组培育苗气体微环境自动调控系统的研制与试验

为改善组培苗生长发育的气体环境，降低育苗成本，在综合分析已有气体环境控制系统的基础上，基于以流量控制组培环境CO₂浓度和以压力控制混合罐CO₂浓度和气体压力的控制策略，建立了相应控制的数学模型，设计了新型组培育苗气体微环境自动综合调控系统，对组培气体环境中CO₂浓度和相对湿度实施适宜参数组合调控。以叶用甘薯组培苗为试验材料，依据有关文献，取适宜光合光量子通量密度、CO₂浓度和相对湿度的参数组合为(250 μmol·m<     

组培环境CO2增施监控系统的设计与试验

为改善组培苗的生长发育环境,探索CO₂富集等环境因素的影响,设计制作了CO₂适时增施监控系统,并以葡萄组培苗为对象,利用本控制系统与传统组培方式进行了对比试验。结果表明:系统工作稳定、正常,能够有效地将CO₂浓度控制在设定的(800～1200)μL/L范围内,满足组培苗光合作用的需要;在CO₂富集环境中,组培苗生长健壮、发育良好,光合自养能力显著增强     

基于C8051F005的组培CO2微环境调控系统的研制与试验

基于C8051F005芯片设计开发一种新型组培气体微环境控制系统，采用高纯度CO₂定压定量供给和自动箱内循环在线监测技术，成功解决了CO₂气体难以自动精确施放和传感器检测精度及其稳定性的问题，实现了组培微环境CO₂浓度的按需设定和自动控制。该系统能够同时记录CO₂浓度的下降量和时长，既可用于研究不同组培微环境因子对组培苗同化CO₂速率的影响，又能用于规模化组培育苗生产。以驱蚊香草、冬青、大花蕙兰组培苗为实验材料，验证系统可靠性与可行性。结果表明该系统运行可靠，控制精度高，能够满足规模化组培育苗对气体微环境调控的需求和组培微环境建模的科研要求。     

无糖培养条件下大型组培箱内CO2变化规律及对组培苗的影响

该文采用中国农业大学农业部设施农业生物环境工程重点开放实验室研制的设有组培微环境实时监控系统的大型组培箱，分别对矮牵牛、菊花和番茄组培苗移栽后箱体内CO₂浓度的变化规律及不同CO₂增施浓度对无糖组培苗生长的影响进行了研究。试验表明：移栽后的当天，组培箱内的CO₂浓度便开始下降，第2 d下降速度明显加快，均降至100 μL/L以下。在移栽后的第4～5 d，箱体内CO₂浓度下降到35 μL/L左右后便不再下降，一直在30～40 μL/L之间波动。因此得出：无糖培养在组培苗移栽后的第2 d就应增施CO₂，否则会直接影响组培苗的生长。在不同CO₂增施浓度试验中，当光照度控制在80 μmol/(m²·s)时，CO₂浓度为(650±50)μL/L时培养出的组培苗生长状况最好。     

基于PLSR和BPNN方法的番茄光合速率预测比较

CO₂作为温室作物光合作用的重要原料,不同环境因子交互作用的植株叶片对CO₂浓度需求具有较大差异。为寻求CO₂浓度合理增施量,该文基于偏最小二乘法和BP神经网络方法对不同生长阶段番茄作物进行光合速率预测,进而探讨作物生长过程中可通用的光合速率预测方法。试验以无线传感器网络系统实时监测环境信息(CO₂浓度,光照强度,空气温度及相对湿度),以LI-6400XT光合速率仪获取作物单叶净光合速率。剔除样本奇异点后,对样本值进行统一归一化。以CO₂浓度、光照强度、空气温度及相对湿度为模型输入变量,以光合速率为输出量,利用偏最小二乘法和BP神经网络方法分别建立番茄幼苗期,开花期及结果期的光合速率预测模型。模型验证结果表明,偏最小二乘法在番茄各生长阶段的决定系数分别为0.74,0.88和0.85,最大相对误差为15.01%;而BP神经网络在各阶段具有较高的预测精度,其决定系数分别为0.94,0.96和0.97,最大相对误差为9.56%。因此,基于BP神经网络模型预测了特定环境下的CO₂浓度饱和点,为温室CO₂增施提供依据。     

植物群体光合速率测定装置与方法

介绍了一种植物群体光合速率测量装置的设计原理、结构及其测量和计算方法。该装置采用半封闭式测量系统,借助CO₂红外气体分析仪,可连续控制、测量植物群体在同化箱中因光合作用而引起的CO₂浓度变化,测量范围0～1000ppm,灵敏度2ppm。利用该装置测定了小麦、玉米、大豆、白菜等在不同CO₂浓度水平下的光合速率,并取得较好的结果。     

植物组织培养新技术：光独立培养法

该文介绍了近年来日本学者开发的光独立营养培养法(无糖培养法)，在快繁阶段，导入大型容器，去掉培养基中的糖分，增施CO₂，并对组培环境进行调控，为组培苗的产业化生产提供了可能性。但培养容器内环境因子对培养植物的生长及形态的影响，还有很多问题有待进一步研究。光独立营养培养的大型培养容器或小型设施以及机械化、自动化系统也有待进一步的开发。     

增施CO2气肥对温室结球莴苣光合作用影响的综合模型研究

为探讨不同温度和光照条件下增施CO₂气肥对温室作物生长的影响，应用红外线CO₂气体分析仪测定方法，对不同CO₂浓度下结球莴苣光合作用速率的变化进行了深入系统的研究，并分别建立了低温条件下和中、高温条件下增施CO₂气肥对光合作用速率影响的综合模型。研究结果表明，在一定范围内，随着光照度提高和温度上升，增施CO₂气肥对于光合作用的促进效果提高，但是超过饱和点后会有负的效应。本实验条件下，结球莴苣光合作用最佳的生态因子组合为：光照度897.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，温度28.9℃，CO₂浓度2160 μL/L，此时的净光合速率(CO₂)Pn为36.0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

基于作物生长和控制成本的温室气候控制决策支持系统

根据试验和观察获得的数据建立了温室作物生长模拟模型、温室的环境调控的技术效果模型和温室的环境调控成本模型，并建立相应的模型库；通过收集资料和专家经验建立了温室环境调控的知识库。以温室生产的“产出投入比”最大为目标，综合利用模型预测功能和知识库系统的推理功能，建立了温室环境调控决策支持系统。系统能够根据温室内外的环境信息、作物生长信息和温室调控设备状态信息给出温室环境调控实时最优的温度、湿度、光照和CO₂浓度等参数，并提供相应的调控方案。     

大气CO2增加对水稻光合、蒸腾及水分利用率的影响

本研究采用开顶式培养室对两个水稻品种矮香糯(O.sativa var.aixiangnuo)和安农S(O.satica var. anong-S) 在模拟大气CO₂浓度升高环境中叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用率的变化作了初步研究。结果表明 ，生长在650±30mg.kg^-1CO₂浓度下的水稻其光合速率、水分利用率提高，蒸腾速率降低 ，气孔阻力增加，且品种间差异极显著。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.