水浴处理板栗MA贮藏期间抗氧化酶活性变化规律

以北京昌平的燕昌板栗为试验材料,研究经不同水浴处理后,板栗MA(Modify atmosphere)贮藏期间抗氧化酶活性的变化规律。结果表明:NaClO水浴处理对板栗内PPO、外PPO活性有抑制作用,除1 000 mg.L-1NaClO处理使板栗外PPO活性一直高于对照外,其余各处理的PPO活性在整个贮藏期间一直低于对照;POD活性的变化规律与PPO活性的变化规律类似,但在贮藏180 d时,NaClO处理的内POD活性高于对照,其中1 000 mg.L-1NaClO处理的内POD活性与对照存在显著差异;100 mg.L-1NaClO和500 mg.L-1NaClO处理使板栗SOD活性升高,而1 000 mg.L-1NaClO处理则使SOD活性降低;NaClO处理板栗提高了板栗的CAT活性,但CAT活性变化趋势与对照相同。     

采后NaClO水浴处理对板栗沙藏效果的影响

以'燕昌'板栗为试材,研究了采后不同浓度NaClO(100、500、1 000 mg·L-1)水浴处理对板栗沙藏效果的影响.研究表明:500 mg·L-1NaClO水浴处理有利于降低板栗在沙藏期间(30 ～150 d)的淀粉水解,有利于保持沙藏后期的淀粉含量.1 000 mg·L-1NaClO水浴处理抑制了蛋白质的降解,其它处理与对照没有差异.水浴处理促进了板栗在处理期间的乙醇积累,在沙藏过程中乙醇逐渐消失并且与对照没有差异.NaClO水浴处理对抑制沙藏板栗的发芽和腐烂有明显作用,经150 d沙藏,500 mg·L-1处理的发芽率和腐烂率均为2%,1 000 mg·L-1处理的均为0.500、1 000 mg·L-1NaClO水浴处理有利于提高沙藏板栗的质量.     

马蹄笋采后生物保鲜剂保鲜效果研究

为研究生物保鲜剂对马蹄笋的保鲜效果,选择9种不同比例的魔芋胶、壳聚糖和柠檬酸的生物保鲜剂对马蹄笋进行浸泡、包装和低温储藏,测定3d和7d时的商品指标和关键酶活性。结果发现,S9(1.5%魔芋胶+2.0%壳聚糖+0.1%柠檬酸)和S1(0.5%魔芋胶+1.0%壳聚糖)保鲜效果最好。前者不仅能够维持绿竹笋在贮藏过程中的感官品质,减少水分散失和提高可食率,在贮藏前期(3d)能明显抑制绿竹笋笋体蛋白质的代谢和POD、PAL的活性,蛋白质含量比对照高55.95%,POD活性降低7.50%,PAL活性降低67.15%;后者在储藏后期(7d)更显著地抑制PPO、POD和PAL的活性,分别比对照降低22.19%、34.56%和47.89%。     

板栗腐烂机理及防腐保鲜技术的研究

板栗腐烂由生理病变和微生物侵染所致.研究了由病理引起板栗腐烂的原因及防腐保鲜方法.试验结果表明,引起板栗腐烂的原因是,一方面,泡囊假单胞杆菌Pseudomonas vesicularis Galarneault & Leifson和多主小穴壳菌Dothiorella ribis Gross et Duggar分泌的纤维素酶和淀粉酶使板栗果壳的纤维素和果仁的淀粉分解产生各种糖,为泡囊假单胞杆菌和多主小穴壳菌的生长和蔓延提供营养并破坏其组织结构,使板栗变褐变黑并发出腐臭味;另一方面板栗的不同品种与腐烂有密切关系,含水量高或贮藏期失水率大,含糖多,淀粉酶活性强,是导致栗果腐烂的内在原因.板栗贮藏环境对致腐微生物的感染、繁殖有密切关系,从而影响栗果防腐保鲜.多主小穴壳菌在低温条件下生长受到抑制,淀粉和纤维素作碳源时生长不快;紫外线处理和黑暗培养都生长不好;在pH值为6.2时适合其生长且菌丝干质量最大.泡囊假单胞杆菌能很好的利用各种糖.防腐保鲜措施的研究表明,杀菌剂以75%托布津500倍液抑制多主小穴壳菌生长的效果最好,抗生素以庆大霉素2 000 mg/L和链霉素160 mg/L抑制泡囊假单胞杆菌生长效果最好.对9个板栗品种进行贮藏试验,筛选出锥栗、铁栗它、和韶栗18号为耐贮藏品种,防腐保鲜方法以5℃低温贮藏和75%托布津+木屑瓶装贮藏两种方法较好.     

