海南岛南繁基地向日葵新病害病原菌的分离和鉴定

通过对海南岛南繁基地的向日葵病害实地调查,发现了一些北方向日葵产区未见过的新病害。采用柯赫氏法则对所发现的向日葵新病害的病原菌进行了分离与鉴定。根据分离菌株的菌落形态,并利用真菌的通用引物对3个样本进行PCR扩增,确认引起该地向日葵叶部病害的病原菌为番茄匍柄霉(Stemphylium lycopersici)和新月弯孢(Curvularia lunate),能够侵染向日葵叶片,引起叶斑病;而齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)则对向日葵根部和茎基部造成侵染引起白绢病。     

向日葵黑斑病研究进展及其综合防治

向日葵黑斑病是一种重要的真菌病害,我国于20世纪60年代首次报道,目前对向日葵生产仍存在巨大威胁。本文综述了向日葵黑斑病的病原和寄主范围、向日葵黑斑病的症状和危害、国外种传黑斑病菌的检测、种传Alternaria helianthi对种子萌发和种苗活力的影响以及国内外有关黑斑病菌A. helianthi和A. alternata毒素的相关研究和向日葵黑斑病的综合防治。     

向日葵的检疫性有害生物

根据FAO“有害生物风险分析准则”评估，初步提出了12种向日葵的潜在检疫性有害生物。其中，我国尚未发生或尚未报道的有褐色茎腐病菌、茎点霉黑茎病菌、向日葵红色种子象、向日葵灰色种子象、向日葵叶甲和向日葵瘿蚊等6种，国内局部地区已有发生的有向日葵霜霉病菌和向日葵黑斑病菌等2种，已列入了我国各类检疫性有害生物名单的种类有黄萎轮枝孢、棉根腐病菌、列当属和菟丝子属寄生种子植物等。     

我国植物真菌病害的研究现状及发展策略

植物真菌病害研究可为病害防控策略的制定与防治技术的研发提供理论依据。本文基于国内外植物真菌病害研究进展、发展趋势以及国内研究现状与存在的差距,探讨了我国植物真菌病害研究的重点领域及促进学科发展的主要策略。     

我国茶树叶部主要真菌病害及绿色防控现状、挑战及展望

茶树是我国重要的经济作物, 而真菌病害是造成茶叶品质下降和经济损失的主要因素之一。因缺乏安全、有效、经济的绿色防控措施, 限制了我国茶产业的高质量发展。为破解我国茶树病害绿色防控的难题, 推动茶产业高质量发展, 本文概述了茶树叶部主要真菌病害的发生流行、病害病原的鉴定和致病机制的研究工作, 系统梳理了茶树健康栽培、病害免疫诱抗、生物防治和化学防治等技术的现状, 重点探讨了我国茶树真菌病害治理所面临的挑战, 并展望了我国茶树真菌病害绿色防控的对策和实现路径。     

进境美国大豆夹杂向日葵黑茎病菌的检疫鉴定

正大豆是一种重要的粮食作物和食用油原料,国内的市场需求量日益增长,目前我国已成为大豆净进口国。进口大豆虽能满足国内市场需求,但加大了外来有害生物传入的风险。向日葵黑茎病是一种毁灭性的向日葵病害,其病原菌向日葵黑茎病菌Plenodomus lindquistii属于我国进境检疫性植物病原真菌(段维军等,2015;2017)。2017年12月,宁波口岸自进境美国大豆夹杂的向日葵种子上分离获得1株菌株72298-10,为明确其分类地位,本研究通过形态学观察、ITS序列分析和致病性测定对其进行鉴定,以期为口岸疫情检测、防控和后续处理等工作提供参考。     

巴基斯坦从向日葵种子上分离到36种真菌

巴基斯坦从向日葵种子上分离到３６种真菌ＳｅｅｄＡｂｅｔｒ．１９９３，１６（３）巴基斯坦卡拉奇大学的科学家最近对从全国各地收集到的向日葵种子进行了全面检验，其分离到３６种真菌，隶属于２０个属。其中的２３种真菌为向日葵上首次报道。最普遍的３个种为黄曲霉Ａ...     

