冬小麦不同畦灌施肥模式水氮分布田间试验

基于冬小麦生长期间施用尿素获得的试验观测结果,分析不同畦灌施肥模式下沿畦长土壤水氮空间分布差异,开展畦灌施肥模式田间试验评价,探讨适宜的畦灌施肥运行方式。研究结果表明,畦灌施肥模式差异对有效贮存在作物根系层的土壤水分和土壤硝态氮占0～80 cm土层相应值的比重以及土壤水分空间分布均匀性不产生显著影响,但对沿畦长土壤硝态氮空间分布均匀性的影响却较为明显。基于入畦单宽流量4 L/(s·m)和灌溉全程均匀施肥的畦灌施肥运行方式,可在冬小麦生长期返青水和扬花水灌后2 d的作物有效根系层内,形成相对较高的土壤水氮空间分布均匀性,适合当地生产实践中采用。     

不同灌溉制度对玉米根系生长及水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨不同灌溉制度对玉米根系生长和水分利用效率的影响及基因型间差异,在大型活动防雨棚和棚外田间条件下,利用一组玉米遗传材料杂交种户单四号、父本803和母本天四进行了研究。结果发现玉米杂交种在根系生长、分布和水分利用效率上表现出显著的杂种优势。在充分灌溉条件下,玉米杂交种在浅层的根长密度大于亲本,但在水分亏缺条件下,玉米杂交种根长密度在整个剖面上都显著大于亲本;同一玉米基因型在不同的灌溉制度下根长密度在土壤剖面的分布也不同,拔节期不灌溉条件下玉米根系在深层土壤中的分布较充分灌溉条件下大,保证了玉米对深层土壤水分的充分吸收,而后期灌水延缓了表层根系生长的衰退,产生明显的补偿效应;拔节期干旱而抽雄期和灌浆期灌水显著提高了3种基因型玉米的水分利用效率。通过合理灌溉优化玉米根系分布特性以提高玉米吸水能力和水分利用效率,是节水栽培上的可行途径。     

基于CROPWAT-DSSAT关中地区冬小麦需水规律及灌溉制度研究

明确关中地区作物需水规律可为合理制定灌溉制度提供理论前提,从而为合理开发和高效利用农业水资源提供帮助。该文基于CROPWAT-DSSAT模型模拟分析了关中地区近30年来冬小麦生长季期间的有效降水量、作物需水量等季节变化特征,并模拟不同降水年型不同灌溉制度下作物产量的变化趋势,分析了多次灌水对产量及经济效益的影响,以确定不同降水年型下的最优灌溉方案。结果表明:关中地区冬小麦生长季期间有效降水量不足其需水量的50%,不同降水年型的季节特征有所不同,总体表现为越冬及返青拔节期缺水较为严重。冬小麦生长期间,越冬水、返青水、拔节水及灌浆水4水中以返青水最为关键,其次为拔节水,灌浆水对产量的贡献作用最小;丰水年、平水年、枯水年冬小麦最佳灌溉定额分别为75 mm、125 mm及150 mm;枯水年需在越冬期、返青期和拔节期分别灌水25 mm、75 mm和50 mm,此时冬小麦产量和经济收益均最高;平水年需在越冬期、返青期、拔节期分别灌水50 mm、50 mm和25 mm,此时冬小麦产量最高,越冬水灌溉量减半后经济效益最高;丰水年则需在越冬期、返青期和拔节期均灌溉25 mm为宜,此时冬小麦产量和经济效益均最高。     

冬小麦根冠指标对干旱持续发展的响应

基于2015/2016年、2016/2017年两个年度冬小麦返青后干旱持续控制试验,研究土壤水分持续减少对冬小麦叶片含水率、根系活力、气孔导度等的影响,以明确冬小麦根冠指标对干旱持续发展的响应特征。结果表明：冬小麦不同器官含水率随干旱持续呈非线性递减,拔节后递减更明显,其中叶鞘含水率平均降幅最大,达41.9%。叶片气体交换参数随干旱持续与对照的差异不断增大,其中净光合速率随干旱持续进一步减小,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率在返青期不同程度升高,拔节后开始不断下降,干旱持续时间越长,影响光合作用的非气孔限制因素越明显。持续干旱改变了根系在深层土壤中的分布,60-80cm土层根系体积百分率明显高于对照,根系的生理机能提前衰减,拔节-孕穗期根系活力急剧下降,孕穗后根系活力比对照减少60%以上。整体来看,植株含水率、叶片气体交换参数、根系活力等指标对干旱持续的响应既各具特点又有共性,其中根系活力对土壤水分变化的敏感系数最高,器官含水率对土壤水分变化响应最迟缓。     

