Manipulating Stem Number, Tuber Set and Size Distribution in Specialty Potato Cultivars

Manipulating seed physiological age is an effective method to alter tuber set and size distribution for many cultivars. However, cultivars Cal White, Red La Soda, Chieftain, Yukon Gold, and Satina were largely insensitive to high temperature-induced age-priming treatments. Gibberellins (GA) also have potential for altering tuber set and size development. When applied to cut seed of the five cultivars, GA hastened plant emergence, increased stem and tuber numbers per plant, and decreased average tuber size. The optimum concentration of GA for shifting tuber size distribution to maximize crop value without decreasing total yield depended on cultivar. Total yields decreased substantially in all cultivars with 10 mg L^?1 GA but lower concentrations (0.5–4 mg L^?1) either increased yields of Red La Soda, Yukon Gold, Chieftain and Satina by 11, 13, 15, and 24 %, respectively, or had no effect (Cal White). GA-induced increases in tubers per hectare ranged from zero (Cal White, Satina) to 36 % (Chieftain) and associated increases in yields of premium priced creamer size potatoes (C size; 10–66 g, 28–51 mm diameter) ranged from 0 to 140 %, depending on cultivar and length of the growing season. Increases in total crop values ranged from 7 to 30 % (Chieftain) with the optimum concentrations of GA, which also varied by cultivar. Effective use of GA to alter tuber size distribution for increased value depends on cultivar, concentration, and harvest timing.     

Rapid Screening of Potato Cultivars Tolerant to Nitrogen Deficiency Using a Hydroponic System

Increased cultivar tolerance to nitrogen (N) deficiency may increase productivity and reduce environmental impact of potato crops. In this study we screened 20 cultivars for the tolerance to N-deficient (0.05 mM nitrate) in comparison with N-abundant (7.5 mM nitrate) nitrate supply using plantlets grown for 15 days in a recirculating hydroponic system. Nitrogen deficiency increased the root-to-shoot ratio in 18 cultivars. Plant total dry weight (TDW) was reduced by an average of 61% under N-deficient nitrate supply. Tolerance to N deficiency was assessed as the TDW ratio (TDWR), calculated as the ratio of TDW under N-deficient to N-abundant nitrate supply. The cultivars Norland, Raritan, Nipigon and Langlade were significantly more tolerant to nitrogen deficiency (greater TDWR) than Eramosa, Carleton, and Epicure. The results indicate that the hydroponic system has capacity to rapidly screen a large number of cultivars for tolerance to N deficiency.     

9个马铃薯品种苏打盐碱适应性盆栽试验

试验采用盆栽的方法对9个马铃薯品种进行苏打盐碱适应性研究,通过对出苗、成活情况和产量进行观察和测定,筛选出抗苏打盐碱性强的品种。结果表明:不同品种的抗盐碱性能各不相同,抗盐碱性与出苗率、产量呈正相关。9个试验品种中,克新19号在盐碱处理中表现高产,抗盐碱性明显好于其它品种。     

俄罗斯早熟马铃薯品种的引进鉴定及利用价值

通过对引进俄罗斯早熟马铃薯品种的鉴定 ,掌握了一批具有早熟、优质、高产、抗病等优良性状的马铃薯品种 ,进一步明确了这些品种在我国的可利用价值     

辽宁省不同熟期水稻品种株型特征比较研究

以参加2015年辽宁省水稻区域试验的早熟组、中熟组和中晚熟组品种(系)为材料,研究了不同熟期水稻品种的株型特征关系。结果表明,早熟品种主要是弯穗型、轻穗型,中熟品种多为直立穗型、重穗型品种,晚熟品种以半直立穗型、重穗型品种为主;不同熟期品种叶长差异不显著,叶宽表现为中晚熟品种中熟品种早熟品种,但叶基角正好相反;二次枝梗结实率表现为早熟品种中晚熟品种中熟品种,二次枝梗贡献率表现为中晚熟品种中熟品种早熟品种;穗型指数均以下部优势粒为主。     

六个马铃薯新品种(系)的杂交效果分析

通过对6个马铃薯新品种(系)的杂交结果进行分析,结果表明:这6个新品种(系)均可以在杂交育种中直接利用。9902-12作母本,平均座果率52.0%,平均单果种子重0.097g,9665-7作父本母本都有较强的亲和力,同薯23作父本,同薯20、同薯15、同薯22作母本座果率较高。     

