基于形状因子和分割点定位的粘连害虫图像分割方法

单个害虫的分割是进行害虫特征提取和识别的前提。针对害虫识别过程中出现的粘连等问题,提出了一种基于形状因子和分割点定位的害虫图像分割方法。该方法首先利用形状因子对图像中的每个区域进行粘连判定,然后对判定为粘连的区域进行逐层轮廓剥离和局部分割点的确定,接着根据局部分割点在原区域中搜索边界轮廓的两个分离点,最后连接局部分割点与分离点线段进行害虫分割。通过实验室人工随机散落桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis(Guenée)和田间粘虫板诱捕梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)2种场景采集图像,验证算法的有效性,并与分水岭分割算法进行对比,采用分割率、分割错误率和分割有效性3项指标进行评价,结果表明:针对实验室环境下采集的2组桃蛀螟害虫图像,该文方法平均错误率为7%,约为分水岭分割方法的1/2,平均分割有效率为92.65%,比分水岭算法提高了5.7个百分点;在2组田间梨小食心虫图像分割中,该文方法平均错误率为2.24%,平均分割有效率为97.8%,分别比分水岭方法降低了4.29个百分点和提高了3.95个百分点,说明该文方法在分割准确性和有效性方面都可以获得更好的分割性能,应用于害虫多目标分割与自动识别系统中,可以有效地提高识别精度。     

基于机器视觉的小麦害虫分割算法研究

农业病虫害的自动识别是精准农业研究方向之一。以小麦蚜虫为例，运用机器视觉技术对非特定场景下害虫的分类和分割算法进行了研究。在分类上，训练了SVM分类器和基于k-均值聚类的分类方法。比较得出，SVM分类器和k-均值聚类算法在处理精度和速度上各有优势；在分割上，运用合并和分裂相结合的区域生长算法分割害虫和叶片，进行自动识别。分析表明，该算法对害虫的分类效果好、分割识别准确率达到90．7％，速度能够满足实时处理的要求，为农业机械精准施药提供了技术上的支持。     

昆虫数字图像的分割技术研究

以棉铃虫为例，利用数字图像技术对昆虫图像的分割技术进行了研究。主要介绍了简单直方图分割算法、最佳熵阈值分割算法、模糊集合熵阈值分割算法以及极小误差法阈值分割算法。结果表明，简单直方图分割算法和模糊集合熵阈值分割算法能够获得较好的分割结果，其中模糊集合熵阈值分割算法获得的分割结果更符合实际需要。而最佳熵阈值分割结果因为包含了太多的背景像素而最不符合实际需要，极小误差阈值分割结果则难以反映出棉铃虫鳞翅上的斑纹特征，不符合进一步特征提取的要求。     

昆虫嗅觉相关蛋白及嗅觉识别机理研究概述

嗅觉是昆虫产生行为的基础之一,在长期进化的过程中昆虫形成了复杂的嗅觉系统,完成这一过程,需要有多种与嗅觉相关的蛋白参与,包括气味结合蛋白、化学感受蛋白、气味受体和感觉神经元膜蛋白等。了解昆虫感受外界信息的嗅觉机制可以帮助我们更好地理解昆虫识别配偶、天敌及寻找食物来源、产卵场地等行为特征,为进一步调控昆虫的行为、防控害虫侵袭、保护和利用有益昆虫奠定基础。本文综述了昆虫嗅觉相关的几类重要蛋白的生化特性和生理功能,并对昆虫气味分子的识别机制、气味分子在昆虫体内运输机制的最新研究进展进行了概述。     

基于SVM和区域生长结合算法的南方主要蔬菜害虫分类识别

该文基于支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）与区域生长结合算法,设计了对黄曲条跳甲、烟粉虱、小菜蛾、蓟马这四类蔬菜害虫进行分类识别的检测算法。该方案将识别过程融入到分割中,采用网格法进行区域生长种子点的选取,简化图像处理的步骤。该文每种蔬菜害虫训练样本图像为60幅,测试样本为40幅。试验展示,基于其形态、颜色特征,该算法可以将南方重大蔬菜害虫正确分割识别出来,对黄曲条跳甲、烟粉虱、小菜蛾、蓟马成功率为分别为96.4%、93.2%、95.4%、98.2%,算法达到了对多种害虫进行分类的效果,有较好的应用前景。     