基于蒸发皿水面蒸发量制定冬小麦喷灌计划

该研究拟利用直径为20cm的标准蒸发皿,制定简单易行的喷灌冬小麦灌溉计划。试验于2005－2006年和2006－2007年冬小麦生长季节,在中国科学院通州农田水循环和节水灌溉试验基地进行。以布置在冠层上20 cm直径蒸发皿水面蒸发量（E）为基础,研究了不同水面蒸发量倍数（分别为0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00和1.25倍,以及不灌水对照处理）灌溉水量条件下,喷灌水量对土壤水分、冬小麦生长、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响,分析了利用水面蒸发量制定喷灌灌溉计划的可行性。试验结果显示,喷灌条件下土壤水分主要在0～60 cm土层内变化。当灌溉水量小于0.25E时,冬小麦叶面积指数和生物量较小,而大于1.00E也会抑制冬小麦生长。喷灌条件下冬小麦单个生育期内的耗水量在 312～508 mm内变化,耗水量随着灌水量的增加而增加。喷灌0.50E～0.75E时,冬小麦产量和水分利用效率最高或者接近于最高;灌水量较小（≤0.25E）和较大（≥1.00E）时均会降低产量。建议在北京地区冬小麦返青后,喷灌水量可采用0.50～0.75倍的20 cm蒸发皿水面蒸发量,灌水间隔可采用5～7 d。     

施肥对黄土高原旱地冬小麦根系生长的影响

田间试验表明,旱地冬小麦根系集中分布在0～20cm土层中,约占0～60cm土层总根重的60.7%;根系生育规律以根重变化表示在0～20cm土层中,呈逆变态,表现为快、较慢、慢的生长过程,20～40cm土层呈突变态、较慢、快、慢的生长过程,40～60cm土层呈稳定状态,表现为慢、快、慢的生长过程。不同肥料处理对冬小麦根系的影响是:氮肥有增加表层根系的作用,平均日增加4.05g/cm²,影响深度达40cm;磷肥利于根系下扎,可达80cm土层以下;氮磷有机肥并施显着增加根重和生长量,有利于吸收深层水分和养分;旱地冬小麦根系下扎深度为220～240cm,吸收利用土壤水分能力范围在180～210cm。     

三工河流域土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的影响

根据三工河流域试验小区1999～2000年冬小麦不同灌溉频次控制试验．研究了小麦耗水敏感期为拔节—灌浆期。探讨了干旱区小麦产量与灌水量之间的关系。提出了干旱区小麦返青水应采用“小水”灌溉的方式。同时通过对小区小麦成熟期灌水过程不同深度土壤水分含量的动态观测分析，提出小麦在成熟期对灌溉水分的消耗利用集中在0～30am土壤层内的观点。     

分根区交替灌溉对膜下滴灌加工番茄根系特征及产量的影响

为探究分根区交替灌溉对新疆干旱区膜下滴灌加工番茄根系特征及产量的影响,利用盆栽试验研究3种灌溉方式,即分根区交替灌溉(APRI)、固定灌溉(FPRI)和常规灌溉(CDI)分别与滴灌覆膜结合,在3个灌水水平(常规灌溉5 850 m3·hm-2、中度亏水4 500 m3·hm-2和重度亏水3 150 m3·hm-2,交替灌溉和固定灌溉的灌溉定额为常规灌溉的三分之二)下加工番茄生育期末根系特征和产量变化。结果表明,加工番茄根系集中分布于表层(0~20 cm),分根区交替灌溉对加工番茄根系的影响主要表现在位于表层(0~20 cm)且直径≤2 mm的细小根系上。加工番茄根质量、根长、根表面积、根体积及平均直径受灌水方式和灌水水平交互作用的影响显著,且与产量成显著线性正相关,增大灌水量,有利于根系生长壮大。分根区交替灌溉显著提高了根系的各项特征参数值,在常规灌水水平下达到最大值,且产量最高,与常规灌溉相比,增产18.84%。分根区交替灌溉同时也提高了根系对N、P、K养分的吸收水平,且在中度亏水下根系活力最高,分别显著高于常规灌溉和固定灌溉处理6.12%、11.60%。综上,分根区交替灌溉能够有效刺激复水区根系生长的补偿效应,促进根系吸收养分、生长壮大并提高产量。本研究结果为当地加工番茄高产高效的种植模式提供了理论依据。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区水平沟耕作效益研究

利用9a试验资料,分析和研究了坡地水平沟耕作的土壤水分动态及耗水规律,并从水土流失、养分流失及水分利用方面研究了水平沟耕作效益.得出坡地水平沟耕作的土壤水分变化为:封冻前的强烈失墒期、越冬干湿交替失墒期和返青拔节后缓慢失墒期3个阶段.小麦灌浆期及返青期对产量作用最大;水平为能够显著地拦蓄径流,减少土镶冲刷和养分流失,提高土壤水分利用率,进而提高作物单产.     

