Impacts of land management on fluxes of trace greenhouse gases

Abstract. Land use change and land management practices affect the net emissions of the trace gases methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), as well as carbon sources and sinks. Changes in CH₄ and N₂O emissions can substantially alter the overall greenhouse gas balance of a system. Drainage of peatlands for agriculture or forestry generally increases N₂O emission as well as that of CO₂, but also decreases CH₄ emission. Intermittent drainage or late flooding of rice paddies can greatly diminish the seasonal emission of CH₄ compared with continuous flooding. Changes in N₂O emissions following land use change from forest or grassland to agriculture vary between climatic zones, and the net impact varies with time. In many soils, the increase in carbon sequestration by adopting no-till systems may be largely negated by associated increases in N₂O emission. The promotion of carbon credits for the no-till system before we have better quantification of its net greenhouse gas balance is naïve. Applying nitrogen fertilizers to forests could increase the forest carbon sink, but may be accompanied by a net increase in N₂O; conversely, adding lime to acid forest soils can decrease the N₂O emission.     

Is burial of wheat straw in ditches a way to reduce CH4 emissions from rice cultivation?

Burial of wheat straw in ditches and incorporation of wheat straw are the two main ways of returning wheat straw prior to rice cultivation in China. To examine the effect of burying wheat straw in ditches on CH₄ emissions from rice cultivation, a field experiment was conducted at Yixing, Jiangsu, China in 2004. CH₄ flux was measured using a closed-chamber technique in three treatments (CK, no wheat straw application; WI, evenly incorporating 3.75 t ha⁻¹ wheat straw into the 0.1 m topsoil; WD, burying 3.75 t ha⁻¹ wheat straw in 0.14-m deep by 0.25-m wide ditches). Seasonal CH₄ emissions ranged from 49.7 to 218.4 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹. The application of wheat straw in these two ways significantly increased CH₄ emissions by 4.0-fold and 4.4-fold, respectively ( P  < 0.05). Although CH₄ flux from the non-ditch area in the WD treatment was as low as that in the CK treatment, it was counter-balanced by extremely high CH₄ flux from the ditch, which was approximately 6.0-fold as much as that from WI, leading to comparability between treatments WI and WD in total CH₄ emissions ( P  > 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the three treatments in grain yield ( P  > 0.05). The results indicated that burial of wheat straw in ditches is not a way to reduce CH₄ emission from rice cultivation.     

Methane fluxes on agricultural and forested boreal organic soils

Abstract. Annual methane fluxes from an organic soil in eastern Finland, originally drained and planted with birch ( Betula pendula ) and then later cultivated, were studied for two years using a chamber technique. The agricultural soils growing grass or barley or without vegetation, generally acted as sinks for CH₄. Surprisingly, the agricultural soils emitted CH₄ during a warm dry summer. The CH₄ oxidation capacity and CH₄ uptake rate of the forested site was three times that of agricultural soils. Also, the forest soil better retained its capacity to take up CH₄ during a dry summer. Despite periods of CH₄ emission, the agricultural soils were annual sinks for CH₄, with uptake rate of CH₄-C varying from 0.1 to 3.7 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The forested soil had a methane uptake rate of 3.9 kg CH₄-C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. All the soils acted as sinks for CH₄ during winter, which contributed up to half of the annual CH₄ uptake. The capacity of soils to transport gases did not explain the larger CH₄ uptake rate in the forest soil. At the same gas filled porosity, the forest soil had a much larger CH₄ uptake rate than the agricultural soil. Neither the soil acidity (pH 4.5 and 6.0) nor high ammonium content appeared to limit CH₄ uptake. The results suggest that CH₄ oxidation in agricultural organic soil is more sensitive to soil drying than CH₄ oxidation in forested organic soil.     