向日葵茎枯病在世界各地传播危害

向日葵茎枯病(Stem canker,Brown spot,Browb gray spot)是目前在世界上传播的一种向日葵新病害,这种病害发生后在开花期就可以引起茎秆干枯,全株萎蔫或茎秆折倒,对产量影响甚大,据伊朗报道损失达20％,在南斯拉夫已成为主要病害,一般损失达10％,有的品种则达90％。病害从1978年在南斯拉夫,1980     

推迟播期对向日葵黄萎病发病程度的影响

正向日葵黄萎病是由半知菌亚门的大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae引起的一种真菌性病害,是造成向日葵减产的主要病害(曹丽霞等,2009)。向日葵黄萎病发生受多种因素影响,曹雄等(2014)发现品种抗病性的强弱是影响黄萎病发生、发展及危害程度的重要因素。目前,国内外有关播期调整对向日葵黄萎病发生程度影响的研究尚未见报道。因此,本研究于2010—2012年在内蒙古自治区(简称内蒙古)、宁夏回族自治区(简称宁夏)多个样地设置向日葵不同的播期试验,研究推迟播期对向日葵黄萎病发病程度的影响,以期为防控向日葵黄萎病提供简     

引起向日葵盘腐和瘦果花皮的根霉种类及其生物学特性

 根霉(Rhizopus spp.)引起的盘腐病是向日葵生产中的毁灭性病害。近年甘肃酒泉的食用向日葵制种田和生产田,向日葵根霉盘腐和瘦果“花皮”发生严重,重病田盘腐病的发病率达100%,给该地区食用向日葵制种和生产造成了巨大损失。2017年和2018年从酒泉食用向日葵罹病花盘和“花皮”瘦果样本上分离得到34株根霉属真菌,样本检出率达100%。依据菌株的形态学和分子生物学特征,将其鉴定为葡枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)和少根根霉(R. arrhizus)。致病性测定结果表明,葡枝根霉可侵染向日葵的舌状花和花托,引起褐色盘腐;少根根霉和葡枝根霉在人工接种条件下还可侵染向日葵叶片和胚根。葡枝根霉引起向日葵盘腐病在我国系首次报道。     

向日葵菌核病接种方法及品种抗病性鉴定

为建立有效的向日葵菌核病田间接种鉴定方法,以核盘菌菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液作为接种物,分别对抗、感向日葵品种在现蕾期、始花期和盛花期进行人工接种,并对接种后保湿材料和保湿时间进行比较。试验结果表明:两种接种物均可使向日葵抗、感品种产生盘腐症状。用菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液接种时,浓度分别为10.0~15.0g/L和200~500个/mL,始花期接种,牛皮纸袋保湿2~4d,即可区分出向日葵品种间抗感性差异。用此方法鉴定出13个对盘腐型菌核病表现抗病的向日葵品种。     

云南蓝莓病虫害调查及防治方法

为了解云南蓝莓栽培中的病虫害危害情况,于2008-2012年对云南省5个蓝莓主栽区的蓝莓病虫害进行了系统调查。记录危害蓝莓的病虫害23种,其中真菌病害7种,病毒病害3种,生理性病害3种,虫害10种。在系统调查病虫害危害程度的基础上,提出了蓝莓的缺铁症和斑喙丽金龟为当前防治的主要对象,并对其发生、危害情况及其相应的防治技术措施作了概述。     

Sunflowers as a trap crop for reducing soybean losses to the stalk borer Dectes texanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Larvae of Dectes texanus LeConte cause significant losses to soybean production in the American High Plains by girdling the stalks of mature plants at their base, causing them to lodge. The authors demonstrated that cultivated sunflowers can reduce rates of D. texanus infestation in adjacent soybean fields because adult females prefer sunflower over soybean for feeding and oviposition. Since females do not avoid ovipositing in plants already containing their own eggs or those of conspecific females, sunflower plants can accumulate multiple eggs, and subsequent larval combat typically results in the survival of only one. In west central Kansas, planting one half of a center pivot irrigated field to sunflower in 2004 significantly reduced infestation of soybean plants in the other half of the field within 200 m of the crop border. Beyond 200 m from the sunflowers, the rate of soybean infestation increased significantly. Planting sunflowers in the non-irrigated corners of a center pivot irrigated soybean field in 2005 reduced D. texanus infestation of soybeans by 65% compared with a control field without adjacent sunflowers. Surrounding a 0.33 ha soybean field with six rows of sunflowers in 2006 reduced soybean infestation to < 5% of plants, compared with 96% of sunflower plants. These results reveal that sunflowers can reduce D. texanus infestation in adjacent soybeans by acting as an 'ovipositional sink'. Further research is warranted to determine the optimum crop area proportions and spatial configurations that will maximize the efficacy of a sunflower trap crop to reduce soybean losses due to D. texanus-induced lodging.     

