讨。为进行松毛虫种群动态的研究和实施综合管理决策,提供了优化的抽样设计,收到了良好的应用效果.     

沙生植物——梭梭研究进展

综述了20世纪50年代以来,梭梭群落的分布特征、生理特性、人工林适生立地条件评价、密度与水分平衡研究、梭梭林更新复壮技术及其效益等方面的研究成果,并提出了今后研究的方向;随着我国防沙治沙工程建设与西部生态环境建设的进展,适生植物的筛选已成为全国防沙治沙工程建设中亟待解决的关键问题之一,今后应加强梭梭快速扩繁技术的研究与引进,梭梭植物群落稳定性的研究。     

温度和光照对水螅种群增长的影响

通过对水螅的培养探究了温度与光照对水螅种群增长的影响,试验结果表明:水螅在培养前期(3~13 d)30℃条件下,其种群密度和瞬时种群增长率最大,在培养后期(14~15 d)25℃条件下的种群密度和瞬时种群增长率最大。不同的光照时间对水螅种群增长具有明显的影响,光照时间9 h实验组的水螅种群密度及瞬时增长率最大,其次为6 h和12 h实验组,光照0 h实验组的种群密度及瞬时增长率均低于其他各组。     

竹材密度的研究

本文对10个竹种竹材的实质密度、绝干密度和孔隙度进行了研究。结论如下:(1)竹材的实质密度与木材非常接近,在1.481～1.514g/cm~3之间,平均约为1.500g/cm~3;其变化规律:基部和梢部、内层和外层分别小于中部与中层;丛生竹的实质密度略大于同龄散生竹;(2)竹材的绝干密度约为0.819g/cm~3,表现为从基部到梢部递增,孔隙度变化正相反,从基部到梢部递减,二者服从一元线性回归Y=99.95-66.726X关系。     

鞭角华扁叶蜂滞育幼虫空间密度估计的研究

利用生物地理统计学的原理和方法研究鞭角华扁叶蜂滞育幼虫的虫口密度与其所处的空间位置之间的关系，创建了鞭角华扁叶蜂滞育幼虫虫口密度的半方差函数模型.在此基础上，用不同空间位置上的已知种群密度观测值估计其他空间位置上的未知种群密度，取得了令人满意的估计效果。     

沙地新植榛苗蛴螬防治指标及防治措施

为研究不同虫口密度蛴螬对新植榛苗的危害及防治措施,进行了沙地新植榛苗蛴螬防治试验。在正常栽植条件下,以蛴螬3龄幼虫为试虫,采用人工接虫的方法,研究蛴螬虫口密度与新栽植榛苗死亡率之间的关系。结果表明:蛴螬的虫口密度与榛苗死亡率间存在极显著线性正相关关系(y=4.937x-4.502,r=0.989),二者相关性极显著。初步确定新植榛园蛴螬3龄幼虫的防治指标为每株3.949头。在试验区内对新植榛苗采用不同药剂灌根法防治,结果显示:采用稀释800倍液的4.5%毒死蜱乳油的防治效果最佳,可达85%。     

套袋—剪枝法昆虫种群抽样调查技术的研究

本文介绍了套袋一剪枝抽样方法用于马尾松毛虫幼虫种群密度调查的情况．并研究了此法的抽样技术和害虫的空间分布型，分析和推导出了概率统计数学模型，探讨了虫口密度单位的换算等问题．此法可以克服传统方法的某些弊端，精度较高，具有一定的实用价值．     

Distribution and abundance of small rodents in Croatian forests

The relative abundance and the population development of small rodents were investigated on 17 sites in Croatian forests from September 1999 through June 2003. Common snap traps were set for two or three nights along transect lines in different forest types. In 27,598 trap–nights, 2,151 specimens were trapped. Small rodents were present in up to 45% of the traps in pedunculate oak forests dominated by Quercus robur L. In common beech forests with a predominance of Fagus sylvatica L., the percentage of occupied traps reached 59%. At most sites the following species were dominant:Clethrionomys glareolus Schr., Apodemus agrarius Pall. and A. flavicollis Melch. Additionally, in a forest community of Carpino betuli-Quercetum roboris typicum R., the absolute number of small rodents was calculated by means of the standard minimum method. The minimum rodent density was observed in April 2003 with 11.63 n/ha (number of specimens per hectare). The maximum was reached in March 2001 with 82.03 n/ha. Near the same site, the absolute number of the small rodent population was estimated using the Y method in spring 2001 as approximately 101.34 n/ha. In general, the abundance of small rodents was dependent on the forest seed crop.     

毛乌素沙地中国沙棘种群数量动态研究

沙棘不仅是优良的多用途树种 (multiplepurposetree) ,而且无性繁殖能力极强 ,能通过串根萌蘖而“独木成林”并赖以维持群落的持久性 ,在黄土高原生态环境建设和区域经济发展中起着积极的作用。我国拥有沙棘属植物资源 92万km2 ,中国沙棘 (HippophaerhamnoidesL .subsp .sinens     

松墨天牛生物学特性及种群密度研究

以滇中的江川、石林,滇西北的华坪、永胜遭受松墨天牛危害的云南松林作为调查对象,并开展相关的室内饲虫实验,对松墨天牛的生物学特性及种群密度状况进行了研究,以此了解了松墨天牛各虫期的生活习性;以及该虫在4个县的虫口密度特征。针对松墨天牛的生物学特性、虫口密度状况分析了该虫在云南省的危害潜力,并提出相应的防控对策。     

土壤水分对中国沙棘人工林结构多样性的影响

为揭示土壤水分对中国沙棘人工林分化的影响规律,采用物种多样性指数分析了不同坡向12年生林分的结构多样性。结果表明,土壤含水率按照北、西、东、南坡向依次递减,且不同坡向间存在极显著差异;种群生长量、密度与土壤含水率相关显著;随着土壤水分的改变,种群生长、繁殖能力以及种群间和种群内的分化、综合优势比随之改变。随着土壤含水率的降低,林分的密度逐渐变小、离散程度加大、郁闭度逐渐降低、更新速度减缓,土壤水分引起的变异占总变异的50.26％,从而形成了多样性的种群结构。