Water Quality Change of Untreated Water During Its Storage

In this paper, the untreated water from Yangtze River was stored. The turbidity of the water was reduced from 60 NTU to 1 NTU in the first 10 days, but the TOC value reduced only by 0.291 mg/L in 60 days. The organic molecular weight distribution and the organic polarity of storage water was analyzed using UF and XAD resin respectively. It was found that the organic matter, whose molecular weight is less than 4000 dalton, was decomposed and the hydrophilic organic matter was converted into hydrophobic organic matter.     

水分胁迫下2种云杉属植物的水分生理特征

为研究沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)和青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)在干旱荒漠区适应性特征,筛选出适宜于干旱荒漠区理想的造林树种,以2种云杉属植物为试验材料,测定正常供水条件、中度土壤水分胁迫、重度土壤水分胁迫条件下2个树种的水分参数。在土壤水分胁迫条件下,2种云杉属植物自由水含量、组织含水量、叶片水势、相对含水量降低,而水分饱和亏、束缚水/自由水、束缚水增大,叶片持水力降低。随着季节的变化,2种云杉属植物各项水分参数受外界环境的影响呈规律性变化,组织含水率在7—9月变化差异不显著,束缚水/自由水、束缚水含量在7—9月呈增加后又下降的趋势;相对含水量呈递增趋势;水分饱和亏呈下降趋势;自由水含量呈下降后又增加的趋势。在水分胁迫初期,2种云杉各处理苗木持水力差异不显著,随着胁迫时间的延长,持水力差异增大,而且青海云杉持水力低于沙地云杉的。从2种云杉属植物各项水分参数分析,表明沙地云杉具有较强的抗逆水分生理特征。     

渗透胁迫下不同玉米品种叶片水分关系的研究

通过盆栽及水培试验,结果表明:参试三个品种的气孔导度与光合速率、蒸腾速率均呈直线相关,但气孔导度对蒸腾速率的相关系数﹥气孔导度对光合速率的相关系数;品种间气孔调节能力为农大60号>中单2号>陕单911;陕单911的渗透调节能力>中单2号>农大60号,陕单911能通过较低的渗透势和细胞内溶质含量的增加维持细胞吸水,从而维持叶片较高的相对含水量和叶水势,并具有较高的膨压,维持细胞的延伸生长。三个品种的耐脱水干化能力不同,失水速度为陕单911>农大60号>中单2号。     

水分胁迫下土壤水蒸散模型研究

对水分胁迫下农田土壤水分蒸散模型进行了研究，在水分胁迫下实际蒸散量与潜在蒸散量之间关系为：ＥＴ＝ＫＷ·ＥＴＭ，ＫＷ与根层土壤有效水分含量具有直线相关性。模型中考虑根系分布的影响，能明显提高模型精度。     

粒用高粱需水量及耗水特性的研究

影响高粱高产的因素很多,包括品种、水肥、土质及气候等因素,为探究高粱的高产性能,寻找影响高粱高产的突破口,本研究运用单因素随机区组设计的方法对粒用高粱拔节期和灌浆期的最大需水量及其一生的耗水特性进行了研究。结果表明：随着灌水量的增加,耗水量增加,穗长和枝梗数显著性地增加,但灌水量120~140mm的穗长和枝梗数差异不显著;籽粒千粒重和产量显著性地增加,灌水量100~140mm的千粒重和产量差异不显著。高粱拔节期最大需水量为120mm;开花灌浆期最大需水量为100mm;高粱拔节前耗水48.74mm,占总耗水量的10%~15%;拔节~抽穗耗水140.51~177.12mm,占总耗水的35%~43%,抽穗-成熟耗水137.65~272.27mm,占总耗水的42%~55%;水分生产效率随耗水量的增大,呈现先升后降的趋势,灌浆期灌水100mm处理的水分生产效率为最高,最高可达29.49kg/(hm²·mm)。     