真菌病毒减弱寄主致病性机理及其生防应用

真菌病毒是在真菌体内复制和增殖的病毒,在真菌中广泛存在。农业生产中70%~80%的植物病害由病原真菌侵染导致,真菌病毒能够减弱植物病原真菌的致病性,还可以将其转换为内生真菌从而促进植物生长和抗病,因此真菌病毒是一类重要的生防资源。本文综述了真菌病毒减弱寄主致病性机理及其在病害防治中的应用,同时提出了真菌病毒用于生物防治的前景和面临的问题,为植物真菌病害的生物防治提供参考。     

黑斑毒素对感病和抗病向日葵叶组织超微结构的影响

 本文用向日葵黑斑病菌毒素处理20日龄苗向日葵的第2对真叶,来研究毒素对叶细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明:毒素处理后,叶细胞的细胞壁变形,质壁分离,质膜断裂,叶绿体膜、线粒体膜、核膜膨胀、断裂,内部间质电子透明化,叶绿体片层排列紊乱,线粒体脊膨胀甚至消失,损害发生早和严重的是叶绿体片层和质膜,抗病品种的膜系统比感病品种的受害轻,近细胞壁处有电子密集物沉积。     

Rice Diseases in Nigeria

Abstract

The two major fungal diseases of rice in Nigeria are rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae Cav.) and brown spot (Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito and Kuribayashi) Dreschler ex Dastur). The loss in grain yield attributable to these diseases ranges from 11.5–39.6% and 12–43% respectively, Mancozeb, blasticidin-S, fentin hydroxide, benomyl and edifenphos as foliar sprays effectively control rice blast in the laboratory and field. Brown spot is controlled by spraying with thiram, mancozeb or blasticidin-S. A more useful approach to the control of these diseases being adopted in Nigeria is the search for horizontally resistant varieties. Other fungal diseases of rice in Nigeria are the green smut (Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Tak.), basal sheath rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn), sheath blight (Corticium sasakii (Shirai), Matsumoto.), leaf scald (Rhynchosporium oryzae Hashioka and Yokogi), narrow brown leaf spot (Cercospora oryzae Miyake) and bakanae disease, a foot rot caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. Two suspected cases of virus diseases have been reported; grassy stunt disease (transmitted by Nilaparvata lugens Stal.), and orange leaf disease (transmitted by Inazuma dorsalis (Motschulsky). No bacterial disease of rice has been found in Nigeria.     

广东省新推广大豆品种病害的初步调查

本文采用普查和定点调查以及传统的植物病害鉴定方法,在2006年6月至2010年10月对广东省新推广高产优质大豆品种的病害种类、发生危害及分布进行了调查.发现病害共有12种,其中真菌病害9种,分别是锈病、霜霉病、红冠腐病、丝核菌叶枯病、炭疽病、白绢病、白粉病、镰刀菌根腐病和煤烟病;细菌性病害、线虫病害和病毒病害各1种,分别为细菌性叶斑病、根结线虫病和花叶病.主要病害为锈病、霜霉病、红冠腐病、花叶病、丝核菌叶枯病和炭疽病等.不同季节大豆的主要病害发生情况不同.春大豆以霜霉病发生较为严重;而夏大豆则以红冠腐病、锈病、花叶病毒病和丝菌核叶枯病发生较严重.     

The aerial and fruit surface populations of fungi in nonchemical banana production in the Philippines

The fungal population in the air and on developing fruit on a nonchemical banana farm in the Philippines was estimated from January 1998 to December 2001 to follow the source, determine the origin, and establish the population dynamics of various fungi associated with postharvest diseases of banana. Forty fungal genera were found in the air on a nonchemical banana farm and 26 were found on developing fruit. Spore density in the air and on the surface of developing fruit varied with seasonal patterns. Fungi of various species were detected on the farm and on developing banana fruit, but it has not been established as to when a specific fungus arrived at the farm and on the fruit. The results suggest that the source and origin of fungi associated with postharvest diseases of banana fruit in Japan imported from the Philippines were the farm itself, and the fungal association with banana fruit began at flower emergence.