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a farmed Swedish Histosol

Fluxes of the greenhouse gases methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from histosolic soils (which account for approximately 10% of Swedish agricultural soils) supporting grassley and barley production in Sweden were measured over 3 years using static chambers. Emissions varied both over area and time. Methane was both produced and oxidized in the soil: fluxes were small, with an average emission of 0.12 g CH₄ m⁻² year⁻¹ at the grassley site and net uptake of −0.01 g CH₄ m⁻² year⁻¹ at the barley field. Methane emission was related to soil water, with more emission when wet. Nitrous oxide emissions varied, with peaks of emission after soil cultivation, ploughing and harrowing. On average, the grassley and barley field had emissions of 0.20 and 1.51 g N₂O m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively. We found no correlation between N₂O and soil factors, but the greatest N₂O emission was associated with the driest areas, with < 60% average water-filled pore space. We suggest that the best management option to mitigate emissions is to keep the soil moderately wet with permanent grass production, which restricts N₂O emissions whilst minimizing those of CH₄.     

Factors affecting formation of methyl nitrite in soils

The formation of CH₃ONO in 11 soils treated with HNO₂ or NaNO₂ in a closed system, was studied by measuring the concentration in the gas space above the soil and by absorbing CH₃ONO in HI. The gaseous concentration of CH₃ONO increased and then decreased following additions of HNO₂ or NaNO₂, and the production of CH₃ONO increased with increasing concentrations of HNO₂ or NaNO₂ added to soils.
The amounts of CH₃ONO trapped in HI were 13.5 to 20.4 times higher than those determined by integrating under the net production curves. The evolved CH₃ONO amounted to 0.4 to 3.5% of added NO₂⁻, and 4.2 to 50% of the gaseous forms of N absorbed by acidic KMnO₄ solution. The CH₃ONO evolved from soils was positively correlated with the methoxy content of the soils, and inversely related to soil pH, with negligible amounts being evolved from alkaline soils. The results show that CH₃ONO is a product of NO₂⁻ decomposition in soils, and indicate that small concentrations of the gas may be produced in N–fertilized soils in which NO₂⁻ accumulates.     

Methane oxidation kinetics differ in European beech and Norway spruce soils

Coniferous forest soils often consume less of the greenhouse gas methane (CH₄) than deciduous forest soils. The reasons for this phenomenon have not been resolved. It might be caused by differences in the diffusive flux of CH₄ through the organic layer, pH or different concentrations of potentially inhibitory compounds. Soil samples were investigated from three adjacent European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) stands in Germany. Maximal CH₄ oxidation velocities (V_max(app)) and Michaelis Menten constants (K_M(app)), retrieved from intact soil cores at constant CH₄ concentrations, temperature and matric potential, were twice as great in beech as in spruce soils. Also atmospheric CH₄ oxidation rates measured in homogenized soil samples displayed the same trend. Greatest atmospheric CH₄ oxidation rates were detected in the O_a horizon or in the upper 5 cm of the mineral soil. In contrast to the beech soils, the O_a horizon of the spruce soils consumed no CH₄. A differential effect due to divergent diffusive flux through the litter layer was not found. pH and ammonium concentration were similar in samples from both forest soil types. Ethylene accumulation in all soils was negligible under oxic conditions. These collective results suggest that the different atmospheric CH₄ uptake by beech and spruce soils is caused by different CH₄ oxidizing capacities of methanotrophic communities in the O_a horizon and top mineral soil.     

Methane consumption in a frequently nitrogen-fertilized and limed spruce forest soil after clear-cutting

Abstract. The effects of especially frequent nitrogen (N) additions (from 1959 to 1986, totalling 860 kg N ha⁻¹) and liming (in 1958 and 1980, totalling 6000 kg CaCO₃ ha⁻¹) on CH₄ uptake by a boreal forest soil were studied in a stand of Norway spruce. Except for a forested reference plot, the stand was clear-cut in January 1993 and the following year one-half of each clear-cut plot was prepared by mounding. Fluxes of CH₄ were measured with static chambers in the autumn before clear-cutting and during the following four summers. The average CH₄ uptake during 1993–96 in the forested reference plot was 82 μg CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹(ranging from 10 to 147 units). In the first summer after clear-cutting, the cleared plot showed 42% lower CH₄ uptake rate than the forested reference plot, but thereafter the difference became less pronounced. The short-term decrease in CH₄ consumption after clear-cutting was associated with increases in soil NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻concentrations. Mounding tended at first to stimulate CH₄ uptake but later to inhibit it. Neither liming nor N-fertilization had significant effects on CH₄ consumption. Our results suggest that over the long term, in N-limited upland boreal forest soils, N addition does not decrease CH₄ uptake by the soil.     

Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from soil under silage production by use of organic manures or slow-release fertilizer

Abstract. Grassland is a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions in the UK, resulting from high rates of fertilizer application. We studied the effects of substituting mineral fertilizer by organic manures and a slow-release fertilizer in silage grass production on greenhouse gas emissions and soil mineral N content in a three-year field experiment. The organic manures investigated were sewage sludge pellets and composted sewage sludge (dry materials), and digested sewage sludge and cattle slurry (liquid materials). The organic manures produced N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) consistently from time of application up to harvest. However, they mitigated N₂O emissions by around 90% when aggregate emissions of 15.7 kg N ha⁻¹ from NPK fertilizer were caused by a flux of up to 4.9 kg N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ during the first 4 days after heavy rainfall subsequent to the NPK fertilizer application. CH₄ was emitted only for 2 or 3 days after application of the liquid manures. CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes were not significantly mitigated. Composting and dried pellets were useful methods of conserving nutrients in organic wastes, enabling slow and sustained release of nitrogen. NPK slow-release fertilizer also maintained grass yields and was the most effective substitute for the conventional NPK fertilizer for mitigation of N₂O fluxes.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from farmed organic soils: a review

Abstract. The large boreal peatland ecosystems sequester carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere due to a low oxygen pressure in waterlogged peat. Consequently they are sinks for CO₂ and strong emitters of CH₄. Drainage and cultivation of peatlands allows oxygen to enter the soil, which initiates decomposition of the stored organic material, and in turn CO₂ and N₂O emissions increase while CH₄ emissions decrease. Compared to undrained peat, draining of organic soils for agricultural purposes increases the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O) by roughly 1t CO₂ equivalents/ha per year. Although farmed organic soils in most European countries represent a minor part of the total agricultural area, these soils contribute significantly to national greenhouse gas budgets. Consequently, farmed organic soils are potential targets for policy makers in search of socially acceptable and economically cost-efficient measures to mitigate climate gas emissions from agriculture. Despite a scarcity of knowledge about greenhouse gas emissions from these soils, this paper addresses the emissions and possible control of the three greenhouse gases by different managements of organic soils. More precise information is needed regarding the present trace gas fluxes from these soils, as well as predictions of future emissions under alternative management regimes, before any definite policies can be devised.     

Effects of Plant Species on CH4 and N2O Fluxes from a Volcanic Grassland Soil in Nasu, Japan

To investigate the effects of plant species in grassland on methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes from soil, fluxes from an orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) grassland, white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) grassland and orchardgrass/white clover mixed grassland were measured weekly from April 2001 to March 2002 using a vented closed chamber method. Related environmental parameters (soil inorganic N content, soil pH (H₂O) value, soil moisture content, soil temperature, grass yield, and the number of soil microorganisms) were also regularly monitored. On an annual basis, CH₄ consumption in the soil of the orchardgrass grassland, white clover grassland and orchardgrass/white clover mixed grassland was 1.8, 2.4, and 1.8 kg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The soil bulk density of the white clover grassland was lower than that of the other grasslands. Fluxes of CH₄ were positively correlated with the soil moisture content. White clover increased the CH₄ consumption by improving soil aeration. Nitrogen supply to the soil by white clover did not decrease the CH₄ consumption in the soil of our grasslands. On the other hand, annual N₂O emissions from the orchardgrass grassland, white clover grassland, and orchardgrass/white clover mixed grassland were 0.39, 1.59, and 0.67 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Fluxes of N₂O were correlated with the NO₃⁻ content in soil and soil temperature. White clover increased the N₂O emissions by increasing the inorganic N content derived from degrading white clover in soil in summer.     

Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in temperate grasslands

Abstract. Temperate grasslands account for c. 20% of the land area in Europe. Carbon accumulation in grassland ecosystems occurs mostly below ground and changes in soil organic carbon stocks may result from land use changes (e.g. conversion of arable land to grassland) and grassland management. Grasslands also contribute to the biosphere–atmosphere exchange of non-CO₂ radiatively active trace gases, with fluxes intimately linked to management practices. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge on carbon cycling and carbon sequestration opportunities in temperate grasslands. First, from a simple two-parameter exponential model fitted to literature data, we assess soil organic carbon fluxes resulting from land use change (e.g. between arable and grassland) and from grassland management. Second, we discuss carbon fluxes within the context of farming systems, including crop–grass rotations and farm manure applications. Third, using a grassland ecosystem model (PaSim), we provide estimates of the greenhouse gas balance, in CO₂ equivalents, of pastures for a range of stocking rates and of N fertilizer applications. Finally, we consider carbon sequestration opportunities for France resulting from the restoration of grasslands and from the de-intensification of intensive livestock breeding systems. We emphasize major uncertainties concerning the magnitude and non-linearity of soil carbon stock changes in agricultural grasslands as well as the emissions of N₂O from soil and of CH₄ from grazing livestock.     

Comparison of approaches for estimating carbon sequestration at the regional scale

Abstract. Many former estimates of regional scale C sequestration potential have made use of linear regressions based on long-term experimental data, whilst some have used dynamic soil organic matter (SOM) models linked to spatial databases. Few studies have compared the two methods. We present a case study in which the potential of different land management practices to sequester carbon in soil in arable land is estimated by different methods. Two dynamic SOM models were chosen for this study, RothC (a soil process model) and CENTURY (a whole ecosystem model with a SOM module). RothC and CENTURY are the two most widely used and validated SOM models worldwide. A Geographic Information System (GIS) containing soil, land use and climate layers, was assembled for a case study in central Hungary. GIS interfaces were developed for the RothC and CENTURY models, thus linking them to the spatial datasets at the regional level. This allowed a comparison of estimates of the C sequestration potential of different land management practices obtained using the two models and using regression based approaches. Although estimates obtained by the different approaches were of the same order of magnitude, differences were observed. Some of the land management scenarios studied here showed sufficient C mitigation potential to meet Hungarian CO₂ reduction commitments. For example, afforestation of 12% current arable land could sequester 0.042–0.092 Tg yr^–1 in the soil alone, or 0.285–0.588 Tg C yr^–1 in both soil and biomass; 1990 level CO₂ emissions for the study area were 4.7 Tg C with a corresponding reduction commitment of 0.282 Tg C. It is not, however, suggested that this is the only, or the most favourable way, in which to meet the commitments.     

紫云英与化学氮肥配施对双季稻田CH4与N2O排放的影响

【目的】 冬季种植紫云英翻压还田对促进稻田养分循环和提高氮素利用效率具有重要意义,本文重点研究了紫云英还田与氮肥配施对稻田温室气体排放的影响。 【方法】 盆栽试验条件下,设置紫云英与氮肥配施6个处理:不施肥 (CK);单施尿素 (CF);单施紫云英 (MV);1/4紫云英+3/4尿素 (1/4 MV+3/4 CF);1/2紫云英+1/2尿素 (1/2 MV+1/2 CF) 和3/4紫云英+1/4尿素 (3/4 MV+1/4 CF),除CK外,所有处理的施氮 (N) 量均为111.4 mg/kg干土。采用静态暗箱–气相色谱法,监测双季稻季节内稻田CH₄和N₂O排放特征及其全球增温潜势 (GWP) 与单位粮食产量温室气体排放强度 (GHGI)。 【结果】 1) 不同处理稻季CH₄排放规律基本一致,早稻和晚稻生长季各处理CH₄排放均集中在分蘖期与抽穗期,其中早稻季CH₄没有明显的排放峰,其最大值为5.69 mg/(m2·h);晚稻季有两个较为明显的排放峰,出现在水稻移栽初期以及晒田期,最大峰值分别为13.33 mg/(m2·h) 和8.83 mg/(m2·h);稻田CH₄累积排放量随紫云英施用比例的增加而增加。2) 不同施肥处理下N₂O排放通量有较为明显的季节变化规律。早稻季N₂O最大峰值出现在播后第3天,为1092.2 μg/(m2·h);晚稻季N₂O排放主要集中在分蘖期和后期干湿交替阶段,最大峰值为795.7 μg/(m2·h);N₂O累积排放量随紫云英施用比例的增加而减小,且MV的N₂O累积排放量为负值。3) CF处理双季稻产量最高,显著高于CK、1/4 MV+3/4 CF和MV;1/2 MV+1/2 CF处理双季稻产量显著高于CK和1/4 MV+3/4 CF;各处理对稻田GWP及GHGI的影响均不显著。 【结论】 通过不同配比紫云英与氮肥配施盆栽试验发现,与CF相比,紫云英与氮肥不同配比对于稻田GWP及GHGI并无显著影响。      

Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in South America: the case of Brazil

Abstract. A carbon emission inventory of the Brazilian agricultural sector was used to compare greenhouse gas emissions with estimated carbon offsets promoted by two main changes in agricultural management: the replacement of conventional tillage by no-tillage and the cessation of annual burning in sugar cane production. Using the IPCC revised 1996 guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, we estimate that 12.65 Mt C are emitted annually from agricultural land in Brazil. Ongoing conversion of conventionally tilled land to no-tillage currently accumulates 9 Mt C yr⁻¹. Industrial by-products like alcohol and bagasse from sugar cane processing substitute fossil fuel for transportation and power generation offsetting 10 and 8 Mt C yr⁻¹, respectively. An additional opportunity for 0.53 Mt C yr⁻¹ sequestration is presented by avoiding burning before harvesting of sugar cane. These data show that there could be almost full compensation between sources and sinks/offsets in the agricultural carbon cycle. There is a great opportunity to achieve this mitigation benefit because the adoption of new technologies is increasing rapidly.     

Changes in the N Recovery Process from 15N-Labeled Swine Manure Compost and Rice Bran in Direct-Seeded Rice by Simultaneous Application of Cattle Manure Compost

The N recovery from ¹⁵N-labeled swine manure compost and rice bran with or without simultaneous application of unlabeled cattle manure compost was examined in a paddy field with direct-seeded rice during a 1-year period (1 crop season). In all the ¹⁵N-labeled materials including (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄, the processes of N recovery from the ¹⁵N materials by rice plants were different between the plots with and without application of cattle manure compost. At the tillering stage, the N recovery rates from the ¹⁵N materials in the plots with application of cattle manure compost were significantly lower than those in the plots without application of cattle manure compost. These recovery rates, however, became close and no significant differences were observed at the maturity stage. Thus, simultaneous application of cattle manure compost could impede the N recovery from swine manure compost, rice bran as well as (NH₄)₂SO₄.     

等养分投入下冬种紫云英比秸秆还田更有效抑制稻田CH4的产生和排放

【目的】比较冬种紫云英和水稻秸秆还田对稻田甲烷(CH₄)产生、排放的影响,探究冬种紫云英的节肥效应和CH₄减排机制。【方法】田间试验在湖南省农业科学院高桥试验基地进行,种植制度为单季超级稻‘晶两优华占’。田间试验设置1个不施肥对照(CK)和5个等氮磷钾养分施肥处理：单施化肥(CF)、化肥+水稻秸秆全量还田(S)、化肥+紫云英全量还田(M)、化肥+秸秆和紫云英全量还田(MS)、化肥+秸秆和紫云英全量还田+熟石灰(MSC)。在水稻分蘖初期(2021年6月21日),采用密闭式静态暗箱监测稻田CH₄排放通量,通过底座侧面的接口采集田面水溶存CH₄,同时每个小区按“S”形随机取0—20 cm土层土壤样品,一份用于测定理化性质,一份用于室内甲烷产生潜力和甲烷氧化潜力培养试验。【结果】1)田间试验中,供试稻田CH₄排放通量范围为5.70～26.65 mg/(m²·h),虽然处理间差异未达显著水平,施肥处理的CH₄排放通量均高于CK,S、MS、MSC...     

A simple process-based model for estimating ammonia emissions from agricultural land after fertilizer applications

Abstract. Fertilizer applications to agricultural land are a significant source of ammonia (NH₃) emission to the atmosphere, accounting for approximately 10% of the total emissions from agriculture. Current estimates of emissions from fertilizer applications use 'fixed' emission factors. This paper describes a model in which the emission factors are expressed as a function of the important influencing variables: fertilizer type, soil pH, land use, application rate, rainfall and temperature. Total emission in 2002 for the UK were estimated by running the model for a 'standard UK' scenario, viz. 28.7 kt NH₃-N, which compares well with the UK inventory estimate of 30.4 kt NH₃-N. Differences exist in the estimates for specific fertilizer types, with the mean emission factor for urea applications to grassland, in particular, being lower by use of this model (13% compared with 23% of applied N for the UK inventory). Emission estimates were most sensitive to temperature and fertilizer type. Scenario testing showed that significant reductions in emission could be achieved by replacing urea with other forms of N fertilizer, by combining urea use with a urease inhibitor, or by modifying some management practices.     

