吐温80和酶对绵羊日粮消化及血液参数的影响

试验选用4只瘘管羊,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,研究日粮中添加吐温80、纤维素酶及其复合物对绵羊日粮消化及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:各处理组与对照组相比,绵羊日粮瘤胃干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的消失率均提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);各种处理对绵羊采食量和日粮ADF消化率没有影响,对DM、NDF、粗蛋白(CP)的消化率都有一定程度的提高。各处理都在一定程度降低了血清中谷草转氨酶(ALT)和谷丙转氨酶(AST)含量,添加吐温80及复合处理组与对照组相比显著降低血清中ALT含量(P<0.05),与对照组相比添加纤维素酶降低血清尿素氮(BUN)含量,添加吐温80及复合处理组提高血清中BUN含量,但差异都不显著(P>0.05);各处理组都降低血清中肌肝(CRE)含量,增加了血清中胆固醇(CHOL)含量,且复合处理组与对照组相比较差异显著(P<0.05)。     

饮用磁化水对饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊消化代谢的影响

为研究饮用磁化水对饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊消化代谢的影响,本研究设计了2个试验:试验1:选取4只约1.5岁、体重(44.7±1.8)kg的小尾寒羊公羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计,每期每只羊分别饲喂粉碎日粮(处理1)、粉碎日粮+磁化水(处理2)、颗粒日粮(处理3)及颗粒日粮+磁化水(处理4),研究饲喂粉碎、颗粒两种日粮条件下饮用磁化水对绵羊自由采食和消化代谢的影响;试验2:选取6只约1.5岁、体重(46.3±2.1)kg的小尾寒羊空怀母羊,采用3×3拉丁方设计,每期每组饲喂相同的颗粒日粮,处理1:自由采食;处理2:在自由采食条件下饮用磁化水;处理3:在限饲(相当于处理1的喂量)条件下饮用磁化水,研究饮用磁化水时限饲对绵羊消化代谢的影响。结果显示:(1)在试验1中,饮用磁化水组绵羊的干物质自由采食量,干物质、粗蛋白质和总能表观消化率及氮保留量较饲喂粉碎日粮时分别提高14.7%(P<0.05)、2.6%(P>0.05)、2.2%(P>0.05)、2.2%(P>0.05)和22.7%(P<0.01);在饲喂颗粒日粮时分别提高14.3%(P<0.05)、4.2%(P<0.05)、4.8%(P<0.05)、6.0%(P<0.01)和14.2%(P<0.05)。(2)在试验2中,饮用磁化水时限饲母羊的干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素、半纤维素、不可酶解纤维素和半纤维素、总能表观消化率及氮保留量较自由采食时分别提高19.1%、19.0%、9.7%、18.4%、16.2%、341.5%、226.7%、17.4%和14.8%,均差异极显著(P<0.01)。综上所述,在饲喂颗粒日粮的基础上饮用磁化水时,绵羊干物质自由采食量可进一步提高;自由采食条件下饮用磁化水不影响饲喂粉碎日粮绵羊日粮消化率,但可提高饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊干物质、粗蛋白质和能量的表观消化率,且氮保留量显著增加;限饲条件下饮用磁化水可显著提高饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊日粮营养物质消化率。     