基于自适应双阈值的蔬菜病害知识视频分割方法

针对以3G 手机为媒介的农业知识视频传输质量与传输时间、流量及费用冲突等问题,提出了一种基于自适应双阈值法的农业知识视频分割方法.利用双阈值自适应变化逼近视频镜头分割最佳阈值,通过比较镜头相似度确定因阈值偏差产生的误检镜头进而对分割结果修正.蔬菜病害知识视频分割试验表明,该文整体算法的设计能够实现快速分割,并使得镜头查全率大于95%、查准率大于98%,视频分割效果可满足农民用户的专业化、个性化的信息需求,同时为其他农业知识视频的分割提供了参考方案.     

基于SVM和区域生长结合算法的南方主要蔬菜害虫分类识别（英文）

该文基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)与区域生长结合算法,设计了对黄曲条跳甲、烟粉虱、小菜蛾、蓟马这四类蔬菜害虫进行分类识别的检测算法。该方案将识别过程融入到分割中,采用网格法进行区域生长种子点的选取,简化图像处理的步骤。该文每种蔬菜害虫训练样本图像为60幅,测试样本为40幅。试验展示,基于其形态、颜色特征,该算法可以将南方重大蔬菜害虫正确分割识别出来,对黄曲条跳甲、烟粉虱、小菜蛾、蓟马成功率为分别为96.4%、93.2%、95.4%、98.2%,算法达到了对多种害虫进行分类的效果,有较好的应用前景。     

神经网络在储粮害虫识别中的应用

重点研究了基于图像识别的储粮害虫自动检测系统中的粮虫分类环节。对分割后的储粮害虫二值化图像，从10多个形态特征中选择出5个有效的特征；将GA和BP算法相结合来训练神经网络，克服了传统BP算法收敛速度慢、易陷入局部极小等缺陷，对4类害虫的20个样本的识别率达到100%，为系统的实际应用奠定了基础。     

基于属性特征知识图谱的细粒度葡萄园害虫识别

针对葡萄园害虫识别过程中害虫种类繁多、形态属性复杂、实体间深层次关联关系差等因素导致的识别准确率不够高的问题,该研究提出一种基于属性特征知识图谱的细粒度葡萄害虫识别模型。该模型以视觉编码器作为提取图像高层表征的骨干网络,并结合知识图谱具有在描述害虫实体属性特征和害虫实体间关联方面的优势,将知识图谱所提供的细粒度属性特征和害虫实体关联特征信息用于葡萄园害虫分类研究。该方法在2个数据集上进行了测试：一是GP21数据集,该数据集由公开大规模害虫数据集IP102中21类葡萄园相关害虫类别图像构成;二是GP8数据集,该数据集包含从农业生产基地实地采集并手工标注的8种葡萄园害虫。试验结果表明,该文所提模型性能明显优于普遍通用预训练网络模型,分类准确率在GP21数据集和GP8数据集上分别达到了91.21%和95.03%,相比于仅使用视觉编码器分别增加1.64和1.17个百分点。这证明属性特征知识图谱的引入能够辅助视觉编码器捕获细粒度更高的葡萄园害虫特征信息,有效解决了葡萄园害虫识别中的精度不够高的问题。     

基于MFICSC算法的生菜图像目标聚类分割

生菜图像目标分割是基于图像处理的生菜生理信息无损检测的前提。为了解决因生菜富含水分使得图像采集镜头反光而导致生菜叶片图像灰度分布不均的问题,该文采用一种修正的图像灰度均衡算法对生菜图像进行灰度均衡处理,应用混合模糊类间分离聚类算法(MFICSC)进行生菜图像目标分割,使总体类间距离最大化,能够同时生成模糊隶属度和典型值,对处理噪声数据和克服一致性聚类问题均表现良好。分别采用MFICSC算法和Otsu算法进行了生菜图像目标分割对比试验,结果表明MFICSC算法具有较好的聚类准确度,效果优于传统Otsu分割算法。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.