次氯酸钠水浴处理对板栗呼吸和几种酶活性的影响

以'燕昌'板栗为试材,研究采后不同浓度NaClO水浴处理对板栗贮藏生理代谢的影响.结果表明:NaClO水浴处理使板栗呼吸强度和淀粉酶活性降低,乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性升高;NaClO水浴处理使板栗内部PPO活性降低,对外部PPO活性的影响与NaClO浓度相关,1 000 mg·L-1 NaClO处理使板栗外部PPO活性一直高于对照,而100 mg·L-1 NaClO和500 mg·L-1 NaClO处理使外部PPO活性降低;NaClO水浴处理使板栗内部POD活性降低,对外部POD活性的影响与NaClO浓度相关,1 000 mg·L-1 NaClO处理使板栗外部POD活性增加,其他处理在贮藏前期降低了外部POD活性,但在后期使外部POD活性升高;100 mg·L-1 NaClO和500 mg·L-1 NaClO处理使板栗SOD活性升高,而1 000 mg·L-1 NaClO处理则使SOD活性降低;NaClO处理板栗的CAT活性变化趋势与对照相似,但提高了CAT活性.     

不同保鲜处理对软枣猕猴桃营养品质的影响

为研究不同保鲜技术对软枣猕猴桃贮藏期间营养成分的影响,该研究采用1.5%壳聚糖活性涂膜（CH）、1.5%壳聚糖柠檬精油复合涂膜（CHO）和1μL·L^-11-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）对软枣猕猴桃进行保鲜处理,测定果实在4℃条件下贮存过程中VC含量、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物含量变化情况。结果表明,3种保鲜处理对维持软枣猕猴桃果实营养品质均具有明显效果。其中CH组和1-MCP组处理的软枣猕猴桃果实VC含量较稳定;1-MCP组处理的可滴定酸含量最好;CHO组处理对于减缓可溶性固形物含量上升速度、延长保鲜时间效果最好。该研究结果旨在为1-MCP和壳聚糖涂膜技术在猕猴桃低温保鲜中的应用提供理论依据。     

雷竹笋保鲜技术研究

试验以湖北崇阳瑞发生物有限公司提供的鲜雷竹笋为试材,选用壳聚糖与氯化钙作为涂膜剂对其进行涂膜处理,测定了贮藏期间试材的失重率以及氨基酸、Vc、粗纤维的含量,试验结果表明:0.75％壳聚糖+4％氯化钙作为涂膜剂对试材的保鲜效果最好.这种处理能有效地降低了试材的失重率和腐烂率,抑制其纤维素含量的增加,降低其呼吸速率,从而具有良好的保鲜效果.     

板栗综合保鲜技术初探

板栗水选后，用KMnO4溶液浸果，捞起沥干，分成散贮、打孔袋贮，三种保鲜液膜处理后再打孔用5种不同方式进行袋贮藏。结果表明：各处理对板栗保鲜均有一定效果，其中以海藻酸钠保鲜液膜和水果保鲜蜡液处理效果最好，失水率、腐烂率低，好果率较高，色泽鲜亮，颗粒饱满，口感好。     

板栗贮藏的实用技术

板栗贮藏的实用技术陈钦（福建林学院，南平，３５３００１）板栗的特点是怕热、怕干，又怕水、怕冻，所以在贮运期常因条件不当引起发芽和腐烂变质。本文就板栗的罐藏技术和袋藏技术进行了介绍。１板栗罐藏技术此法是板栗经剥壳杀菌等加工处理后处于真空状态使栗仁得到长...     

调花丰产素对板栗次年生长发育的影响

探讨了调花丰产素对板栗次年生长发育的影响。结果表明,调花丰产素处理仍不同程度地增加了板栗次年的雌花数量、抑制雄花数量、增加结蓬数量及抑制枝长和增加枝粗生长等有利于板栗丰产的作用效应,其中以100mg·L-1板栗调花丰产素处理水平综合作用效应较强。     

板栗组培过程中褐变研究初探

通过研究板栗组织培养过程中愈伤组织过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性，结果表明，在板栗愈伤组织培养过程中多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性与培养材料的褐变程度有一定的相关性，酶活性高，愈伤组织褐变严重。但过氧化物酶(POD)与褐变的关系不明显。通过在培养基中添加不同浓度的活性炭、抗坏血酸，以及培养于不同光照条件和不同培养温度，能够有效抑制多酚氧化酶的活性，减轻褐变程度，提高愈伤组织的产量和质量。     

