Improving spinach,radish, and lettuce growth under red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with blue light supplementation

Radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherriette), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Waldmann's Green), and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L. cv. Nordic IV) plants were grown under 660-nm red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and were compared at equal photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) with either plants grown under cool-white fluorescent lamps (CWF) or red LEDs supplemented with 10% (30 micromoles m-2 s-1) blue light (400-500 nm) from blue fluorescent (BF) lamps. At 21 days after planting (DAP), leaf photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were greater for plants grown under CWF light than for those grown under red LEDs, with or without supplemental blue light. At harvest (21 DAP), total dry-weight accumulation was significantly lower for all species tested when grown under red LEDs alone than when grown under CWF light or red LEDs + 10% BF light. Moreover, total dry weight for radish and spinach was significantly lower under red LEDs + 10% BF than under CWF light, suggesting that addition of blue light to the red LEDs was still insufficient for achieving maximal growth for these crops.     

Light-emitting diodes as a radiation source for plants

Development of a more effective radiation source for use in plant-growing facilities would be of significant benefit for both research and commercial crop production applications. An array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that produce red radiation, supplemented with a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 30 micromoles s-1 m-2 in the 400- to 500-nm spectral range from blue fluorescent lamps, was used effectively as a radiation source for growing plants. Growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. Grand Rapids') plants maintained under the LED irradiation system at a total PPF of 325 micromoles s-1 m-2 for 21 days was equivalent to that reported in the literature for plants grown for the same time under cool-white fluorescent and incandescent radiation sources. Characteristics of the plants, such as leaf shape, color, and texture, were not different from those found with plants grown under cool-white fluorescent lamps. Estimations of the electrical energy conversion efficiency of a LED system for plant irradiation suggest that it may be as much as twice that published for fluorescent systems.     

Comparison of fluorescent and high-pressure sodium lamps on growth of leaf lettuce

Radiation from high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps provided more than a 50% increased yield (fresh and dry weight of tops) of loose-leaf lettuce cultivars Grand Rapids Forcing and RubyConn, compared to that obtained by radiation from cool-white fluorescent (CWF) lamps at equal photosynthetic photon flux; yet, input wattage was approximately 36% less. It was postulated that the considerable output of 700 to 850 nm radiation from the HPS lamp was a significant factor of the increased yield. Under HPS lamps, the leaves of both cultivars were slightly less green with very little red pigmentation ('RubyConn') and slightly elongated, compared to CWF, but plant productivity per unit electrical energy input was vastly superior with HPS.     

Effect of continuous or intermittent radiation on sweet potato plantlets in vitro

Summary

Single-node cuttings of sweet potato [(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. ‘Beniazuma’)] were cultured in vitro for 35 d under intermittent blue light (IB), intermittent red light (IR) and intermittent blue-plus-red light (IBR) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) flashing for 10 s three-times min^–1. Growth was compared with cuttings cultured under continuous blue (B), red (R) or blue-plus-red (BR) light, or cool-white fluorescent lamps (FL) with a 16 h photoperiod. Dry weights, leaf areas and carbohydrate contents were greater under the IB and IBR treatments than in the FL treatment. Our results show that a novel light source during in vitro culture of sweet potato plantlets may provide an opportunity to improve plant yield in large-scale greenhouses for commercial purposes.     

Concentrations of perillaldehyde,limonene, and anthocyanin of Perilla plants as affected by light quality under controlled environments

Perilla plants with red coloured leaves grown in red-enriched light treatments (i.e., red lamps alone (R), a mixture of blue and red lamps (BR), and a mixture of green and red lamps (GR)) had greater dry weight, bigger leaves, and more leaves than those grown in other treatments (i.e., blue lamps alone (B), a mixture of blue and green lamps (BG), and green lamps alone (G)). Although the concentrations of perillaldehyde and limonene in leaf tissues (mg g⁻¹ leaf DW) were 1.6–1.9 and 1.5–1.9 times higher, respectively, in the G treatment than in red-enriched light treatments, the contents of perillaldehyde and limonene per plant (mg/plant) were 1.8 times higher in the BR treatment than those in the G treatment. The content of anthocyanin per plant was also 4.3 times higher in the BR treatment than that in the G treatment. Therefore, within the six different combinations of fluorescent lamps used in the present study, the BR treatment was a suitable light quality for producing plants with high contents of perillaldehyde, limonene, and anthocyanin under controlled environments.     