不同供水条件对冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响

通过中科院栾城农业生态试验站3种不同降水年型的田间灌水试验，研究了不同供水条件对冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响，旨在为华北地区冬小麦建立优化灌溉制度，提高水分利用效率，达到节水增产目的提供理论依据。试验结果表明，冬小麦根系主要集中分布在80 cm以上土层，随土层深度的增加，根长密度呈指数下降；综合分析根系对不同土层的水分吸收、作物耗水组成及产量、水分利用效率与总耗水的关系，提出华北地区冬小麦最佳灌水方式是：丰水年灌0水、平水年灌1水(拔节水)、枯水年灌2水(拔节水和抽穗水)，次灌水量60～75 mm，具有明显的节水增产效益。     

控制性根系分区交替灌溉对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响

以移栽小麦为试验材料,采用盆栽的方法研究了3种不同灌水方式：全面积均匀灌水(对照)、控制1/2区域交替灌水(CRDI)和控制固定1/2区域灌水对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响。研究结果表明：在同一灌水方式中土壤含水率下限小的冬小麦根冠比大,且根系总的干重也大;CRDI对根系生长有显著促进作用,使根均匀分布在土壤中,且根长密度较对照大;对于CRDI,当控制土壤含水率下限由65％θ_F变化为55％θ_F时,耗水量下降了35％,节水效果明显;土壤含水率较高,有利于冬小麦根系对土壤中离子态养分的吸收;土壤含水率下限相同时,3种不同的灌水方式中,土壤中H₂PO^-₄和NH⁺₄-N离子浓度均呈现出递减的趋势,而NO^-₃-N离子浓度却呈现出明显的递增趋势,在同一土壤含水率下,CRDI对养分离子的吸收优于其它两种灌水方式。     

垄沟耕作条件下滴灌冬小麦田间土壤水分的动态变化

试验在池栽条件下研究了滴灌与垄沟耕作条件下冬小麦田间土壤水分的动态变化。结果表明：滴灌对0～60cm土壤水分含量影响比较明显，由于受土壤蒸发和作物根系吸收水分的影响，0～30cm土壤水分含量在整个生育时期内变化最为剧烈，其次是30～60cm层次的土壤，90～120cm层次的土壤整个生育时期水分含量最为稳定。灌溉后土壤水分0～120cm土层中呈现“Z”型分布，且与垄作相比，灌溉对沟播处理各层次的影响更大。另外，通过对不同生育时期各个层次土壤水分含量的分析可以看出，冬小麦的灌浆期是其活跃的耗水期，其次是抽穗期。不灌溉处理的耗水深度主要集中在土壤下层，灌溉处理的耗水程度变化较复杂。与畦播处理相比较（见讨论部分），灌溉后沟播处理土壤水分上升最明显，垄作处理次之，畦播最小。灌溉一周后畦播土壤水分下降最快，垄作次之，沟播最小。而就灌溉后土壤水分运动而言，垄作与沟播处理快于畦播处理。     

碳酸氢根与水肥同层对玉米幼苗生长和吸收养分的影响

把水分(NaHCO3溶液或纯水)供应于底施了铵态或硝态N肥的土层内,以研究HCO3-及水肥供应方式对石灰性土壤上玉米生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,在限制灌水量的条件下,在土壤上层供应HCO3-显著抑制根系生长,但在下层供应对生长无明显影响;当施用不同形态N素时,HCO3-对N素吸收并无明显影响;此外,供应HCO3-溶液能明显提高灌水土层的土壤pH。总体来看,在供试条件下,HCO3-对玉米幼苗生长量、根系分布及养分吸收量的影响均较为有限,而后三者主要受施肥灌水层次的影响,即:在土壤上层施肥灌水,幼苗生长量显著降低;而在下层施肥灌水是一种节水节肥的水肥供应方式。但下层施肥灌水不利于植株的直立性。因为下层施肥灌水时根系主要分布在下层,在上层分布数量极少;而上层施肥灌水根系在上下两层中的分布无明显差异;下层施肥灌水的玉米植株,其N、P、K吸收量远高于上层施肥灌水的植株。     