栗园土壤研究的进展

针对板栗生产实际情况,加强栗林土壤管理非常迫切。根据国内外资料,通过对栗林产量、品质与土壤相关性,以及栗林覆盖、施肥等改善土壤状况的综述,以期为今后板栗林地的选择、林地的管理上减少水土流失,改善板栗生境,促进板栗产量与品质的提高,增加栗林的经济与生态效益提供一定的借鉴。     

板栗空苞现象与内源激素动态变化的关系

内源激素的含量与板栗空苞有显著的相关性，正常板栗GA1＋3值花后一直上升至25d出现明显峰值，且在花后10d至25d增加非常明显，空苞板栗GA1＋3值没有明显增长，花后GA1＋3含量快速上升并达到一定的值有利于板栗胚胎的正常生长。正常板栗花后iPAs值持续增长至25d出现峰值，空苞板栗其值在花后15d内缓慢下降，后持续明显地下降。可见花后iPAs含量上升有利于板栗胚胎的正常生长，花后ABA含量降低有利于板栗胚胎发育。     

锥栗保鲜工艺的研究

以锥栗为材料,研究锥栗的保鲜工艺。通过将10%的竹叶提取液,0.03%的纳他霉素对不同浓度的紫胶(A),柠檬酸(B),EDTA-2Na(C)进行正交试验,测定锥栗的PPO活性、POD活性、单宁含量和褐变度(BD)指标,筛选优化的涂膜保鲜剂配方组合。结果表明:筛选出的最优化保鲜剂组合为A1B2C2,即紫胶2%、柠檬酸0.2%、EDTA-2Na(0.15%、竹叶提取液10%、纳他霉素0.03%。该保鲜剂在锥栗的贮藏过程中有效地抑制了PPO活性、POD活性,降低了单宁含量和褐变度,减少锥栗褐变的发生,呈现出较好的保鲜效果。     

板栗苗期生长发育规律研究

采用实验室检测和野外调查相结合方式,对板栗1年生嫁接苗生长发育动态、生理指标以及光能利用效率等内容进行研究,研究结论表明:板栗1年生嫁接苗地径和树高生长趋势均呈单"S"曲线变化,其中邵阳城步和常德石门板栗品种幼苗生长量,叶片蛋白质含量和叶绿素含量表现突出;邵阳城步板栗品种地径递增量为1.57cm,树高递增量为144.87cm,叶片蛋白质含量保持在6.42%,叶绿素含量为17.68g·L^-1;常德石门板栗品种地径递增量为1.46cm,树高递增量为142.07cm,叶片蛋白质含量维持在4.64%,叶绿素含量为21.92g·L^-1,说明邵阳城步和常德石门板栗品种幼苗生命活动较为旺盛。依据硝酸还原酶活性大小变化,岳阳临湘晚熟,岳阳临湘早熟和常德石门品种抗逆性较强,而邵阳城步品种抗逆性相对较弱。     

Informative value of canker morphology on the presence or absence of virus infection in chestnut blight cankers

Chestnut blight destroyed the native chestnut forests in North America and also severely affected the European chestnut trees after its introduction in the 20th century. The ascomycete fungus Cryphonectria parasitica is responsible for this serious disease and causes lethal bark cankers on susceptible chestnut trees. In Europe, however, an infection of C. parasitica with Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV‐1) causes hypovirulence in C. parasitica and reduces the severity of the disease. Hypovirulence biologically controls chestnut blight in many regions to date. In this study, our goal was to determine morphological canker characteristics that are indicative of virus presence or absence in C. parasitica. We investigated 677 chestnut blight cankers from seven different geographic locations across Europe. For each canker, we assessed canker length, stem encircling, canker depth, presence of sporulation, canker activity and virus infection. We statistically analysed the informative value of these morphological characteristics for the presence or absence of CHV‐1. However, we did not find reliable indicators. Our logistic regression analysis revealed that virus infection of C. parasitica is not clearly related to canker morphology. This implies that fungal isolations from chestnut blight cankers and assessments in the laboratory are required to determine infection with CHV‐1 unequivocally.     

不同肥料用量对板栗产量和品质的影响

以15 a生板栗林为对象,采用田间小区试验法开展了不同肥料用量对板栗产量和品质影响的研究。结果表明:相对于不施肥,施肥后板栗的百粒重显著增加,且随着肥料用量增加,其百粒重呈现递增趋势,最大达到1 452 g,但各施肥处理间差异不显著。平均单株产量也在肥料用量最大时达到最大,为9.95 kg左右,但该处理与肥料用量次高处理间差异不显著。不同肥料用量下,板栗还原糖含量为3%～5%,蛋白质含量为6%～8%,淀粉含量为24%～26%。虽然各施肥处理间,板栗还原糖、蛋白质和淀粉含量的差异不显著,但肥料用量最高时,板栗蛋白质含相对较高,而淀粉含量相对较低,表明增加肥料用量能在一定程度上改善板栗品质。     

The effects of logging and disease on American chestnut

Disturbance histories drive spatiotemporal patterns of species distributions, and multiple disturbances can have complex effects on these patterns of distribution. The introduction of the chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murril.) Barr.) to the eastern United States in the early 1900s coincided with an increase in logging, thus presenting an ideal situation for studying the effect of two disturbance events, logging and disease. The purpose of this study was to compare chestnut (Castanea dentata) abundance and the prevalence of chestnut blight among (1) sites that were and were not logged for chestnuts during the blight pandemic and (2) sites that varied in time since the last logging event. Current chestnut abundance and chestnut blight prevalence were assessed in areas where chestnut was known to occur before the blight. Elevation, soil pH, slope, aspect, age of canopy trees, and presence or absence of chestnut stumps indicating selective logging of chestnuts were recorded at each site. Chestnuts were more abundant on sites that had not been selectively logged for pre-blight chestnuts. Chestnut presence was more likely at high elevations (857 m ± 33 m). Chestnut abundance was greater at high elevations (>1000 m) and acidic soils (pH 4-5). Chestnut blight prevalence was not correlated with any measured environmental variable. Rather, 15.1% of all chestnut stems were infected with blight regardless of chestnut density. Thus, higher chestnut abundance is not due to lower mortality from the chestnut blight, although the temporal dynamics of blight infection and stem recovery were not within the scope of this study. This research shows that local rates of chestnut population decline differ between locations with different chestnut logging histories. Chestnut site preferences are better understood within the context of history, and thus teasing apart the effects of disease, logging, and environment will result in more successful chestnut restoration efforts.     

不同施肥量对板栗枝条贮藏营养的影响

板栗矿质营养是板栗生长结实不可缺少的重要营养物质。当年板栗树体矿质营养的贮藏对于来年板栗的生长发育和产量有着密切的关系。有效的施肥量可以增加肥效的利用率,提高板栗的矿质营养的贮藏,从而提高板栗产量和防止大小年出现。通过运用凯氏定氮法测定其全氮的含量,等离子发射法测定其全磷、全钾的含量,对比研究不追肥、传统施肥、专用、配方和配方施肥 喷肥这5种不同方法的施肥效果。结果表明,配方施肥 喷肥方法能最有效地提高板栗枝条矿质营养贮存,增加板栗N、P、K的含量,进而提高板栗果实产量。     

Effects of root damage associated with Phytophthora cinnamomi on water relations,biomass accumulation,mineral nutrition and vulnerability to water deficit of five oak and chestnut species

The effects of root damage associated with Phytophthora cinnamomi on water relations, biomass accumulation, mineral nutrition and vulnerability to water deficit were investigated in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), red oak (Quercus rubra) and holm oak (Quercus ilex) saplings over two years. Comparison was made with sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), a susceptible species to infection by P. cinnamomi, and with a resistant hybrid chestnut (Castanea crenata × C. sativa). Trees were inoculated in 1998 and were subjected to water shortage in 1999. All inoculated sweet chestnuts died before the application of water shortage. Hybrid chestnut, pedunculate oak and red oak displayed low root susceptibility to P. cinnamomi. In these species, water relations, aerial growth and mineral nutrition were slightly affected by inoculation. By contrast, holm oak was the most susceptible oak species to P. cinnamomi as inoculated well‐watered trees displayed the highest root loss (67%) and a 10% mortality. Root loss was associated with a decrease in predawn leaf water potential, a 61% reduction in stomatal conductance, a 55% reduction in aerial biomass, a decrease in leaf carbon isotope discrimination and reduced leaf N and P contents in comparison with controls. In hybrid chestnut and pedunculate oak, water shortage resulted in a similar decrease of predawn leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and aerial biomass in inoculated and non‐inoculated trees. In red and holm oaks, soil volumetric water content of inoculated trees subjected to water shortage remained high. The effects observed in those trees were similar to those of inoculated well‐watered trees and were probably the result of root infection only.