水稻秸秆添加对不同种稻年限黑土CH4排放特征的影响

  目的  评估水稻秸秆添加对东北地区不同种稻年限黑土CH₄的排放的影响,以期为黑土水稻田秸秆还田提供理论依据。  方法  不同种稻年限（0、12、35、62和85 a）黑土,分别设不添加（CK）和添加1%水稻秸秆（S）处理,进行淹水培养试验（培养温度为20 ℃,淹水层为1 cm）,测定土壤CH₄排放通量及累积排放量,比较不同种稻年限土壤对水稻秸秆添加响应的差异。  结果  在淹水培养期间（150 d）,添加水稻秸秆处理各种稻年限土壤CH₄排放通量（0.00 ~ 3.33 mg kg?1 d?1）显著（P > 0.05）高于未添加秸秆处理（0.00 ~ 0.13 mg kg?1 d?1）,未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄排放主要集中于淹水培养的前80 d和60 d。未添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量为0.04 ~ 4.45 mg kg?1,不同年限稻田土壤CH₄累积排放量差异不显著（P > 0.05）。添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量为29.64 ~ 91.08 mg kg?1,显著高于未添加水稻秸秆处理（P < 0.05）,且12 a和35 a土壤CH₄累积排放量显著高于0 a、62 a和85 a（P < 0.05）。未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量与土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）。添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量还与土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）,土壤CH₄累积排放量增量也与土壤有机碳含量也呈显著线性正相关（P < 0.01）。水稻秸秆添加后土壤可溶性有机氮含量是影响土壤CH₄排放的直接因素,土壤可溶性有机碳和铵态氮含量及β-葡萄糖苷酶活性是影响土壤CH₄排放的间接因素。  结论  水稻秸秆添加显著促进了黑土不同种稻年限土壤CH₄排放,种稻年限越长,水稻秸秆添加后土壤CH₄排放量越少。本试验条件下,黑土种稻年限大于35年时,水稻秸秆还田带来的土壤CH₄排放量相对较小。     

晚稻期间秸秆还田对早稻田CH_4和N_2O排放以及产量的影响

选取湖南双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻期间秸秆还田配施减量化肥(DNPK+RS)和施化肥(NPK)处理下后季早稻田(2009年)的CH4和N2O排放通量进行观测。结果表明,在早稻田等量化肥条件下,DNPK+RS比NPK增加早稻田CH4排放的81%,减少N2O排放的53%。早稻产量表明,DNPK+RS显著低于NPK(P<0.05)。晚稻期间以秸秆还田来代替部分化肥,会降低次年早稻的有效穗数和肥料增产效应。DNPK+RS处理的单位产量的全球增温潜势为NPK的2倍。秸秆还田应该重视与化肥的搭配比例,否则会降低水稻产量,同时增加下季早稻的温室效应。     

Carbon sequestration and saving potential associated with changes to the management of agricultural soils in England

Abstract. The potential for soil organic carbon sequestration, energy savings and the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases were investigated for a range of changes in the management of tilled land and managed grassland. These parameters were modelled on a regional basis, according to local soils and crop rotations in England, and avoided the use of soil related indices. The largest carbon sequestration and saving contribution possible comes from an increase in the proportion of permanent woodland, such that a 10% change in land use could amount to 9 Mt C yr⁻¹ in the initial years (arable and grassland). Changes in arable management could make a significant contribution to an abatement strategy if carried out in concert with greater use of permanent conservation field margins, increased returns of crop residues and reduced tillage systems, contributing 1.3 Mt C yr⁻¹ in the initial years. It should be noted, however, that true soil carbon sequestration would be only a minor component of this (125 kt C yr⁻¹), the main part being savings on CO₂ emissions from reduced energy use, and lower N₂O emissions from reduced use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer.