关于梨树枯梢原因的研究

<正> 罹短枝枯顶病的梨树于7月份表现叶脉失绿,顶部叶片畸形,顶梢和侧梢枯顶,并产生裂果。发病果园土壤的硼含量(0.56ppm)高于一般果园(0.14ppm)。罹病植株叶的硼含量达120ppm,而正常植株叶的硼含量仅39ppm。在高硼条件下(>0.5ppm)砂培的植株表现出与感病果园植株相同的症状,其叶的硼含量达122.2ppm,新梢皮部的硼含量高达166ppm。高硼处理导致叶中钾含量降低和磷含量增加,但对叶中钙、氮和镁含量没有影响。认为梨新梢枯顶是由硼毒害所致。(文摘号5510) 译自(英)《园艺学文摘》1988年第58卷第9期译者:吴瑗     

B_9、CCC对矮牵牛植株矮化和促进开花的效应

B_9、CCC都能抑制矮牵牛的营养生长,使株型矮化、枝叶紧凑、开花部位集中、防止倒伏,明显地提高了观赏价值,尤以B_9的效果更佳。B_91500～6000ppm能使营养生长期植株矮化61.5～67％,盛花期矮化40.5～46.4％,叶片增厚29.0～41.9％,栅状组织增厚11.0～22.9％,叶重增加1.1～12.5％,叶绿素含量提高9.2～20.2％。CCC2500～10000ppm能使营养生长期植株矮化18.5～50.5％,盛花期矮化2.9～23.3％,叶片增厚25.8～35.5％,栅状组织增厚13.2～16.3％,叶重增加0～12.5％,叶绿素含量提高13.4～27.7％。B_93000ppm与1500ppm可明显增加开花数量,而B_96000ppm与CCC2500～10000ppm增花作用不明显或略有抑制现象。     

赣南不同土壤类型脐橙园叶片营养状况研究

从赣州市10个县(市、区)的沙质红壤、黏性红壤、紫色土和黄壤等131个枳砧纽荷尔脐橙园采样测定叶片营养元素含量,分析营养丰缺状况。结果显示,赣南脐橙园普遍存在叶片氮、钾偏高而镁、锌不足的问题。土壤类型对叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁和锰含量有显著(P<0.05)影响:沙质红壤果园磷、铁更为丰富;黏性红壤果园氮含量最高,钾的过量程度和镁的缺乏程度都最轻;黄壤果园磷更丰富,钙更缺乏,锰最容易过量;紫色土果园氮、磷含量最低,钾易过量,钙较丰富,镁最缺乏,有部分pH值较高的果园植株缺铁。叶片硫、锌、铜、硼和钼在不同土壤类型的果园间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有相当比例的脐橙园叶片缺铜,少量果园叶片缺硼,大多数果园叶片硫含量适宜,所有果园叶片钼含量适宜。     

海南岛不同产量水平槟榔叶片营养元素丰缺状况调查

以海南地区不同产量水平槟榔叶片为试材进行了对比试验,研究叶片中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、铁、镁、锌、铜、硼、钼等12种矿质元素含量的差异及其与产量的关系。结果表明,槟榔叶片中12种矿质营养元素的含量高低依次是氮>硫>钾>钙>磷>镁>镁>铁>锌>硼>铜>钼。槟榔叶片氮、磷含量随产量水平降低呈现下降的趋势,而钾含量差异不显著。高产槟榔钙、镁、铁、镁、锌、硼、钼含量显著高于低产槟榔,而铜含量则相反。槟榔叶片中锌与氮、磷、钙、硼呈极显著正相关,认为锌对氮、磷、钙、硼存在一定的增效作用。叶片主要矿质营养元素含量与产量的相关分析表明,氮、磷、镁、锌与产量达到(极)显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.619、0.419、0.880和0.891。     

猕猴桃叶片10种矿质元素含量的动态变化、品种差异及相关性

为指导猕猴桃生产科学施肥,在陕西眉县以8个猕猴桃品种("海沃德""米良1号""徐香""金香""哑特""翠香""农大金猕""金魁")成年树(实生野生美味猕猴桃砧)为试材,连续两年于盛花期后15～170 d定期测定了叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌、硼等10种元素的含量,并对叶片各元素含量的生长期差异、品种差异及相关性进行统计分析。结果表明,品种对叶片磷、钾、钙、镁、锰和硼含量有极显著(p0.01)影响,对氮和铁含量有显著(p0.05)影响,对铜和锌含量无显著影响。"海沃德"叶片氮、磷含量较高,钙、镁含量较低;"米良1号"叶片氮、钙含量较高;"翠香"叶片钙含量较高,氮、磷、钾含量较低;"农大金猕"和"金魁"叶片氮、钾均较低。生长期对叶片各元素含量均有极显著影响。叶片氮、磷、钾含量从着果期至果实快速膨大期不断下降;在果实缓慢生长期和果实充实成熟期,氮持续下降,钾维持稳定,磷则有所回升。叶片钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、硼含量随着生长期的推进整体呈升高趋势,但不同元素初始升高和后期稳定的时间点略有差别。叶片氮含量与钾含量极显著正相关,与钙、镁、铁、锌、硼含量呈极显著负相关;磷分别与钾和铁呈显著正相关;钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌、硼等元素之间多呈极显著或显著正相关。     

沙田柚叶片营养元索适宜含量的研究

为探讨沙田柚叶片营养元素含量指标,作者于1989—1991年进行了本研究。结果表明,沙田柚叶片大量元素含量的变异系数以氮最小,钙最大,钾、镁和磷依次减小;微量元素含量的变异系数除硼外,其余都明显大于大量元素,其中锰最大,铁、锌和铜相近,且明显小于锰,硼最小。本研究提出了丰产沙田柚叶片营养元素的适宜含量:氮2.3～2.8％,磷0.1—0.14％,钾1.0—2.0％,钙2.5—5.8％,镁0.2—0.38％,铁33×10~(-6)—140×10~(-6),锰10×10~(-6)—70×10~(-6),锌15×10~(-6)—35×10(-6),铜4×10~(-6)—25×10~(-6),硼39×10~(-6)—76×10~(-6)。大量元素的适宜比值为:氮:磷:钾:钙:镁=1.00:0.05:0.59:1.04:0.11;微量元素的适宜比值为:铜:锌:锰:硼:铁=1.00:1.72:2.76:4.48:5.97。以上标准可作为衡量沙田柚叶片营养元素含量盈缺及平衡与否的重要参数。     

不同砧木对红星苹果叶内矿质元素含量影响的研究

砧木影响着苹果树的 寿命、生长势、产量、抗性 和叶片、果实内矿质元素 含量等,某些苹果砧木已 推荐用于特殊条件下,以 防止树体营养失调。本试 验研究了几种砧木对红星 苹果叶片内矿质元素含量 的影响,目的是为进一步 研究苹果砧木的选择利用 及其营养调节提供参考。 材料和方法 试材取自山西祁县官 场村果园,自根砧为M2、 M4、 M6、 M7、 M9,对 照为山定子,品种为红 星,1977年定植,产量相 近。果园为沙壤土,平 地、可灌溉。土壤分析结 果:氮0.137%,磷54.09ppm,钾373ppm,钙0.82%,镁0.012%,铜1.21ppm,铁18.5ppm,锌4.9ppm,锰17.19ppm。 试…     

镉对苹果生长发育和矿质元素含量的影响

为了探究镉(Cd)对苹果植株生长发育和各组织矿质元素含量的影响,以2年生烟富3/T337和王林/T337为试材,测定了25mg/kg镉处理下叶片光合参数、解剖结构和各组织矿质元素含量。结果表明,镉胁迫对2个品种叶片光合参数具有明显的抑制作用,‘烟富3’和‘王林’叶片净光合速率分别降低62.46%和46.04%。镉处理下叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度均显著低于对照,但‘烟富3’叶片上表皮厚度增加。镉能够抑制苹果叶片氮和钾含量,促进磷的吸收。镉处理对苹果植株不同组织钙、硼、铜、铁和锌含量的影响存在差异,根系钙、硼和锌含量均显著低于对照,铜含量显著高于对照。叶片铜、铁和锌含量均显著低于对照,‘烟富3’叶片钙含量显著高于对照,而‘王林’叶片钙含量低于对照。综上所述,镉能够抑制苹果植株生长发育,降低植株根系氮、钾、钙、硼、锌含量,以及叶片铜、铁、锌含量。     

无核黄皮叶片镁硼的周年变化对其产量和品质的影响

测定广东郁南无核黄皮叶片镁硼养分的变化动态,对其与产量和品质的相关性进行分析。结果表明,在传统氮磷钾施肥方式下,无核黄皮叶片镁硼养分含量在不同物候期之间存在显著的差异。在整个年度周期中,叶片镁、硼浓度对果实产量和品质的影响较大。除秋梢期外,其相关性均达到显著水平,而且开花期叶片镁浓度与果实产量的相关性最高。由此可知,在整个生育期中,叶片中镁营养与产量具有显著正相关性。镁与可溶性固形物浓度呈负相关;硼与可溶性糖浓度呈正相关;镁、硼与维生素C浓度呈负相关。镁、硼与柠檬酸浓度呈正相关。初步确定3月即无核黄皮的始花期作为营养诊断最佳采样时期,同时施用镁硼肥能够提高无核黄皮产量和改善品质。     

湖南省不同纬度温州蜜柑园土壤和叶片营养及果实品质分析

【目的】探究湖南省不同纬度的温州蜜柑园土壤养分含量、叶片营养及果实营养与品质状况,为果园土壤科学管理提供理论依据。【方法】2011—2016年,连续6 a(年)对湖南省3个地区147个温州蜜柑园的土壤养分含量、叶片营养和果实营养与品质进行测定,运用相关性分析的方法,探索土壤养分、叶片养分与果实品质3者之间的关系,指出不同纬度的温州蜜柑园土壤养分存在的问题。【结果】湘北、湘中、湘南3个地区的供试果园土壤p H适宜比例仅为8.3%~19.0%;3个地区有机质含量总体适宜,多数果园土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌、钙、钼、镁含量适宜或过量,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量偏低,土壤有效硼含量严重缺乏。湖南省不同纬度温州蜜柑园叶片磷、硼略微缺乏,氮、钾、锌不足,钙、镁、钼严重缺乏,铁、锰过量。3个地区的温州蜜柑果实钾含量与纬度的回归方程为y=-0.024x+1.231,纬度与其他果实品质则无明显差异。纬度对土壤、叶片营养和果实品质有一定的影响,其中土壤速效钾、速效锰含量从北到南依次递减;叶片铁、镁含量从北向南逐渐降低,而钾、锰、硼、钼含量由北向南逐渐升高;果实中钾含量与可溶性固形物含量由北往南依次增加。运用相关分析发现,影响果实品质的主要土壤因素为有机质、速效锌、有效钙、有效镁、有效硼。【结论】改善各地区土壤p H,增加土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硼含量是湖南温州蜜柑果园今后土壤管理的重点。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.