Light quality of continuous illuminating at night to induce floral initiation of Fragaria chiloensis L. CHI-24-1

A wild strawberry strain, Fragaria chiloensis CHI-24-1, produced inflorescences from both parent and asexually propagated daughter plants linked with runners when grown at 23 °C/20 °C (day/night) under a 24 h day-length (DL) of daylight plus nightly lighting by an incandescent lamp, but not under 8 or 16 h DLs. In the present study, the effect of light quality for continuous illuminating at night on floral initiation of CHI-24-1 plants grown under a 24 h DL was examined. The CHI-24-1 plants were grown under a 24 h DL consisting of natural daylight and continuous lighting at night by an incandescent, a blue fluorescent, a red fluorescent or a far-red fluorescent lamp for 40 days in summer and autumn. Also, the CHI-24-1 plants were grown for 40 days in a growth chamber at 25 °C/20 °C (day/night) with natural daylight and continuous lighting at night by red- and four types of far-red light-emitting-diodes (LEDs with peak wavelengths of 660, 700, 735, 780 and 830 nm). In both experiments, floral initiation of the parent and daughter plants was observed under a stereomicroscope. Although more than 50% of the parent and daughter plants initiated flower buds under the incandescent and far-red fluorescent lamps, about 15% and 0% of those initiated flower buds under blue and red fluorescent lamps, respectively. Floral initiation of the parent and daughter plants occurred under the far-red LED light source whose peak wavelength was 735 nm, but not under the red or the other far-red LEDs. From these results, it can be concluded that the effective light wavelength range of nightly continuous illuminating for floral induction in the CHI-24-1 plants is 735 nm in the far-red light region. Hence, the induction of floral initiation by nightly continuous far-red light (735 nm) appeared to be a response mediated by phytochrome.     

Effect of cold cathode fluorescent lamps on growth of Gerbera jamesonii plantlets in vitro

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) on the growth of Gerbera jamesonii var. ‘Rui Kou’ plantlets in vitro in six different light quality ratios: 100% red CCFL (R), 80% R + 20% blue CCFL (B), 70% R + 30% B, 60% R + 40% B, 100% B and white CCFLs (W). Control radiation was provided by conventional heat-generating plant growth fluorescent lamps (PGFLs). Plantlets under CCFLs showed better plantlet height, SPAD value (i.e., leaf chlorophyll content) and root activity (as assessed by root dehydrogenase activity) than those growing under PGFLs while all other growth parameters were comparable with plants under conventional lighting systems.     

Importance of 'blue' photon levels for lettuce seedlings grown under red-light-emitting diodes

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with high-intensity output are being studied as a photosynthetic light source for plants. High-output LEDs have peak emission at approximately 660 nm concentrated in a waveband of +/- 30 nm. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa Grand Rapids') seedlings developed extended hypocotyls and elongated cotyledons when grown under these LEDs as a sole source of irradiance. This extension and elongation was prevented when the red LED radiation was supplemented with more than 15 micromoles m-2 s-1 of 400- to 500-nm photons from blue fluorescent lamps. Blue radiation effects were independent of the photon level of the red radiation.     

不同光质对韭菜生长及光合特性的影响

以791雪韭和紫根红两个韭菜品种为试验材料,设红光、蓝光、红/蓝（3/1）、红/蓝（7/1）4个处理,以白光为对照,研究不同光质对韭菜生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明：红/蓝（7/1）处理下韭菜株高、茎粗、叶宽及干鲜质量比均显著高于其他处理|叶绿素总量、叶绿素a/b值及类胡萝卜素含量均以红光处理最高|光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo均以红/蓝（7/1）处理最高,而蓝光处理下有较高的胞间CO2浓度、ФPSⅡ和qP。说明红/蓝（7/1）光质有利于提高韭菜叶片的光合作用,促进植株生长,提高产量。     

Growth,flowering and runnering of strawberry after daylength extension with tungsten and fluorescent lighting

Fluorescent lighting, with low emission in the far red spectral region, and red light from filtered fluorescent lamps inhibited flower formation, promoted runnering, increased laminae sizes and gave moderate increase in petiole length when given at low intensity from midnight to dawn, but not (or very much less so) when given from dusk to midnight, following a short main light period. Unfiltered incandescent lighting gave similar plant responses whether given from dusk to midnight or from midnight to dawn, and always gave much longer petioles than did unfiltered fluorescent lighting.Fluorescent lighting during the second part of the night, because of its smaller effect on petiole length, gave a more compact type of plant than incandescent lighting, whilst still promoting runnering and inhibiting flower initiation.     

Effect of light wavelength on growth and flowering of narcissi forced under short-day and low quantum irradiance conditions

Summary

Four narcissus cultivars were forced under artificial light using fluorescent lamps which emitted white (307 – 770 nm), blue (393 – 580 nm), red (540 – 760 nm), yellow (450 – 750 nm), or green (387 – 680 nm) light. The photosynthetic photon flux density was 12.5 μmol m^–2 s^–1, with a 6 h photoperiod. Light colour (wavelength) had no significant effect on flowering date, or on the number of flowers collected (P < 0.05). Narcissus bulbs exposed to blue light (393 – 580 nm) formed shorter, more rigid shoots of lower weight with 13 – 40% shorter leaves.     

