油菜无融合生殖材料AMR—1的农艺性状及无融合生殖特性的分析

对油菜无融合生殖材料ＡＭＲ—１的农艺性状及无融合生殖特性进行了统计。结果显示：（１）ＡＭＲ—１的农艺性状与母本甘蓝型油菜Ｓ４５相似，与父本蓝花子差异较大。（２）ＡＭＲ—１（Ｆ６）９个株系平均不育株率为１４．１％，最高２６．１％；２０株不育株平均座果率为１７．１％，最高４７．０％；无融合平均结籽率１１．１％，最高达６４．６％。（３）ＡＭＲ—１（Ｆ７）７个株系平均不育株率为５３．９％，最高达３９．７％；无融合平均结籽率为２４．１％，最高达５９．３％。     

甘蓝型油菜黄籽突变体的遗传研究

甘蓝型油菜显性黄籽突变体９３３０４４产生于甘蓝型黑籽油菜复合杂交第８代。通过９３３０４４与甘蓝型油菜黑籽双低品系９３４３１和７２１—１杂交,研究种籽粒色性状遗传。在９３３０４４×９３４３１杂交组合中,Ｆ１表现黄籽,Ｆ２黄籽株与黑籽株呈３∶１分离。在９３３０４４×７２１—１杂交组合中,Ｆ１表现黑籽,Ｆ２黄籽株与黑籽株比例３∶１３。以上结果表明突变体的黄籽性状受１对显性黄籽基因和１对上位显性黑籽基因互作控制。用Ｙｃ—ｙｃ和Ｂｃ－ｂｃ表示２个基因座的２对等位基因,Ｙｃ为显性黄籽基因,Ｂｃ为上位显性黑籽基因。黄籽性状的广义遗传力ｈ２Ｂ＝６９．８８％～８６．１８％,表明突变体９３３０４４黄色种皮性状有较高的遗传能力。     

水稻杂种后代籽粒蛋白质含量的分离变异及优势表现

利用５个组合的Ｐ１、Ｐ２、Ｆ１、Ｆ２、Ｂ１、Ｂ２分析了水稻杂种后代粒蛋白质含量的分离变异及优势表明，结果表明，水稻籽粒蛋白质含量属多基因控制的数量性状，Ｆ２及回交世代呈近似正态分布的连续变异。由于低含量为显性，Ｆ１无明显杂种优势，但Ｆ１及Ｂ１、Ｂ２属分离世代，一部分隐性基因得以表达，表现明显的超低亲，超中亲及超Ｆ１优势，因组合而异，部分组合存在超高亲优势，超过０优势和平均优势的单株较多，而且杂种后     

莜麦体克隆变异分析

本文对５６个２０—１品系（来源于１１个Ｒ植株）和２１２个晋燕８号品系（来源于４５个Ｒ植株）进行了克隆变异的评价．结果表明：组织培养方法能够获得对莜麦改良有益的农艺性状．８２％的２０—１系谱和９３％的晋燕８号系谱在７个测定性状中至少有一个性状发生显著变异。对每个性状都有一些增加或降低的品系被发现，而且有益的农艺性状变异较不良的变异频率高。在再生植株后代中进行选择证明：性状变异是可以遗传的，单株选择能够在作物改良中应用．获得的变异也表明：通过直接运用遗传操纵包括组织培养产生的材料，要鉴定有益的性状变异，应该广泛地进行试验评价。     

春小麦F1代优势表现的研究

利用１０年５５１个组合７个性状的调查资料估算了Ｆ１代的杂种优势和超亲优势。结果表明，Ｆ１组合间的杂种优势和超亲优势有着较大的差异，变异系数较大。各性状间的杂种优势和超亲优势也有较大差异，其中主穗粒重和千粒杂种优势和超亲优势较高。     

甜菜粒性遗传规律的初步探讨

以丹引单粒不育系ＭＳ＿３和ＭＳ＿４为母本，以多粒材料７５－２－６为共同父本杂交，对其只代和Ｆ＿２代粒性分析结果表明，Ｆ＿１代多粒对单粒呈显性趋势；９０８６和９０９６杂交组合Ｆ＿２代单粒株、双粒株和多粒株的比例分别为１：２０８：３．０４和１：２．４９：４．２８．其单粒与多粒株（包括双粒株）比例分别为１：５．１２和１：６．７７，两个组合Ｆ＿２代粒性分离既不符合单基因规律。也不符合两对独立基因分离规律。     

陆地棉品种间杂种F_2产量及性状表现分析

在１７个杂交组合中,初步筛选到５个杂种强优势组合,其Ｆ２代皮棉产量比泗棉３号原种（对照１）增产１０％以上,比中棉所１２（对照２）增产３０％以上;另５个杂交组合与对照１产量持平,比对照２增产１５％以上。这１０个比对照增产的杂交组合农艺性状变异系数相对较小,纤维品质与对照无明显差异或好于对照泗棉３号,且高产与优质相关不明显。     

陆地棉×斯特提棉F_1及BC_1遗传学研究

主要报道陆地棉（Ｇ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ）×斯特提棉（Ｇ．ｓｔｕｒｔｉａｎｕｍ）杂种Ｆ１、ＢＣ１的性状遗传及小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中染色体行为；Ｆ１的主要性状为自交不育，全缘叶，叶脉弧形，花冠较大，鲜紫色，花丝紫色，花瓣基部有深紫斑，为父本之显性性状；ＢＣ１性状分离。Ｆ１、ＢＣ１为非整倍体。Ｆ１、ＢＣ１染色体结构式多数分别为１０Ⅰ＋２７Ⅱ、８Ⅰ＋２６Ⅱ。     

粳型杂种稻米品质性状的遗传表达

应用莫惠栋等新近提出的P十ｑ＋2Ｐｑ交配设计及其分析方法,分析了模型杂种９个品质性状的遗传表达,试验材料P＝４,ｑ＝７。结果表明：（１）糙米率、精米率、整精米率、粒长、粒宽和垩白率６个性状的遗传受母株基因型控制,它们在Ｆ２米粒间（着生在Ｆ１植株上）没有发生遗传分离,而糊化温度、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度３个性状在民米粒间有显著的遗传分离,因此主要受胚乳基因型控制。（２）除直链淀粉含量外,其余８个性状的遗传变异均以加性方差为主。在直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度３个性状中,种子性状分离方差都占有较高比例,进一步证明了Ｆ２种子的这３个性状的遗传主要是由胚乳自身的基因型决定的。（３）正反交测验的结果表明,９个品质性状均存在显著的细胞质效应,但细胞质遗传方差仅占遗传总方差的２．４９％（糊化温度）～２９．３％（精米率）,多数性状集中在２％与５％之间,所以品质性状的细胞质遗传效应在总体上是不大的,但在性状间存在差异。     

黑龙江省主要大豆品种光周期反应差异及其稳定性

本文采用光周期差值百分数分析了７２个黑龙江省主要推广大豆品种光周期反应差异及其稳定性,结果表明,这些品种虽来源于纬度相近地区,但各品种对光周期反应差异较大;品种间出苗至开花阶段的光周期差值百分数变异幅度较大（２．２－２８．９％）,变异系数为６５．９％;出苗至成熟阶段变异幅度为２．０－１３．６％,变异系数为３４．７％;在供试品种中,大部分品种Ｖｅ－Ｒ１、Ｖｅ－Ｒ６阶段的ｐｄ值小于１０％;相邻纬度Ｖｅ     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.