一个与马铃薯青枯病抗性连锁的SRAP标记筛选

以两个马铃薯二倍体分离群体ED和CE共105个基因型为材料,利用群分法(BulkedSegregantAnalysis,BSA)筛选与马铃薯青枯病抗性基因连锁的分子标记。在8个正向引物和11个反向引物组成的88对SRAP引物组合中,筛选获得了一个与马铃薯青枯病抗性紧密连锁的SRAP标记M32,遗传连锁分析表明,该标记在ED群体和CE群体中与抗性位点之间的遗传距离分别为10.2cM和17.3cM。     

蛋白质在二倍体马铃薯中的分布及相关性分析

马铃薯蛋白质具有丰富的营养价值。以9个二倍体马铃薯品系(Solanum phureja-S.stenotomum杂种)为试验材料,采用盆栽的方式研究蛋白质在茎、叶、块茎中的分布及相关性。结果表明:以干、鲜重为基础的叶片蛋白质含量都极显著高于块茎和茎秆,茎秆含量最低;以干重为基础时,叶片与茎秆蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,以鲜重为基础时,叶片与块茎和茎秆蛋白质含量都呈极显著正相关。     

评价适合选育加工型马铃薯品种的杂交组合

中国马铃薯的种植面积和产量均占世界首位,随着人们生活水平的提高和饮食结构的改善,以及外资企业在中国的纷纷建厂,对食品加工型马铃薯品种的市场需求日益增加,食品加工型马铃薯品种的培育已成为当务之急。本文根据食品加工型马铃薯品种的6项选育指标(炸制品质、薯形、产量、大中薯率、抗病性、熟期),对14个马铃薯杂交组合进行单个指标的评价和组合的级别评价,最终确定组合F81109×B5141-6、B5141-6×F58050、F67128×F61101、F49013×F61101、F71002×F59103可作为选育食品加工型马铃薯品种比较有前景的杂交组合。     

Starch Characteristics of Modern and Heirloom Potato Cultivars

In a number of ways, modern potato breeding efforts differ from those that created heirloom cultivars. As a result of the rapid expansion of the potato processing industry in the mid twentieth century, potato breeders shifted their focus from fresh market varieties to those intended for the fry and chip markets. Selection for higher dry matter content and lower reducing sugar levels in tubers was successful. This study sought to determine whether modern processing cultivars differ from heirloom cultivars for two major characteristics of tuber starch, amylose content and starch granule morphology. Since breeding efforts for processing potatoes have focused on the maintenance of tuber quality during storage, these parameters were measured in both fresh and stored tubers. Twenty cultivars selected to span the range of cultivar release dates in the U.S. were grown at Hancock, WI in 2009 and 2010 and evaluated for tuber amylose content and measurements of starch granule surface area, length, width, length to width ratio, and smoothness. These traits were found to be stable across years and during storage. Significant differences in the amylose content and starch granule morphology exist among cultivars, but there is no clear distinction between modern and heirloom cultivars. Genetic variation for amylose content and starch granule morphology was found within the set of clones sampled for this study. However, germplasm with higher amylose content will need to be identified and utilized in breeding if the nutritional benefits associated with high fiber and low glycemic index are to be realized.     

应用灰色关联度分析法综合评价马铃薯试验

应用灰色关联度分析法,对2008年庄浪县应用全膜双垄集雨沟播栽培技术实施的马铃薯新品种(系)区试中参试的8个品种(系)的12个性状进行综合评价。结果表明:综合表现较好的品种是庄薯3号、陇薯7号、陇薯5号3个品种。其中庄薯3号的加权关联度最高,为0.878,主要表现为产量、单株产量、商品率高,生长势强,高抗晚疫病。陇薯7号,陇薯5号加权关联分别为0.766,0.761,主要是产量与综合性状表现较好。     

Evaluation of Potato Cultivars for Resistance Against Water Deficit Stress Under In Vivo Conditions

Water deficit is the most important abiotic stress factor in crop production. Evaluation of the response of different potato cultivars to water deficit stress is necessary to release cultivars for regions with water deficit. A split-plot experiment with three replications was carried out during 2005 and 2006. The main factor consisted of three levels of irrigation (irrigation after 25%, 35% and 50% discharge of the available water, i.e. normal conditions, mild stress and severe stress, respectively), and the split factor included seven potato cultivars (Agria, Savalan, Satina, Caesar, Kennebec, Marfona and Santé). Cultivars Savalan, Caesar and Kennebec had higher total and marketable tuber yield, water use efficiency, and values for stress tolerance indices than the other cultivars, both under mild and severe stress conditions. Cultivars Caesar and Kennebec were selected as tolerant cultivars; cultivars Savalan and Satina were identified as moderately tolerant cultivars whereas cultivars Agria, Marfona and Santé proved to be susceptible to water deficit.     