部分根区干燥灌溉条件下土壤温度和玉米N吸收改善研究

Soil temperature is a major effective factor on the soil and plant biological properties. Irrigation can affect soil temperature and thereby induces a temperature effect on plant growth, which may result in an economic increase due to higher yield and plant nutrition. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of three irrigation strategies including full irrigation (FI), partial root-zone drying (PRD) and deficit irrigation (DI) on soil temperature and the consequent results on the grain yield and N uptake of maize (Zea May L.). Soil temperature was measured by time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors during the 2010 growing season. Irrigation treatments were applied from 55 to 107 d after planting. The PRD treatment caused soil temperature to be in a favorable domain for a longer period (for over 60% of the measuring dates) as a consequent result of water movement to deeper soil layers compared with the other treatments; the PRD treatment also reduced soil temperature at deeper soil depths to below the maximum favorable soil temperature for maize root growth, which resulted in deeper root penetration due to both water availability and favorable soil temperature. Compared to the FI treatment, the PRD treatment increased root water uptake by 50% and caused no significant reduction in total N uptake, while this was not observed in the DI treatment partially due to the negative temperature effect of DI on plant growth, which consequently affected the water and nutrient uptake. A longer vegetation period in the PRD treatment was observed due to higher leaf N concentrations and no significant reduction in maize grain yield occurred in the PRD treatment, compared with those in the FI treatment. Based on the results, having 15.2% water saving during the whole growing season, the PRD irrigation would positively affect soil temperature and the water and nutrient uptake as a consequent, which thereby would prevent significant reduction in maize grain yield.     

滴灌棉田根系与土壤氮磷钾养分的分布特征

为了解滴灌棉田根系与土壤养分的分布特征,选择壤土和砂壤土两种质地土壤,定期调查滴灌棉田不同生育时期的棉花根系与土壤氮磷钾养分在水平和垂直方向的分布规律。结果表明:第一次滴灌水前棉花根系体系构建完成,棉花根系水平分布均匀,在3~20 cm土层垂直分布较多,疏松土壤中可深入到40 cm土层;根系分布与基肥分布吻合,基肥能被有效利用。各生育期棉田养分垂直方向分布总体规律是0~30 cm土层中有效氮磷钾养分分布一致且较高;30~40 cm土层中养分略低,是过渡层;40 cm以下土层中养分较低。0~30 cm土层与40~60 cm土层养分间差异显著。棉田在垂直滴灌带的水平方向土壤养分含量差异不显著;滴肥后0~30 cm土层氮磷钾养分增加明显,及时提供了棉花生长的养分,维持了土层中养分水平。     

RESPONSES OF WHEAT PLANTS IN TERMS OF SOIL WATER CONTENT,BULK DENSITY,SALINITY, AND ROOT GROWTH UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEMS AND VARIOUS IRRIGATION FREQUENCIES

The effects of irrigation water rates and seed bed shapes on changes in soil water and salinity status, bulk density, root growth and dry matter (DM) weights of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated with a split plot design in a field trial in Zahak Agricultural Research Station in Sistan, Iran in 2005. Irrigation intervals after 80 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan were used as main plot. Flat surface, single, triple, and six-row beds with a 20 cm row space were used as subplots. Each treatment was replicated four times. Volumetric soil water content and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) at 0 —20, 20 —40 and 40 —60 cm depths at nine different times during the growing season. Soil water contents were also measured at 0 —10 and 10 —20 cm depths using standard sampling rings at four different times. The three and six-row beds increased the EC of the saturated paste extract with the more frequent irrigation intervals in this coarse textured soil. Soil water content, DM, and root density were always greater with the more frequent irrigations (shorter irrigation intervals). Root density was greatest in 0 —20 cm depth with the single row bed treatment. Grain yield and root density were greatest with single row bed treatment due to the bed shape at the root development stage (possibly due to a reduced mechanical resistance). A greater soil water content by the short irrigation interval increased grain yield and root density via reducing mechanical resistance. With the loamy sand, bulk density and mechanical resistance increased rapidly after cultivation. Bed shape at root development stage might have enhanced root growth and the crop yields. Apparently, mechanical resistance was the most limiting factor with these loamy sand soils than salinity.     