叶用莴苣全株营养累积分配的光谱效应

基于高等植物叶绿素吸收光谱的强弱差异性,分别采用波长(442±9)nm蓝光、(457±7)nm蓝光、(521±14)nm绿光、(627±7)nm红光和(655±11)nm红光光谱发光二极管(LED)光源,以300μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)光强对叶用莴苣进行12 h·d~(-1)照射处理3周,以温室自然光为对照,研究具有一定能量供应下叶用莴苣生长和营养累积分配的光谱信号调控效应。红光,尤其是红光655处理的叶面积、鲜质量、干质量显著高于对照57.89%~85.04%;尽管蓝光下全株及叶和根的可溶性蛋白质含量均显著高于对照33.26%~181.23%,可是随着光谱波长的减小,可溶性蛋白质在各器官中的分配更加呈现以叶为主的特征。相比之下,随着光谱波长的增加,可溶性糖在各器官中的分配更加呈现以叶为主的特征。此外,蓝光、红光处理全株以及叶和茎器官的可溶性糖含量显著高于对照97.26%~357.54%;红光下叶中的游离氨基酸含量低于对照52.79%~59.01%,且明显抑制了GOT活性,以及游离氨基酸分配以茎为主和根其次的特征,暗示着红光有利于氨基酸向阴生器官或部位转运分配的倾向。     

设施栽培对忽地笑生长的影响

在温室内采用红蓝组合(6∶1)LED灯在叶生长期对忽地笑进行不同水平的补光处理,研究补光及日光温室栽培对叶生长及鳞茎生物量的影响。研究结果表明,温室栽培显著增加了叶长度和鳞茎产量,分别比室外种植提高73%和145%;忽地笑是喜光植物,且对光敏感,虽然室内补光处理间鳞茎产量未达显著性差异,但较弱的补光就能不同程度地增加鳞茎产量。     

不同光质LED光源对鱼腥草幼苗膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶的影响

以鱼腥草为材料,以日光灯处理为对照,分析了不同光质LED光源(白、红、黄、绿、蓝LED灯)对鱼腥草叶片活性氧、类黄酮含量及抗氧化酶的影响。结果表明,蓝光下叶片中TBARS(硫代巴比妥酸)含量最高,较对照高30.18%,与希夫试剂染色结果相一致;过氧化氢产生最多,较对照高190.21%,与DAB染色结果一致;超氧阴离子产生速率在蓝光下最高,为对照组的1.54倍,白光下最低;蓝、绿光下脯氨酸含量是对照的2倍;蓝光和黄光处理下,黄酮含量较对照提高了21.4%。蓝、绿光提高了SOD2同工酶的表达,且在蓝光下最高;蓝、绿、红、黄光处理分别诱导了更多的POD基因位点的表达;不同LED光质均提高了CAT抗氧化酶活性,其中蓝、绿光下CAT同工酶的表达量明显高于对照。综上所述,蓝色光处理可以有效提高幼苗的抗氧化能力,可为鱼腥草品质的控制提供参考。     

Effects of intracanopy lighting on photosynthetic characteristics in cucumber

Plants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Euphorbia) were grown in a traditional high-wire cultivation system to investigate the effects of three lighting regimes on photosynthetic characteristics, leaf area and yield. The lighting regimes included overhead lighting (OH), where all the lamps were mounted above the canopy and overhead + intracanopy lighting (OH + IC) which comprised 65% of overhead lamps and 35% of lamps mounted vertically along the plant rows. All overhead lighting was provided for 20 h day⁻¹ and intracanopy lighting was provided for either 20 h or 24 h day⁻¹ lighting period. Intracanopy lighting improved the light distribution in the canopy. Gas exchange measurements showed that intracanopy lighting increased net photosynthesis (P_N) and photosynthetic capacity (P_max). Parameters calculated from CO₂ response (A/C_i) curves showed that in vivo estimate of the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vc_max) and the maximum rate of electron transport (J_max) were affected by light regime. Intracanopy light increased yield by 11% compared to traditional overhead light.     