日粮中添加丙烯酸对绵羊消化代谢的影响

选取25只身体健康,体重32kg左右的8月龄中国美利奴(新疆型)细毛公羊,日粮精粗比为25∶75,采用分组试验设计,分别是对照组、添喂丙酸8,12mmol/(d·只)组和添喂丙烯酸8,12mmol/(d·只)组,研究丙烯酸对绵羊消化代谢和体增重的影响。结果表明,与对照组和添喂丙酸组相比,添喂丙烯酸组绵羊干物质采食量没有显著差异(P>0.05);添喂丙烯酸组与对照组相比,半纤维素消化率提高5.15%~9.70%,纤维素消化率提高3.64%~5.73%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);8mmol丙烯酸组钙、磷的消化率分别高于8mmol丙酸组2.86%和8.39%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);添喂8,12mmol/(d·只)丙烯酸组绵羊的尿氮排出量(g/d)分别低于对照组12%和18%,而N保留率与对照组相比分别提高5.35%和3.91%,但均没有显著差异(P>0.05)。添喂丙烯酸组绵羊的体增重和饲料利用率与对照组和丙酸组相比没有显著差异(P>0.05)。本研究表明,添喂丙烯酸对绵羊的采食量、干物质、有机物、粗蛋白、纤维素、半纤维素的消化量(率)均无显著影响(P>0.05),对绵羊氮、钙、磷的代谢无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

不同精粗比日粮对绵羊瘤胃内纤维素酶活的影响

选取9只体况良好,带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊,设三个不同精粗比,10∶90、30∶70、40∶60,二种待测粗饲料(麦秸和玉米秸)组成3×2因子试验,测定其CMCase活性。研究结果表明,不同精粗比日粮显著或极显著地影响着纤维素酶活(P<0 05或P<0 01)。其中平均纤维素酶活在30∶70时最高,其次为10∶90,最后为40∶60。不同饲料之间PAM的纤维素酶活差异显著,且两种饲料到达最大纤维素酶活的时间不同,麦秸为60h,玉米秸为48h。     

绵羊全混日粮体外培养VFA的动态变化

为了探讨肉羊全混日粮配方最优配比,试验参照肉羊育肥饲料营养标准,以苜蓿、番茄皮渣等粗饲料及肉羊精料补充料为原料,按照不同配比组合设计八种全混日粮配方,利用体外发酵研究方法,对八种全混日粮羊瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的浓度及日粮组合效应进行了研究。结果表明:日粮中添加番茄皮渣可显著提高乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和TVFA的浓度,且乙酸/丙酸趋于平缓,有利于肉羊对营养的吸收;添加番茄皮渣的组合B2、D1的VFA浓度最大,未添加番茄皮渣的组合A1、C1的VFA浓度最大,为最佳配比。研究表明:小麦秸、玉米秸都不利于肉羊营养的吸收,相较于小麦秸,玉米秸易被肉羊消化吸收;番茄皮渣可提高肉羊对日粮的吸收利用率,利于肉羊育肥。     

尿素-麻饼型日粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响

烟酸是畜禽必需的维生素之一，是动物体内2个重要脱氢酶的辅酶NAD^ 和NADP^ 的重要成分，在动物机体代谢中起着至关重要的作用。麻饼作为反刍动物常用的一种饲料原料，可以提供瘤胃蛋白来源,而尿素又是一种反刍动物最常用的非蛋白含氮物质．研究它们配合后的日粮对反刍动物及其瘤胃发酵的影响是非常有必要的。试验利用体外试验法，以内蒙古半细毛羯羊为试验动物，在以尿素一麻饼型日粮为培养底物的培养液中补加不同剂量的烟酸后,测定其若干瘤胃指标。用以确定烟酸适宜添加剂量范围，为配制舍饲育肥绵羊预混料提供理论依据。     

日粮中添加非蛋白氮对杂交绵羊生长性能、血液指标的影响

通过研究非蛋白氮（NPN,新型包被尿素）添加剂对绵羊的生长性能及血清生化指标的影响,为该新型包被尿素添加剂在绵羊日粮中的安全性、适宜用量以及饲喂效果提供科学依据。     

利用体外培养研究麻饼型日粮添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响

以麻饼——玉米型日粮为培养底物及瘤胃液供体动物日粮,试验用瘤胃液来自3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的绵羊,体外试验按不同烟酸添加剂量分为13个试验组(0,50,150,250,350,400,450,500,600,700,800,900,1000mg／kg),每个试验组4个重复。在培养24h后,测定培养液中NH3-N、瘤胃细菌N产量、原虫数量、总VFA产量及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸产量和乙酸／丙酸值,用以确定在该氮源日粮条件下,添加烟酸对瘤胃发酵的影响,并对烟酸最适添加范围进行了研究。结果表明,在麻饼型日粮来源培养底物中,最适烟酸添加范围为450～500mg／kg。     

日粮中不同氮源对杂交绵羊消化代谢的影响

选用9只5月龄的萨福克×小尾寒羊杂交绵羊,随机分为3组,研究日粮中不同来源氮对绵羊消化代谢的影响.对照组饲喂常规日粮A,试验组分为2组,分别为尿素组饲喂日粮B(2%尿素)和包被尿素组饲喂日粮C(2%包被尿素).结果表明,与日粮B相比,日粮C使绵羊沉积氮与进食氮、沉积氮与可消化氮的比列显著提高,显著减少绵羊粪氮的排出.和其他日粮相比,日粮C提高了绵羊的沉积氮,但差异不显著.各组进食干物质、进食氮、尿氮及可消化氮间差异不显著:日粮C可显著提高绵羊中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的消化率,干物质消化率、氮表观消化率、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸不溶灰分(AlA)的利用率差异不显著.结果表明,绵羊日粮中添加2%尿素和2%包被尿素安全可靠,效果明显,其中日粮C对氮利用率效果最好.     

吐温60和吐温80对反刍动物瘤胃和生产性能的影响

非离子表面活性剂(NIS)已经作为添加剂能有效地刺激需氧微生物的生长。本文综述了非离子型表面活性剂吐温60和吐温80在反刍动物营养中的应用。     

复合微生态制剂对乌骨羊生产性能及养分表观消化率的影响

为研究复合微生态制剂对乌骨羊生产性能及养分表观消化率的影响,试验选择体重相近的乌骨羊90只,随机分成3个组,每个组3个重复,每个重复10只,1组饲喂基础日粮为空白对照组,2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加5.0%、10.0%的复合微生态制剂,试验期为60 d。试验期间测定生产性能和养分表观消化率。结果表明:(1)3组的试验末重和平均日增重分别较1组提高5.57%、31.16%(P<0.05),3组料重比较1组降低18.05%(P<0.05)。(2)3组的粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率较1组分别提高14.23%、19.19%、16.69%(P<0.05),2、3组的粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷的表观消化率均高于1组(P>0.05)。综上,基础日粮中添加10.0%复合微生态制剂可以提高乌骨羊的生长性能和养分表观消化率。     

复合酶制剂对仔猪生长性能及养分消化率的影响

研究选取了体重为20.0 kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交猪24头,随机分为3组,每个处理组8头,分别饲喂不含酶制剂、含酶制剂Ⅰ、含酶制剂Ⅱ的3种日粮,饲养期为28 d。结果表明,酶种类齐全、酶活高的复合酶制剂,能够更有效地提高仔猪的生长性能,改善对饲料氮和磷的利用,降低粪便的排放污染,是未来高效新型环保饲料添加剂的发展趋势。     

Effect of dietary supplementation with resveratrol on nutrient digestibility,methanogenesis and ruminal microbial flora in sheep

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on methanogenesis and microbial flora in Dorper × thin‐tailed Han cross‐bred ewes. In experiment 1, ten ewes (67.2 ± 2.24 kg BW) were assigned to two dietary treatments, a basal diet and a basal diet supplemented with resveratrol (0.25 g/head·day), to investigate the effect of resveratrol on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. In experiment 2, six ewes (64.0 ± 1.85 kg BW) with ruminal cannulae were assigned to the identical dietary treatments used in experiment 1 to investigate supplementary resveratrol on ruminal fermentation and microbial flora using qPCR. The results showed that supplementary resveratrol improved the digestibility of organic matter (OM; p < 0.001), nitrogen (N; p = 0.007), neutral detergent fibre (NDF; p < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (ADF; p < 0.001). The excretion of faecal N was reduced (p = 0.007), whereas that of urinary N increased (p = 0.002), which led to an unchanged N retention (p = 0.157). Both CO₂ and CH₄ output scaled to digestible dry matter (DM) intake decreased from 602.5 to 518.7 (p = 0.039) and 68.2 to 56.6 (p < 0.001) respectively. Ruminal pH (p = 0.341), ammonia (p = 0.512) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) (p = 0.249) were unaffected by resveratrol. The molar proportion of propionate increased from 13.1 to 17.5% (p < 0.001) while that of butyrate decreased from 11.0 to 9.55% (p < 0.001). The ratio of acetate to propionate (A/P) decreased from 5.44 to 3.96 (p < 0.001). Supplementary resveratrol increased ruminal population of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (p < 0.001) while decreased protozoa and methanogens. In conclusion, dietary resveratrol inhibited methanogenesis without adversely affecting ruminal fermentation.     

