美洲鲥幼鱼饲料中蛋白质的适宜含量

探讨饲料中不同蛋白质含量对美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)幼鱼生长的影响。试验设3组,蛋白质含量分别为35、40和45,经41d试验得出,蛋白质含量为40的饲料组,幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率最高(P<0.05);蛋白质含量为40组和45组的蛋白质效率和饲料转化率无显著差异,但均高于30组(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,美洲鲥幼鱼饲料中蛋白质适宜含量约为40。     

三种蛋A水平对斑点叉尾鮰生长的影响

配制三种不同蛋白水平的配合饲料,饲养规格为7．14～7．69g／尾的健康斑点叉尾细幼鱼2个月,以探讨三种不同蛋白水平饲料对其生长的影响。结果表明,饲料蛋白质水平对鱼的增重率、饵料系数、肥满度和肝体比均有显著影响。饲料蛋白水平40％的饲养组鱼体增重率显著高于32％、和28％饲料组（P〈0．05）;蛋白水平40％的饲料组饵料系数显著低于32％和28％饲料组（p〈0．05）;饲料蛋白水平为40％的饲养组肥满度与32％和28％的饲养组有显著差异（P〈0．05）;随着饲料蛋白水平的增加,肝体比逐渐减小,饲料蛋白水平40％的饲养组肝体比与其他两个饲养组有显著差异（p〈0．05）。     

饲料淀粉水平对淡水黑鲷生长和消化酶活性的影响

配制五组不同淀粉水平(26%、30%、34%、38%、42%)、等脂肪以及等蛋白质的饲料,将淡水黑鲷放置在网箱里面养殖两个月,放置网箱进行养殖之前的体重是(4.02±0.11)克,主要是研究分析饲养过程中饲料中适宜添加的淀粉量.结果表明,34%的淀粉量组相对蛋白质的增重效率都明显比其它各组要高,具有统计学意义,P<0.05,其饲料系数明显比其它各组要低,具有统计学意义,(P<0.05);各个研究小组之间的脂肪酶以及肠道胰蛋白酶的活性不存在明显的差异,不具有统计学意义,(P>0.05),38%和42%组肠道淀粉酶活性明显比26%和30%组的要高,(P<0.05);34%组肌肉以及全鱼的粗脂肪含量明显比26%、30%和42%组要高,(P<0.05),各组间的粗灰分、粗蛋白、肌肉水分以及全鱼含量不存在明显的差异,不具有统计学意义,(P>0.05);各组淡水黑鲷脏体比和肥满度无显著差异(P>0.05),42%组肝体比显著高于26%、30%和34%组(P<0.05);各组间成活率无显差异(P>0.05).综合实验结果分析,淡水黑鲷饲中淀粉适宜添加量为34%至38%.     

莱芜猪与鲁育大约克猪杂交后代肥育性能、胴体品质及肉质研究

研究测定了莱芜猪与鲁育大约克猪杂交后代的生长性能、胴体性能、肉质性状及背最长肌、腰大肌氨基酸、脂肪酸含量。结果表明,试验猪生长速度快,饲料报酬较高,30～100kg日增重663．89g,料重比3．34。宰前活重101．78kg,胴体瘦肉率50．94％,肉色3．83、大理石纹3．75,pH5．97,肌内脂肪3．68％。每100g背最长肌、腰大肌氨基酸含量差异不显著。硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、蛋白质和干物质含量差异显著。硬脂酸和亚油酸含量以腰大肌较高,分别比背最长肌提高6．34％（P〈0．05）和133．08％（P〈0．05）,油酸、蛋白质和干物质以背最长肌含量较高,分别比腰大肌提高19．40％（P〈0．05）、8．01％（P〈0．05）和10．49％（P〈0．05）。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对重庆黑山羊生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

以3～6月龄重庆黑山羊为试验动物。配制了粗蛋白质水平分别为8．23％、10．42％和12．52％的饲粮。进行了饲养试验、血清生化指标测定。结果表明：（1）随着饲粮中粗蛋白质水平的提高，各组山羊的日增重有增加的趋势，高蛋白质组极显著高于低蛋白质组（P〈0．01）、显著高于中蛋白质组（P〈0．05），中蛋白质组与低蛋白质组差异不显著（P〉0．05）；各组的日采食量有提高趋势，但各组间差异不显著（p〉O．05）；各组饲料转化率有提高趋势，高蛋白质组极显著高于低蛋白质组（P〈0．01），其余各组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）；     

鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用、消化酶活性及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用、消化酶活性及抗氧化能力的影响。配制6种等氮等脂的试验饲料(粗蛋白质含量为45%、粗脂肪含量为10%),6种试验饲料中鸡肉粉的添加量分别为0(对照组)、5.25%、10.51%、15.77%、21.03%和31.54%,替代鱼粉的比例分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%和60%。选用初始体质量为(2.17±0.02)g的黄颡鱼幼鱼540尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期8周的养殖试验。结果显示:饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例对黄颡鱼幼鱼成活率的影响不显著(P0.05)。当鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例由0增加到20%时,黄颡鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率及蛋白质效率均显著升高(P0.05);而当鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例由30%增加到60%时,黄颡鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率及蛋白质效率则显著降低(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例对黄颡鱼幼鱼的肥满度、脏体比和肠脂比无显著影响(P0.05)。黄颡鱼幼鱼全鱼和肌肉干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量在各组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。对照组黄颡鱼幼鱼的胃蛋白酶活性显著低于其他各组(P0.05);鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例大于10%时,黄颡鱼幼鱼的胃淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);10%鱼粉替代组黄颡鱼幼鱼的前肠淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);30%鱼粉替代组黄颡鱼幼鱼的肝脏淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。各鱼粉替代组黄颡鱼幼鱼血清谷草转氨酶活性与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),而血清谷丙转氨酶活性及甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量在鸡肉粉替代30%鱼粉组达到最高值,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。黄颡鱼幼鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性在20%鱼粉替代组达到最高值,并显著高于对照组(P0.05);40%和60%鱼粉替代组肝脏丙二醛含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对肝脏过氧化氢酶活性没有显著影响(P0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,经折线模型分析得出,黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的最适比例为20.84%。     

饲料蛋白质水平对黄颡鱼生长、ATP酶活性和免疫力的影响

用蛋白质水平分别为26％、32％、38％和44％的4种等能饲料投喂黄颡鱼，结果显示：（1）饲料蛋白质水平为38％组的黄颡鱼特定生长率和饲料转化效率最高（P〈0．05）；（2）蛋白质水平为44％组的ATP酶活性显著高于其他3组（P〈0．05），而其他3组之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）；（3）随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和溶菌酶活性都显著提高。其中44％组和38％组显著高于32％组和26％组（P〈0．051，而44％组与38％组之间以及32％组与26％组之间均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

青藏高原不同品种绵羊应用TIT双羔素效果试验

1996－1998年连续三年在青海东部农业区和环于海湖地区用TIT对不同品种绵羊进行了免疫试验，共免疫母羊3448只。试验结果表明：1．青海细毛羊双羔率14．8％，双羔成活率80．27％，与半细毛羊差异不显著（14．36％、88．89％）（P＞0．05）；2．半细毛羊双羔率18．39％，极显著高于藏羊（4．29％）（P＜0．01），半细毛羊双羔成活率56．25％，与藏羊差异不显著（66．67％）（P＞0．05）；3．农区半细毛羊双羔率16．67％，双羔成活率81．25％，与牧区半细毛羊差异不显著（18．39％、56．25％）（P＞0．05）。     

添加不同浓度K2CO3调制苜蓿干草的研究

通过添加不同浓度K_2CO_3(1．5％、2．0％、3．0％)调制苜蓿干草,对苜蓿干燥速度及主要营养物质含量变化的规律进行了研究。结果表明,添加K_2CO_3可以显著缩短苜蓿干燥时间;三种不同浓度K_2CO_3添加处理调制的苜蓿干草粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)和钙(Ca)的含量均显著高于常规调制的苜蓿干草(P＜0．05),而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量显著低于常规调制的苜蓿干草(P＜0．05)。添加浓度为2．0％和1．5％K_2CO_3的苜蓿干草CP含量均显著高于3．0％添加组(P＜0．05);2．0％与3．0％K_2CO_3添加组苜蓿较1．5％K_2CO_3添加组EE含量有显著提高(P＜0．05);就NDF指标,1．5％K_2CO_3处理的苜蓿最高(50．89％±0．28％),比2．0％和3．0％K_2CO_3处理的苜蓿NDF分别高出1．72％和1．29％(P＜0．05);就ADF指标,3．0％K_2CO_3处理的苜蓿最高(36．37％±0．27％),比1．5％和2．0％K_2CO_3处理的苜蓿ADF分别高出0．93％和1．45％(P＜0．05);Ca含量以1．5％K_2C_3处理组苜蓿为最高(1．63±0．01％),比2．0％和3．0％K_2CO_3处理的苜蓿分别高出0．08％和0．20 (P＜0．05);P的含量在3个不同处理间差异不显著(P＞0．05)。     

β-葡聚糖对河蟹免疫功能的影响

用分别含0％(对照)、0．1％、0．5％、1％、2％β-葡聚糖的5种饲料饲养平均重量5．5 g左右的河蟹8周, 研究β-葡聚糖对河蟹的免疫功能的影响。每箱放养25只河蟹,每组3个重复。结果表明,试验各组河蟹的增重率、存活率差异均不显著。河蟹摄食试验饲料1周后,0．1％组和0．5％组的酚氧化酶(PO)活性显著升高(P<0．05),但β- 葡聚糖含量提高至1％以上时PO活性有下降的趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现为0．5％组显著高于其他各组(P<0．05),1％组较高但与对照组差异不显著;总抗氧化力(T-AOC)以1％和2％组显著高于其他各组。河蟹摄食试验饲料8周后,PO、SOD和T-AOC均表现为0．1％组最高,0．5％组其次,PO和SOD各组差异不显著,而T- AOC表现为0．1％组显著高于对照组(P<0．05)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -