A note on the effect of adding sea urchin shell powder in diet on growth performance in chicken and litter quality

Abstract

A small pen trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of diet supplementation with sea urchin shell powder on the broiler performance and ammonia emissions in poultry houses for 28 days. A total of 120 male broilers (n = 30 birds/treatment) were fed four diets supplemented with 0%, 0.1%, and 1.0% sea urchin shell powder or 1% feed additives. The use of sea urchin shell powder and feed additives improved growth performance compared to the controls. When compared with the control group at four weeks, ammonia fluxes were decreased by 29.2%, 37.6%, and 27.9% for 0.1% and 1.0% sea urchin shell powder and 1% feed additives, respectively, which could be due to the reduced litter pH. The addition of 1% sea urchin shell powder was effective in improving growth and reducing negative environmental impacts. It is suggested that the decrease in the ammonia level was mainly related to the lower litter pH.     

Spatial variation of manure nutrients and manure sampling strategy in high-rise laying-hen houses

Reliable knowledge of manure nutrient content for intensive animal operations is imperative to development of effective comprehensive nutrient management plans, which will minimize nutrient runoff and pollution of adjacent waterways. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the spatial variation of manure dry-matter (DM), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) content in commercial high-rise laying-hen houses, and to determine the sampling locations and number of samples that will lead to good assessment of nutrient content of manure in the houses. Two side-by-side manure samples were collected from 9 locations in each of 6 high-rise laying-hen houses (18 samples per house) and analyzed for DM, N, and P content. The 9 sample locations were distributed as one-fourth, half, and three-fourths of the building length, with 3 sample locations (every other manure row) per cross-section of the 5 manure rows. The average of DM, N, or P content from the 18 samples per house was used as the reference value for comparison of 8 sampling scenarios. Results showed that duplicate sampling at a location added little to the precision of the data. Manure samples collected crossways across the middle of the house or diagonally across the house in either direction yielded results most similar to the reference value for that house. Hence, when collecting manure samples for nutrient assessment in high-rise laying-hen houses, a single sample collected from every other manure pile across the middle of the building should be sufficient to obtain representative samples of the house and is recommended.     

广德县畜禽粪污资源化利用调查报告

随着畜禽养殖业的规模化发展,粪污排放过度集中,严重污染环境,其无害化处理和资源化利用越来越受到重视。本文针对广德县内畜禽粪污现状和处理工艺运行状况进行调查,根据调查情况提出针对性污染解决方案,期望实现畜禽粪污的资源化利用,促进养殖业可持续发展。     

Contamination of pigs by nose-to-nose contact or airborne transmission of Salmonella Typhimurium.

The aim of this study is to assess the risk of contamination by Salmonella Typhimurium of pigs by nose-to-nose contact or the airborne route. Thirty twelve-week-old SPF pigs were divided into 4 groups housed in 4 different rooms: the first room contained Salmonella-free control pigs (n = 4), the second room had 10(3) CFU S. Typhimurium inoculated pigs (n = 5) and non-inoculated "contact" pigs (n = 4), the third room had pigs (n = 8) receiving potentially contaminated air from the following room through a hole (4 pigs housed in the pen situated near the hole and 4 pigs in the pen at the opposite side of the room), and the fourth room had pigs (n = 5) inoculated with 10(6) CFU Salmonella Typhimurium and also non inoculated "contact" pigs (n = 4). The "contact" and the inoculated pigs were housed in adjacent pens allowing nose-to-nose contact. The 5 pigs orally inoculated with 10(6) CFU S. Typhimurium were bacteriologically and serologically positive 1 week later and their environment was contaminated as early as 1 day pi. The faecal samples of 4 nose-to-nose contact pigs were bacteriologically positive and one of them was seropositive 5 weeks pi before the pigs were commingled. The 8 pigs housed in the third room received S. Typhimurium by an active airflow coming from the contaminated room (1000 m3/hour). Their faecal samples remained negative until 8 weeks pi but the environmental swabs taken in the room close to the airinlet were contaminated 2 days pi and positive swabs were found elsewhere in the room 5 weeks pi. Two seropositive pigs were encountered 8 weeks pi in the pen situated near the hole. Only one among the 5 pigs inoculated with 10(3) CFU had bacteriologically positive faeces 1-week pi and the 4 pigs kept in nose-to-nose contact with them remained negative. A dose of 10(3) CFU was too small to induce persistent excretion and to stimulate a humoral immune response. However, the dose of 10(6) CFU induced contamination of nose-to-nose contact pigs and contamination of the environment by airflow.     

我国绿肥的研究进展

绿肥种植具有提供养分、培肥地力、改善土壤结构、提供饲草、保障粮食安全、改善生态环境以及节能减耗等作用,在我国传统农业中具有重要的发展意义。我国绿肥种质资源丰富,主要有豆科(Leguminosae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、十字花科(Brassicaceae)和菊科(Compositae)等。绿肥应用模式主要包括间套作、轮作、肥饲兼用型绿肥牧草生产以及果园绿肥种植模式,而且由于我国的气候类型与农作物的种植模式不同,各种模式的区域分布不同。本文通过对我国绿肥种质资源、绿肥应用模式和绿肥效应研究进行总结阐述,指出我国绿肥未来发展方向：加强现有绿肥种质资源的引入与保存,扩大品种资源的储备与利用;大力发展绿肥的产业化研究;加强绿肥效应评价与分析方面的研究,全面发展绿肥的肥饲综合利用价值,为绿肥产业可持续发展提供依据。     

Diagnosis and treatment of copper poisoning caused by accidental feeding on poultry litter in a sheep flock

We report a case of chronic copper poisoning in a flock of 182 grazing dairy sheep in Thessaly, Central Greece. Five ewes were found dead during the course of a week. The diagnosis of copper poisoning was confirmed by necropsy examination, blood test results, and abnormally high copper levels in liver and kidney samples. A field investigation revealed the source of copper as a litter heap from a broiler farm to which the sheep had accidental access during their movement between the milking parlour and the grazing area. Access to the litter was subsequently blocked and all sheep were provided with 50 g of a salt/gypsum/sodium molybdate mixture (90.0: 9.8: 0.2, w/w) mixed in 500 g of concentrate feed daily, for a period of 5 weeks. Follow-up blood samples were taken 3 and 8 wk after the initial diagnosis. A reduction in aspartate aminotransferase activity indicated the source of copper had been eliminated and the subsequent treatment was successful.     

鸡粪、牛粪浸出液培养螺旋藻效果的比较研究

研究通过室内养殖培养法,利用鸡粪、牛粪浸出液对螺旋藻进行培养,并对其培养效果进行比较。试验结果表明：螺旋藻在鸡粪和牛粪浸出液中均能生长。在鸡粪浸出液中培养的延缓期较牛粪中长,但藻细胞生长更快,藻细胞密度达到的最大值高于牛粪浸出液。     

In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine at preventing intestinal colonization in chicks

Vaccination of chicks with Salmonella (S .) Typhimurium aroA deletion mutants has previously been shown to inhibit intestinal colonization of wild‐type S.  Typhimurium strains. In Australia, Bioproperties VaxSafe? STM1 strain is the only licensed and commercially available S . Typhimurium vaccine. This vaccine is a live attenuated aroA deletion mutant. Currently, it is recommended that the first dose of the STM1 vaccine is administered through coarse spray. It is unclear whether this mode of administration effectively permits intestinal colonization. Furthermore, it is not known whether the STM1 strain prevents or inhibits Salmonella colonization of chicks following this first dose. This study investigated both in vitro and in vivo colonization parameters. Invasiveness was assessed using an in vitro invasion assay into sections of ileum and caecum collected from day‐old chicks. The S.  Typhimurium definitive types (DT) 9 and 44 exhibited the greatest invasion into both intestinal segments. STM1 was invasive but was significantly less so than both isolates of S.  Typhimurium. In dual and triple infections, no competitive microbial interactions between STM1 and wild‐type Salmonella were observed. In vivo colonization inhibition was also tested. Vaccinated and nonvaccinated day‐old chicks were challenged with S.  Typhimurium DT9. Both STM1 and S.  Typhimurium DT9 were found in spleen, liver, ileum, caecum and caecal contents from day 2 postinfection. No significant exclusion effect was observed in vaccinated and challenged chicks.     