Quantification of Field Resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Eight Russet-Skinned Potato Cultivars Using Real-Time PCR

Changes in potato production over the past 10 to 20 years, have resulted in increased emphasis being placed on breeding for resistance to Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. While many russet-skinned cultivars recently have been released with reported resistance to Verticillium wilt, information is lacking on the level of pathogen colonization, and therefore, the level of true genetic resistance is not known. Eight russet-skinned cultivars were grown in field trials with low and high levels of V. dahliae in the soil, and evaluated for wilt, stem colonization, yield, and tuber vascular discoloration. A recently developed QPCR assay was validated, with strong relationships to culture plating assays over three stem sampling dates. Additionally, stem colonization levels, as determined by QPCR, were related to wilt and tuber vascular discoloration. However, total yield did not exhibit a strong relationship to any other parameter evaluated in this study. Results from these studies indicate that varying levels of true resistance are present in the russet-skinned cultivars evaluated, and that the QPCR assay can be reliable in rapidly evaluating resistance to V. dahliae under field conditions. Based on pathogen quantification using stem colonization derived from traditional plating assays and QPCR, the resistance level of several cultivars is more clearly defined and discussed.     

二倍体马铃薯试管苗的培养及对叶肉原生质体融合的影响

以35份二倍体马铃薯试管苗为试验材料,对二倍体马铃薯试管苗培养的影响因素进行研究,目的是使试管苗的叶片增大,叶面积增加,并有利于进行叶肉原生质体的融合。结果表明:含有AgNO3的培养基(MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+1 mg/L AgNO3)适合22份供试二倍体马铃薯试管苗的培养;添加AgNO3比不添加AgNO3的试管苗的叶片明显增大,叶面积显著增加,添加2%蔗糖和2 mg/L AgNO3的培养基的试管苗叶面积最大;以二倍体野生种S.chacoense和二倍体材料DY4-5-10为亲本进行电融合,以添加2%蔗糖和1 mg/L AgNO3的培养基培养其试管苗,获得的融合产物可再生出完整植株,该培养基适合用于分离原生质体的二倍体马铃薯试管苗的培养。     

Impact of Stolbur Phytoplasmas on Potato Tuber Texture and Sugar Content of Selected Potato Cultivars

Potato stolbur is a phytoplasmal disease that seriously affects yield and tuber quality in South Eastern Europe, Russia and the Mediterranean areas. In 2007 and 2008, field experiments were carried out to determine stolbur resistance of processing potato cultivars at Sannicolau Mare (Romania) by determining consistency and concentration of reducing sugars (fructose and glucose), sucrose and phytoplasmas in potato tubers. In both years, non-symptomatic potato tubers showed sucrose levels in the range of 3,000 mg kg⁻¹ fresh weight (FW). In contrast, sucrose concentrations were up to 11,820 mg kg⁻¹ FW in 2007 and 19,560 mg kg⁻¹ FW in 2008 in tubers showing severe symptoms. These high values severely affect suitability of tubers for processing as sucrose serves as substrate for the formation of reducing sugars that are the limiting factor in fried potato production for Maillard-related discolouration. The cultivars examined differed considerably in susceptibility to stolbur disease. Whereas cvs. ‘Courage’ and ‘Lady Rosetta’ showed high numbers of diseased tubers and high sucrose concentrations, ‘Lady Claire’ had a lower incidence of symptomatic tubers and lower sucrose concentrations. However, fully resistant cultivars were not observed. Across all cultivars examined, phytoplasmal concentration was significantly higher in symptomatic tubers than in non-symptomatic ones.     

初析中甸红眼的“米拉现象”

1　前　言米拉是我省和西南地区长期以来的主栽品种 ,至今仍有大面积种植 ,没有一个品种能够取代它。主要原因就是西南地区气候类型复杂 ,而该品种适应性极强 ,在不同的气候类型、不同地点、不同年份、不同季节均能获得一定的产量 ,且食味极好 ,很受当地农户的喜爱。中甸红眼是迪庆州农科所从当地农家种中优选单株培育而成 ,后经云南省农业科学院生物技术研究所脱毒筛选。该品种适应性极强 ,在春、秋、冬作均可获得高产。近十几年来 ,每年从中甸外调的中甸红眼种薯有 5万多ｔ ,分布在全省 14个地州 ,各季作均有一定的面积 ;已成为我省进行炸…     

玉溪市山区马铃薯引种试验示范研究

通过对马铃薯品种性状、种植密度、种植方式进行同田对比试验。经统计分析结果表明:马铃薯新品种中甸红每667m2种植6665株、13330块茎(25cm×40cm)的产量和质量最高,显著优于当地主栽品种米拉。为本地区马铃薯品种升级换代和完善栽培技术提供科学依据。