不同光质对丰香草莓生长发育的影响

研究了相同光强下不同光质对丰香草莓生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同光质膜处理对草莓的生长结果、干物质分配和果实品质均有影响。与中性膜相比,绿膜和红膜下草莓植株的叶柄长度和叶面积显著增加,而蓝膜的叶柄长度和叶面积明显较低。光质不同也影响草莓干物质的分配,干物质向叶片和叶柄分配比例绿膜最高,蓝膜最低,其它膜之间相近。而干物质向果实、冠状茎和根系中的分配比例均以蓝膜最高,其次为红膜,绿膜最低,黄膜与中性膜相近。红膜下生长的草莓,产量最高、果实最大;蓝膜下可溶性固形物含量、抗坏血酸含量和固酸比最高;而绿膜下则产量最低、果实最小、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比最低。抗坏血酸含量的高低与不同膜中的紫外和蓝紫光的比例一致,与红光/蓝光比值相反。     

Effects of a new light source (cold cathode fluorescent lamps) on the growth of tree peony plantlets in vitro

The effect of a new light source, cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), on the growth of peony (Paeonia suffruticosa cv. ‘Wu Long Peng Sheng’) plantlets in vitro was examined in six different light quality ratios: 100% red (R), 80% R + 20% blue (B), 70% R + 30% B, 60% R + 40% B, 100% B and white CCFLs. Control illumination was provided by conventional heat-generating plant growth fluorescent lamps (PGFLs). All plantlet growth parameters were as effective under 70% R + 30% B (the best performing CCFL ratio) as they were under PGFLs. Chlorophyll content (a, b and total) was greater in the range of 60–80% R + 20–40% B, although in general there were no significant differences between the best performing R:B ratio and PGFLs. This study indicates that CCFLs can be used as effectively – if not better – than conventional PGFLs to micropropagate this woody ornamental.     

不同红蓝LED组合光源对叶用莴苣光合特性和品质的影响及节能评价

 为了探求适合叶用莴苣生长的节能高效的光源参数,采用红、蓝光波峰组合分别为红光（R）660 nm + 蓝光（B）450 nm的LEDA型和红光（R）630 nm + 蓝光（B）460 nm的LEDB型光源,每种光源设置R/B分别为6、8和10的3种比例,处理叶用莴苣。结果表明：LEDA型与LEDB型光源处理的叶用莴苣光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、维生素C、总糖和硝酸盐含量均无显著差异,但均较荧光灯光源（对照）显著提高了光合速率。两种光源不同R/B处理的上述指标变化趋势一致,均表现为R/B = 8时（LEDA2、LEDB2）最优,其中LEDA2处理比荧光灯处理光合速率提高38%,维生素C含量增加8.3%,硝酸盐含量降低9.2%;LEDB2处理时光合速率提高48%,硝酸盐含量降低6.5%。LEDA型光源处理的叶绿素a、b和（a + b）含量显著高于LEDB型光源处理,且分别表现为LEDA3和LEDB2处理的含量最高。此外,对光源装置耗电量的计算表明,LEDB型光源的单株耗电量比LEDA型和荧光灯（对照）分别节省53.3%和27.7%。因此,红、蓝光波峰分别为630 nm + 460 nm的组合LED光源,R/B = 8的条件下,在提高叶用莴苣光合速率和品质以及降低耗电量3个方面体现优势。     

LED不同光质对洋桔梗组培苗增殖的影响

以切花洋桔梗组培苗为试材,采用LED红光、蓝光、绿光及无色光进行不同光质配比组合,对组培苗增殖量及增殖率进行差异比较.结果表明:红蓝复合光(2RB)处理的组培苗增殖量最高,为42.7123株/瓶,红蓝复合光(1RB)处理的组培苗增殖量较高为36.1429株/瓶,蓝光(B)处理的组培苗增殖量最低,为20.7143株/瓶.红蓝配比光(2RB)处理的组培苗增殖率是蓝光处理的2.062倍,是对照组日光灯处理的2.047倍,是红蓝复合光(1RB)处理的1.181倍.因此,红蓝配比光(2RB)是洋桔梗组培苗增殖阶段的最佳光源.     

不同光质补光对黄瓜、辣椒和番茄幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

 采用新型半导体光源精确调制光质(红光、黄光、绿光、红蓝组合光和蓝光),对大棚内的黄瓜‘中农21’和‘中农27’,辣椒‘巨无霸5号’和‘镇研六号’,番茄‘荷兰红粉’和‘以色列虹丰’进行定时补光。研究结果表明,不同光质补光对3种蔬菜共6个品种幼苗生长影响显著且存在差异,总体认为,补充红光和红蓝光使幼苗茎粗、鲜样质量和干样质量以及壮苗指数均显著高于对照（无补光处理）,黄瓜‘中农21’、番茄和辣椒的可溶性糖含量也显著提高。在蓝光处理下,辣椒‘巨无霸5号’壮苗指数和干样质量均达到最大且显著高于对照。红光或黄光显著提高黄瓜、番茄‘以色列虹丰’的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量。