等氮量投入下有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

以1989年建立的国家黑土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究等氮条件下有机无机肥长期配施对玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响。研究结果表明,长期氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)及氮磷钾肥与有机肥配施(牛粪+NPK、秸秆+NPK)有利于玉米产量的提高,与不施肥(CK)相比,分别提高192.0%、218.3%和192.6%。NPK、牛粪+NPK及秸秆+NPK处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力均显著高于单施氮肥处理。经18年长期定位试验,与试验初期相比均能提高土壤有机质含量、全氮含量及碱解氮含量,以牛粪+NPK处理效果最好,分别增加46.6%、28.6%和36.8%。施用牛粪及秸秆后土壤pH值年纪间变化不大,长期施用化肥土壤pH值降低。     

长期施肥对大豆生长状况及产量的影响

以海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站长期定位试验为平台,选择了5个不同施肥处理,包括无肥(CK),单施氮肥(N),氮肥+有机肥(N+OM),氮、磷、钾配合施用(NPK),氮、磷、钾+有机肥(NPK+OM),研究了连续27年不同施肥处理对大豆生长和产量的影响。结果表明:长期施用有机肥能够明显增加大豆株高和荚数,并且能增加植株的生长速度,氮磷钾肥配合施用能增加大豆根瘤干重和根瘤数,而有机肥对根瘤的作用不显著。与单施化肥和无肥相比,施用有机肥处理大豆的根冠比较小,说明有机肥能够促进地上部干物质的积累。长期施肥对大豆产量构成因子的影响表现为:NPK+OM>NPK>N+OM>N>CK,大豆产量也表现出相似趋势,说明有机肥的施用能够改善大豆的产量性状,同时氮肥配施有机肥的大豆产量低于氮、磷、钾平衡施肥的处理,说明在东北黑土区有机肥不能代替磷钾肥施用。     

减氮配施有机肥对豫西旱区玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响

采用大田小区定位试验，设5种施肥处理模式，分别为不施氮肥(CK)、农户习惯施肥(CF)、减氮纯施化肥(R)、减氮配施20%有机肥(R₂₀)和减氮配施40%有机肥(R40)，研究豫西半湿润偏旱地区冬小麦-夏玉米1年2熟区氮肥减量配施有机肥两年后对玉米干物质积累和分配、氮素积累和分配、产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，施氮处理玉米干物质积累总量、氮素积累总量和子粒产量平均分别比对照增加17.07%、31.63%和36.61%。R₂₀处理氮肥利用效率显著提高40.01%～60.63%，氮肥农学效率显著提高35.86%～82.78%，氮肥偏生产力显著提高5.14%～32.93%，肥料贡献率显著提高24.10%～55.63%。因此，R₂₀处理可实现玉米稳定增产，是提高氮肥利用效率的合理施肥方法。     

长期定位施肥对棉花生长及产量的影响

经过5年的长期定位施肥试验,研究不同施肥处理对棉花生长及产量的影响。结果表明,棉花的生长受施肥影响显著,施用化肥促进了棉花株高的生长,其干重、叶片叶绿素含量、氮的吸收和产量显著增加,表明化肥在短期内就可以增加土壤的肥力;而有机肥连续施用5年作用不显著,说明有机肥对土壤的改良是一个长期的过程。     

减施氮肥对旱地花生农艺性状及产量的影响

为明确减施氮肥对提高氮肥利用效率和稳定提高花生产量的途径,采用田间小区试验,研究减量施用氮肥和配施有机肥、钙肥对花生生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,减施氮肥可显著降低肥料贡献率、花生主茎高、侧枝长、生物积累量和饱果数,最终降低产量,减氮量越多影响作用越大。减量施用氮肥同时增施有机肥,可显著提高花生主茎高、侧枝长、生物积累量、饱果数及产量,其中N1O3处理效果最为理想,其主茎高、侧枝长、生物积累量、饱果数及产量均优于常规施肥处理(CK),较之分别增加2.63%、1.44%、3.74%、2.58%、2.41%、3.89%,但差异不显著。减量施用氮肥同时配施钙肥可显著增加花生地下部生物积累量、单株荚果数、饱果数及产量,其中N1Ca2处理效果最为理想,其地下部生物积累量、饱果数及产量均优于常规施肥处理,较之分别增加6.86%、0.81%、6.92%,但各处理与CK间差异均不显著,减氮配施钙肥处理对主茎高、侧枝长、地上部生物积累量的影响不明显。本研究为花生生产中氮肥减量、提高花生产量提供了技术途径。     