Effect of several supplemental Chinese herbs additives on rumen fermentation, antioxidant function and nutrient digestibility in sheep

Two experiments were carried out in this study. Experiment 1 was conducted to examine the effects of several supplemental Chinese herbs on antioxidant function and slaughtered body weight in sheep. Results indicated that Fructus Ligustri Lucidi supplementation improved the blood antioxidant function [higher concentration of glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase and lower concentration of malondialdehyde] and slaughtered body weight in sheep (p < 0.05). Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the effect of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract (FLLE) on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in sheep. Four levels of FLLE treatments, i.e. 0, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg dry matter (DM), were used in this part. Addition of FLLE at 300 or 500 mg/kg DM increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and propionate proportion, decreased ammonia-N concentration in the ruminal fluid, reduced blood urea nitrogen concentration at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after morning feeding (p < 0.05). Addition of FLLE at all dosages had no effect on ruminal pH value and acetate concentration at all sampling time points in sheep (p > 0.05). Dynamic degradation coefficient c of maize DM was significantly increased by supplementing FLLE at 300 or 500 mg/kg DM (p < 0.05). Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract addition had no effect on degradation coefficients a, b, c of DM and nitrogen of soybean meal; a, b of maize DM; a, b, c of maize nitrogen; and a, b, c of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) of Chinese wildrye (p > 0.05). Addition of FLLE at 300 or 500 mg/kg DM increased DM and organic matter digestibility of diet (p < 0.05). Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract addition had no effect on digestibility of diet's NDF, ADF and crude protein (p > 0.05). From the aforementioned results, it is indicated that FLLE improved antioxidant status and slaughtered body weight. Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract addition has capability to modulate rumen fermentation, increase the maize degradation rate, total volatile fatty acid concentration and propionate proportion in sheep.     

半胱胺对小尾寒羊瘤胃原虫和养分消化率及血清生化指标的影响

为了研究半胱胺对小尾寒羊瘤胃原虫和养分消化率及血清生化指标的影响,试验选择体质量40 kg左右小尾寒羊40只,随机分为4组,每组10只,半胱胺每天每只的添加量分别为0.1(1组)、0.2(2组)、0.3(3组)、0(对照组),结果表明,(1)半胱胺能够激发瘤胃原虫的生长率和增长数量.(2)试验羊采食正常,各组间采食量无显著差异.试验3组的日增重达到0.234 kg,显著高于其他组(P<0.05),试验1组、试验2组和对照组间日增重无显著差异(P>0.05).试验3组的耗料/增重显著低于其他各组(P<0.01),试验1组和对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05).试验3组的粗蛋白消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),粗脂肪消化率则极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)消化率组间差异不显著(P>0.05).(3)每天每只添加0.3 g半胱胺试验组的血糖(glucose)水平最高,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);血清尿素氮(BUN)值最低,显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),生长抑素(SS)值为56.02 ng/L,极显著低于对照组的71.45 ng/L(P<0.01);血清3-碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和甲状腺素(T1)水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),而生长激素(GH)和胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)水平也显著高于对照组(P<0.01);试验组的血清胰岛素(INS)水平与对照组不显著(P>0.05).     