冬小麦水分动态和水分利用效率的综合模拟

为了预测未来气候变暖对农业产生的影响,通过利用ENWATBAL动态模型模拟未来十年甚至几十年气候变化、尤其是气温和降水的变化对冬小麦田蒸散量的影响,借助历史资料推测同期气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响,从而获得相应的冬小麦水分利用效率的变化情况。结果表明,气候变暖会导致冬小麦蒸散量增加,产量下降,水分利用效率降低。说明气候变暖会加剧农业缺水问题,十分有必要开展节水农业。     

Multi-objective Optimization of Water Quality Performance Considering THM in Water Distribution Systems

As for optimizing performance of chlorine and trihalomethane (THM) in water distribution systems, an expression measuring THM performance and a derivation of THM-I/O model were proposed. And a multi-objective optimization model considering maximizing level of chlorine performance, maximum level of THM performance and minimizing cost of chlorination was also established. Four factors, including bulk chlorine decay coefficient, coefficient of proportionality between THM and chlorine consumption, initial THM concentration in treated water and number of boosters, were evaluated to study their effects on Pareto front of the multi-objective optimization model. Chlorine decay and THM generation were simulated using EPANET_MSX. An improved non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm-Ⅱwith integer code was proposed to optimize the model, and Pareto fronts could be obtained under different conditions. Results show that with the decrease of bulk chlorine decay coefficient, cost of chlorination can be reduced and level of THM performance will be improved. Diminishing coefficient of proportionality between THM and chlorine consumption and initial THM concentration out of reservoir can both improve the level of THM performance, but can not affect the cost of chlorination. Increasing number of boosters can reduce dosage of chlorine, but booster station construction will increase total cost of chlorination. There-fore, reducing the bulk chlorine decay coefficient is the most economical and effective method.     

渗透胁迫下不同玉米品种叶片水分关系的研究

通过盆栽及水培试验研究不同玉米品种在渗透胁下叶片的水分变化,结果表明：参试3个品种的气孔导度与光合速率、蒸腾速率均呈直线相关,但气孔导度对蒸腾速率的相关系数〉气孔导度对光合速率的相关系数;品种间气孔调节能力为农大60〉中单2号〉陕单911;陕单911的渗透调节能力〉中单2号〉农大60,陕单911能通过较低的渗透势和细胞内溶质含量的增加,维持细胞吸水,从而维持叶片较高的相对含水量和叶水势,并具有较高的膨压,维持细胞的延伸生长。3个品种的耐脱水干化能力不同,失水速度为陕单911〉农大60〉中单2号。     

水分胁迫条件下不同肥水类型小麦抗旱特性的研究

为了提高小麦抗旱性,本试验选用6个肥水类型不同的小麦品种,在聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)水分胁迫条件下考察了不同小麦品种种子的萌发状况和小麦幼苗的生理生化变化,并在防雨旱棚池栽条件下对品种的抗旱性进行了鉴定。结果表明,不同肥水类型小麦品种随着水分胁迫时间的延长胚芽鞘长度、相对发芽率和硝酸还原酶活性均降低,可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量均升高,根系活力呈现先略微升高再下降的趋势。与水浇地品种相比,旱地品种青麦6号、济旱5034和鲁麦21的胚芽鞘长度较长,相对发芽率、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力相对较高且下降缓慢,可溶性糖含量较高且随胁迫时间延长增加的幅度大,丙二醛含量积累的速度较为缓慢。其中,胚芽鞘长度、相对发芽率、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力与抗旱性鉴定指标抗旱指数存在极显著相关性,可以作为小麦抗旱性鉴定的早期指标。     

Energy Efficiency of Water Transportation System for Surface Water Source Heat Pump

The forms of water transportation, arrangement and operation of pumps contribute to the water transportation energy consumption, which influences the energy-saving effect of surface water source heat pump. The relation between the pumping height and energy consumption of pumps is found by analyzing the model of pump energy consumption. The concept and calculation of critical pumping height is presented considering the limited rate of system energy efficiency. Based on the principle that the pump power changes with water flow rate, the determination of pumps arrangement of one or two stage pumps is described with a concrete example. The influence of water flow rate on heat pumps and water pumps is analyzed, and the energy efficiency of constant and variable water volume are compared. The operation way of this example is concluded for the optimal system energy efficiency. It is found that there is a critical pumping height for the energy-saving effect of surface water source heat pump compared with the traditional system. Moreover, the operation strategies should be determined by the system optimal model since the energy consumptions proportions of heat pumps and water pumps are variable.     

水分胁迫对玉米光合速率和水分利用效率的影响

以7个玉米品种为试材,采用单株室外盆栽在开花期进行中度水分胁迫处理,研究了水分胁迫对玉米叶片净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等光合参数的影响.结果表明:水分胁迫使光反应中心受到抑制,非气孔限制是影响净光合速率增加的主要限制因子;WUE与Pn、Gs、Tr存在显著的正相关关系,与Cj存在显著的负相关关系,叶片在水分胁迫条件下主要通过降低蒸腾作用来提高水分利用效率.     

不同玉米品种耗水特性及其水分利用效率的差异研究

本文通过盆栽控水试验结果表明:分4个生育时期研究,在中度水分胁迫下,12个品种以生物学产量计算的水分利用效率显著或极显著高于正常适宜供水条件.12个品种在耗水量、干物质积累和水分利用效率上存在显著或极显著差异,其中郑单958、掖单13、陕单911这3个品种属于高水分利用效率、高产、耗水型品种;中单2号属于高水分利用效率、中产、中等耗水型品种;农大60、陕单902属于高水分利用效率、中产、节水型品种;户单1号、掖单19、沈单10号这3个品种属于中等水分利用效率,生物产量表现一般、节水型品种;户单4号、陕单9号和丹玉13这3个品种属于低水分利用效率、生物学产量较低、节水型品种.     

River Water Quality Comprehensive Evaluation for Water Source Heat Pump

River water quality is one of the important conditions must be considered when river water source heat pump is used. It is also the key factor of efficiency of river water source heat pump. Based on analysis of the water quality factors which influence the river water source heat pump heat exchanger fouling, the main quality indicators and value are conformed. Using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the actual monitoring data, quality classification of river water which is the source of water source heat pump is analyzed. For the difficulty of multiple indicators which need to detect and meet the related national standard in practical engineering application, the definition of scaling potential value is put forward. As the water quality comprehensive evaluation index of water source heat pump, the scaling potential value not only can consider the influence of the main water quality parameters on water source heat pump heat exchanger fouling, but also can conveniently and quickly provide direct basis for water quality judgment and system selection in the engineering application.     

Irrigation Water Management for Efficient Water Use in Mulched Onion

Caused by the necessarily imperfect seed placement accuracy of sowing machines and, additionally, caused by many other biotic and abiotic factors, the resulting plant stands exhibit nonregular spatial distributions of its plants. Based on several simplifying assumptions, a stochastic approach is developed which allows an estimation of the effects of nonregular spatial patterns on yield per area. In this approach, two random variables are attached to each plant: single plant yield E and individual space A . The latter is estimated by the area of Thiessen polygons. Yield per area, calculated by the expectation of the ratio E/A , can be approximately expressed dependent on the means ( Ē and Ā ) and coefficients of variation ( v _E and v _A ) of E and A and their correlation ( r _EA ). In relation to the commonly used estimate Ē/Ā for yield per area, one obtains yield decreases if v _A / v _E  <  r _EA . This inequality, however, will be usually valid in the field of applications. The theoretical approaches and results were applied to three experimental data sets for drilled seeds of winter oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) (plant density: 60 plants m⁻², row distance: 10 cm). These data sets are characterized by different accuracies of longitudinal distributions within rows (58 %, 101 %, 150 %): yield depression increases with an increasing variability of plant distances within rows.     

运输密度对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌水箱水质的影响

为了解密度胁迫对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌幼鱼运输水质和成活率的影响,确定适宜的运输密度,为兴凯湖翘嘴鲌的科学运输提供参考依据。对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌采用塑料桶模拟运输试验,在6个不同运输密度(D = 20、40、60、80、100、120 g/L)下运输10 h,探究运输密度不同对水质中氨氮、亚硝酸盐浓度及翘嘴鲌成活率的影响。结果显示：氨氮对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌的48 h-LC₅₀和96 h-LC₅₀值分别为22.66 mg/L和16.70 mg/L,安全浓度为1.67 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对兴凯湖翘嘴鲌的48 h-LC₅₀和96 h-LC₅₀值分别为0.18 mg/L和0.12 mg/L,安全浓度为0.01 mg/L。运输10 h 20 g/L和40 g/L组的成活率为100%,60、80、100、120 g/L组的成活率与0 h相比均呈现显著下降趋势(P<0.05),且10 h时120 g/L组的成活率为0;各个组的pH值随运输时间的增加呈现下降趋势,且高密度组的下降趋势大于低密度组;随着运输时间的增加各个组的氨氮浓度均呈现上升趋势(P<0.05),且密度越大,氨氮浓度上升越显著;各个组的亚硝酸盐浓度随着运输时间的增加而升高,且与翘嘴鲌密度呈现正相关,密度越大,亚硝酸盐浓度上升越显著(P<0.05)。在模拟运输过程中,水质的氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量受到运输时间和密度的双重影响,运输时间越长,密度越高,氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度越高,兴凯湖翘嘴鲌的成活率越低。     

高产冬小麦节水栽培的叶水势特征

田间和盆栽试验研究表明叶水势日变化曲线因供水和生育时期而不同，黎明前叶水势（ψ＾ｐｒｅ）开花期低谷十分明显，与土壤水分动态变化不一致，午后叶水势表现为前期低中期高后期渐降的变化特点，不同水文年型间存在差异，生育中后期叶水势与深层土壤水分含量的相关程度增强，开花期叶水势与产量关系最为密切。前期控水式的节水栽培在一定程度上降低生育期叶水势，可通过渗透调节功能和较高膨压的维持稳定高产。     

The Choice of Water Supply Form in Domestic Water Supply System of High-rise Building

The comparison of various water supply forms in domestic water supply system of high rise building is made. At present the reducing pressure water supply form of elevated water tank is considered to be more economical and reasonable water supply form.     

水分供应和氮素形态对水稻一些水分生理特征的影响

为探明不同水分供应和氮素形态对水稻一些水分生理特征的影响,设正常水分及50 g L^-1 PEG模拟水分胁迫及3种不同NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N比例（75/25,50/50,25/75）的处理,测定了水稻叶片的NO₃^-、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量,叶片浸出液电导率,叶片相对含水量,叶片水分临界饱和亏以及叶片水势。结果表明,在NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N比例较低时,模拟水分胁迫使广陵香粳水稻幼苗吸收更多的NO₃^--N。模拟水分胁迫条件下,水稻幼苗叶片浸出液电导率随NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N比例的降低呈下降趋势,且在NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N比例为25/75时,叶片浸出液电导率低于正常水分培养条件下的叶片浸出液电导率。而在正常水分培养条件下,水稻幼苗叶片浸出液电导率随NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N比例的降低呈上升趋势。水分胁迫使高NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N处理水稻叶片相对含水量降低、水分临界饱和亏上升,但对低NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N处理（25/75）水稻叶片相对含水量和水分临界饱和亏影响很小。同样,低NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N处理削弱了水分胁迫对水稻叶片水势的降低。总体上说,低NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N能减轻水分胁迫对水稻水分生理的不良影响。     

西瓜贮藏技术

西瓜是淡旺季差价比较大的水果品种之一。在西瓜果实质量良好、贮藏库温、湿度适宜的条件下,可以贮藏50～80天,一般9月入贮,11～12月出售。西瓜有不同于其它水果蔬菜的贮藏特性,因此,贮藏方法也有其特点,所以在贮藏之前,应对西瓜的贮藏特性进行了解,掌握其贮藏方法。