氮肥运筹技术对抛秧早稻生长和产量的影响

在等氮量条件下,2006年在安徽省贵池市梅龙镇水稻土上研究了不同氮肥运筹方式对抛秧早稻茎蘖动态、干物质积累、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明:基施氮肥比例与抛秧早稻最高分蘖数呈显著直线正相关,但基肥施氮量大易造成水稻群体过大从而使成穗率降低。当基施氮肥比例达到70%时,抛秧早稻地上部分干物重下降。地下部分根系生长则是随基肥氮比例减少而呈增强的趋势。基肥氮比例对地上地下部分生物量的影响以分蘖期最为明显。氮肥运筹直接影响抛秧早稻产量的是有效穗数和每穗粒数;基肥和穗肥施用比例与产量呈显著的抛物线关系,当基肥穗肥施N比例为35.6%和32.2%,产量可达到最高。     

黄土高原长期施肥对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响

为给旱地小麦合理施肥提供依据,在20年长期定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施肥处理对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,化肥能显著提高小麦产量,单施磷肥产量增加85．8kg／ha,增幅6．8％;单施氮肥增产352．8kg／ha,增幅28．0％;氮磷配施增产2262．2kg／ha,增幅179．7％。有机肥处理增产显著,单施有机肥增产1954．2kg／ha;在施有机肥的基础上,施氮肥增产9．8％,施磷肥增产17．1％,施氮磷肥增产15．5％。长期化肥单施肥料利用率较低,单施氮肥的氮肥利用率为16．0％,单施磷肥的磷肥利用为7．0％。氮磷配合施用,小麦吸氮、磷、钾量显著增加,氮、磷肥利用率分别增加21．2和6．9个百分点。氮、磷和有机肥处理的小麦吸氮量比氮磷处理增加18.2kg/ha,吸磷量增加4.1kg/ha,吸钾量增加8.3kg/ha。     

配施生物基质肥料对茶园土壤有机碳固持的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究连续4年配施生物基质肥料对茶园土壤有机碳固持的影响,结果表明：随着生物基质肥料施用比例的增加土壤有机碳含量呈现增加的趋势;土壤基础呼吸量以全量施用生物基质肥料最低,75%生物基质肥配施25%化肥最高;土壤微生物量碳随着生物基质肥料施用比例的增加而增加;生物基质肥料的施用显著提高了土壤微生物商,降低了土壤呼吸商;适当的施肥结构促进茶树生长和茶叶产量的提高,春茶茶叶产量以25%生物基质肥＋75%化肥处理最高,以100%生物基质肥料处理最低。综合配施生物基质肥料对茶园土壤有机碳固持和对茶树生长的影响,初步认为25%～50%生物基质肥＋75%～50%化肥适宜茶园施用。     

不同减肥技术对马铃薯养分高效利用的影响

马铃薯是一种对肥料较敏感的高产作物,合理施肥能够增加马铃薯产量,提高品质,降低成本。然而,目前马铃薯种植中普遍存在施肥量较高的问题。通过马铃薯减肥增效田间试验,研究了不同减肥技术对马铃薯产量、养分累积分配及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,相比习惯施肥,推荐施肥(专用肥)处理N、P、K养分总量减少20%,马铃薯产量提高6 075 kg/hm~2,增产率为13.8%;推荐施肥(专用肥)处理肥料利用率均高于习惯施肥,N、P、K肥料利用率分别为39.28%、22.60%、53.85%,相比习惯施肥N、P肥料利用率分别增加13.93和13.43个百分点,K肥利用率差异不显著。相比推荐施肥(专用肥),在专用肥减量的同时配施几种新型肥料(中微量元素肥、腐植酸水溶肥、生物有机肥)均能达到减肥稳产的效果,且专用肥减施30%的同时配施生物有机肥的马铃薯产量最高,与推荐施肥(专用肥)相比增产1 913 kg/hm~2,增产率为3.8%,氮肥利用率提高4.83个百分点,磷肥利用率提高7.70个百分点,钾肥利用率提高14.17个百分点。综上所述,相比习惯施肥,推荐施肥(专用肥)的施用能够有效提高马铃薯产量,增加养分累积量,提高肥料利用率;专用肥配施其他新型肥料可在减肥的基础上进一步增加马铃薯产量,提高肥料利用率,其中配施生物有机肥效果最优。     

邵东县水稻施肥存在的主要问题及对策

通过对邵东县肥料施用总量和农户施肥情况的调查和施肥对水稻产量及土壤肥力影响的分析,指出当前水稻施肥上存在的主要问题:一是重化肥轻有机肥,二是重氮肥轻磷钾肥,三是重单质肥轻复合肥.对水稻施肥提出的对策是一要增施有机肥,二要推广测土配方施肥技术.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.