Influence of cellulose fibre length on faecal quality,mineral excretion and nutrient digestibility in cat

In dogs, faeces quality and nutrients digestibility were affected by different types of cellulose ( Wichert et al., 2002 ). In this study, it was investigated whether there are comparable effects of cellulose type in cats. Seven adult, healthy cats were fed a moist commercial complete cat food with three different cellulose type added at a level of 4% for a 1 week period. Faeces quality was between 1 and 3 on the scale used from 1 to 5. The addition of long fibre cellulose resulted in significantly firmer faeces. Addition of cellulose decreased the digestibility of dry matter and energy, whereas the impact on protein and fat digestibility was not significant. The type of cellulose affected faecal bulk and faecal water excretion. Faecal excretion of sodium and potassium was exponentially correlated to faecal water, faecal bulk and to a lesser extent to faecal dry matter excretion. Faecal calcium, magnesium and phosphorus excretion showed an exponential correlation to faecal dry matter excretion. A weaker correlation existed in all three elements to faecal bulk, whereas the effect of faecal water excretion was small. Results suggest a remarkable likeness between cats and dogs with regard to the digestive physiology of major minerals.     

水飞蓟复合饲料对猪生长性能及日粮养分消化率的影响

选择36只平均重25kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交猪,按体重和性别随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复6只。在试验组中应用水飞蓟药物残渣作为其主要饲料成分,并添加中草药复合制剂,对照组为抗生素组,研究对猪生长性能和饲料利用率的影响。结果表明:水飞蓟组在提高日增重和日粮养分消化率方面与抗生素组没有明显差异,但试验组经济效益明显。     

Effects of over-load iron on nutrient digestibility,haemato-biochemistry,rumen fermentation and bacterial communities in sheep

There is a risk of iron overload in grazing livestock. However, the effects on nutrient absorption and rumen function induced by excessive iron have not been well understood. Therefore, the purpose of present study was to investigate the impact of over-load iron on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemistry, rumen fermentation and bacterial communities in sheep. Twenty-four German Mutton Merino cross-bred sheep with weight (42.66 ± 2.34 kg BW) were randomly divided into 4 groups, each with 6 replicates and 1 sheep per replicate. The basal diet consisted of 60% Leymus chinensis hay and 40% concentrate. The sheep in 4 groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 50 (Control), 500 (T1), 1,000 (T2) and 1,500 (T3) mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulphate monohydrate (FeSO₄·H₂O) respectively. And the actual contents of iron in the diet were determined to be 457.68 (control), 816.42 (T1), 1,256.78 (T2) and 1,725.63 (T3) mg/kg respectively. The experiment lasted 62 days including a 7-day metabolism trial. During the whole experiment, the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre showed a quadratic increase with increasing over-load iron levels (p < .05), and maximum responses were found with 500 mg/kg supplementation. However, the response of total VFA concentration showed a quadratic decrease, as did the concentrations of propionate, butyrate and valerate (p < .05). Serum total iron-binding capacity on day 30 showed a quadratic decrease with the increase in high-dose iron, while the serum iron content increased linearly at day 60 (p < .05). Excessive iron resulted in the change in bacterial communities. An increase in over-load iron linearly decreased the abundance of bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes (p < .05), but linearly increased the Firmicutes (p = .037) and Proteobacteria (p = .018). In addition, there was a quadratic effect (p = .003) on the Fibrobacteres, which was higher in the 500 and 1,000 mg/kg Fe-supplemented groups. At the genus level, there were quadratic effects on the abundances of Selenomonas_1 (p = .023) and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 (p = .016). Furthermore, feeding of iron linearly increased the relative abundances of Succiniclasticum and Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 (p < .05). These results indicate that increasing ferrous sulphate monohydrate in diets had no negative impact on the growth performance, but it changed nutrient digestibility, blood iron parameters, rumen fermentation and bacterial communities in sheep.