土壤微生物对黄花蒿凋落物或青蒿素的响应

黄花蒿主要通过植株残体向土壤释放化感物质,影响土壤肥力和生产力。本试验开展了土壤微生物对黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素的响应研究。结果表明,在土壤中添加黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素,真菌数量增加,但显著降低放线菌、自生固氮菌、硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌的数量,不利于土壤有机质矿化,生物固氮和硝化作用。黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素降低微生物熵,增大代谢熵,说明土壤微生物代谢受到干扰,活性降低。此外,黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素还使土壤微生物标记性磷脂脂肪酸总量和种类以及细菌、放线菌和原生动物标记性磷脂脂肪酸减少,选择性地抑制了土壤微生物的繁殖生长。在黄花蒿凋落物、青蒿素和对照(不加凋落物和青蒿素)的土壤中,微生物种群结构差异显著,黄花蒿凋落物和青蒿素降低微生物多样性和均匀度指数。因此,在大规模集约化种植黄花蒿的过程中,进入土壤的凋落物抑制有益微生物生长繁殖,改变土壤微生物群落结构,种群减少,密度降低,这可能是黄花蒿抑制后茬和周围植物生长,进而造成减产的重要原因之一。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌诱导自噬的分子机制研究进展

随着自噬现象的发现以来,有关自噬的研究在很多领域取得了重大突破,而鼠伤寒沙门菌与自噬之间的研究报道较少。文章主要阐述了自噬发生的整个机理过程,标志性蛋白LC3及其上下游蛋白Atg和p62之间的作用机制,自噬信号通路的激活位点和条件,基于鼠伤寒沙门菌刺激TLR系统激活TAK1,导致免疫细胞中的AMPK和ULK1的活化,抑制mTOR的活性,进一步阐述了沙门菌与自噬之间的相互关联性。     

Salmonella spp. in Bavarian liquid pig manure: occurrence and relevance for the distribution of antibiotic resistance

In a representative study, 380 manure samples of pig farms distributed all over Bavaria (Germany) were screened for the presence of Salmonella spp. at the time of manure application to soil using methods adapted to DIN EN ISO 6579. The isolates were tested according to DIN 58940 for their susceptibility towards 26 antimicrobial substances - such substances partly administered in animals, but mainly used in human therapy. Six out of 380 manure samples and, in addition, the only separated liquid manure sample examined, contained Salmonella isolates. Serotypes represented S. Typhimurium (n = 5), S. Derby (n = 1) and S. Infantis/S. Serogroup C1-(6,7:r:-)-form (each n = 1). Within the serovar S. Typhimurium, the most common phage type was DT104 (n = 3). All Salmonella isolates originated from 'big' farms (>30/45 sows on combined/breeding farms or >220 fattening pigs). Four out of six manure samples contained resistant isolates; all resistant Salmonellae were multi-resistant. Two out of three DT104-isolates showed the typical penta-resistance pattern often found in S. Typhimurium DT104, which was, furthermore, supplemented by other resistances. One Escherichia coli isolated together with a phage type DT104 S. Typhimurium also expressed the same penta-resistance pattern.     

Feeding value of ensiling fresh cattle manure with molasses or bakery by-products in lambs

Ensiling fresh dairy cattle manure (CM), corn stover, molasses (MO) or bakery by-products (BBP), as a viable method to produce good quality silage was evaluated. Silages composition was as follows: 1) molasses silage: CM, corn stover and molasses; and 2) BBP silages: CM, corn stover, and BBP. A low (250 g/kg dry matter) and a high (500 g/kg dry matter) level of CM with MO or BBP silages were incorporated in diets, and compared with a control diet (without CM silage) in lambs. There was a linear increase (P < 0.01) of dry matter (DM) intake and a quadratic increase of fiber digestion. Linear decrease (P < 0.05) in acetate to propionate ratio was observed with increased concentrations of MO or BBP in silages. Increasing MO silage caused a linear reduction of N intake and retained N, as well as a linear increase of fecal N. There were quadratic effects of BBP silage level on N intake, urine and retained, being the lowest values observed with the low level of BBP silage. Addition of BBP silages (250 or 500 g/kg DM) bring higher DM intake and total tract digestion of fiber, as compared to those diets without CM silage.