Root‐growth characteristics contributing to genotypic variation in nitrogen efficiency of oilseed rape

A 3‐year field experiment was carried out to determine the significance of root‐growth characteristics contributing to N‐uptake efficiency of two oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars differing in N efficiency. Two N treatments were applied, and the core and minirhizotron techniques were used to study root‐length density and number of living roots, respectively. Fertilizer‐N supply increased shoot dry matter, grain yield, total N uptake, and total soil N_min contents particularly in the top soil. Although significant differences occurred in all parameters between years, the interactions between years and cultivars were mostly not significant. Compared to cv. Capitol, the N‐efficient cv. Apex was characterized by a higher grain yield at N0 and a higher N uptake during reproductive growth. This genotype also had a higher root‐length density and more living fine roots particularly in the topsoil layer. Root growth of this genotype was especially high from beginning of shooting to beginning of flowering, while shoot growth and N uptake during vegetative growth were comparatively low. Our results suggest that N‐efficient cultivars can be characterized by a high investment in root growth during the vegetative stage with a comparatively slow shoot growth and N‐uptake rate until beginning of flowering, which, however, continues during reproductive growth. High root production only during reproductive growth seems to be less effective to achieve high N efficiency, because this may lead to a shortage of assimilates for seed filling. High root‐length density at vegetative stages may thus be advantageous for N uptake and reproductive growth and could be a useful morphological character for the selection and breeding of N‐efficient cultivars.     

华北典型区域农田耗水与节水灌溉研究

本文总结了中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心围绕华北典型地区冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟开展的节水灌溉研究。在位于华北中北部的中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站的定点试验结果显示,从1980年到2017年,在充分灌溉条件下冬小麦产量增加55.7%、夏玉米产量增加59.7%。冬小麦生育期耗水(ET)从400 mm增加到465 mm;玉米耗水年平均稳定在375 mm左右;年耗水量从777.0 mm增加到834.4 mm;满足冬小麦、夏玉米生育期耗水条件下,年灌溉需水量平均300 mm,必须减少灌溉用水和田间耗水,才能解决区域地下水超采问题。研究发现在限水灌溉条件下,冬小麦拔节期1次灌溉可显著促进作物营养生长和根系生长,利于后期土壤水分高效利用,在维持作物稳产基础上,比充分灌溉年节水165.2 mm。研究发现进一步利用小定额灌溉技术,通过增加灌水频率、缩减次灌水量,可增加有限水对作物的有效性,实现作物根系、土壤水分和养分在空间上的耦合,进一步提升有限灌溉对作物的增产作用。只考虑维持播种时良好土壤水分条件、生育期不进行灌溉的最小灌溉模式,与充分灌溉模式相比,产量减少28%,但可节约灌溉水69%,田间耗水减少43%,水分利用效率提高13%,年耗水量维持在560 mm左右。相对于减熟制节约灌溉水措施,冬小麦-夏玉米一年两季最小灌溉模式总产量高于两年3作5.5%~12.0%,年耗水量低于两年3作10%~13%,可显著消减减熟制带来的休闲期土壤蒸发损失。因此,实施冬小麦、夏玉米生育期节水灌溉,如最小灌溉、关键期灌溉,可大幅度降低灌水量和作物生育期耗水量,同时又能维持一定的生产能力,是华北实施地下水限采措施下应优先考虑的技术选择。     

在富营养土壤斑块中根增值对玉米养分吸收和生长的贡献

Root proliferation can be stimulated in a heterogeneous nutrient patch; however, the functions of the root proliferation in the nutrient-rich soil patches are not fully understood. In the present study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to examine the comparative effects of localized application of ammonium and phosphorus (P) at early or late stages on root growth, nutrient uptake, and biomass of maize (Zea mays L.) on a calcareous soil in an intensive farming system. Localized supply of ammonium and P had a more evident effect on shoot and root growth, and especially stimulated fine root development at the early seedling stage, with most of the maize roots being allocated to the nutrient-rich patch in the topsoil. Although localized ammonium and P supply at the late stage also enhanced the fine root growth, the plant roots in the patch accounted for a low proportion of the whole maize roots in the topsoil at the flowering stage. Compared with the early stage, fine root length in the short-lived nutrient patch decreased by 44%-62% and the shoot dry weight was not different between heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient supply at the late growth stage. Localized supply of ammonium and P significantly increased N and P accumulation by maize at 35 and 47 days after sowing (DAS); however, no significant difference was found among the treatments at 82 DAS and the later growth stages. The increased nutrient uptake and plant growth was related to the higher proportion of root length in the localized nutrient-enriched patch. The results indicated that root proliferation in nutrient patches contributed more to maize growth and nutrient uptake at the early than late stages.