60Co-γ射线辐射对2种露地菊叶片生理生化特性的影响

为探究露地菊对⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射的耐受性,以露地菊品种东林瑞雪和粉翎的生根脚芽为试验材料,研究不同辐照处理对2种露地菊品种叶片生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,随着辐照剂量的增加,东林瑞雪和粉翎叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量均呈下降趋势;脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈逐渐增加的趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势;过氧化物酶(POD)均呈逐渐增加的趋势;东林瑞雪过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈先增加后降低的趋势,粉翎的CAT活性呈逐渐增加的趋势。综上可知,粉翎对辐射的耐受能力强于东林瑞雪。本研究结果为露地菊辐射诱变研究提供了一定的理论依据和技术参考。     

60Co γ射线辐照预处理对甘薯热风干燥特性的影响

采用60Co γ射线对甘薯进行辐照预处理,考察辐照、热风温度和切片厚度对其干燥特性和表面温度的影响,同时对不同剂量辐照的甘薯样品进行了显微观察和水分活度测定。结果表明,甘薯的干燥速率和表面温度随着辐照剂量的升高而升高。当干基含水率为150%时,辐照剂量为0、2、5、8和10kGy的样品干燥速率分别为1.92、1.97、2.05、2.28和3.12%/min,表面温度分别为48.5℃、46.3℃、44.5℃、42.2℃和41.5℃;热风温度越高,切片越薄,辐照后甘薯失水速率越大。热风温度为85℃的样品比热风温度为65℃的样品干燥时间缩短170min,切片厚度为3mm的样品比切片厚度为7mm的样品干燥时间缩短了228min;辐照后的甘薯细胞壁变薄出现断裂,液泡破裂,水分活度也随辐照剂量的升高而增大。辐照剂量为0、2、5、8、10kGy的样品水分活度分别为0.92、0.945、0.958、0.969、0.979。辐照对甘薯热风干燥速率表面温度和水分活度等有显著影响,为进一步研究甘薯辐照与热风干燥结合加工工艺提供理论基础。     

Winter wheat fertilizing using nitrogen–sulphur fertilizer

Precise field experiments were established on two sites with winter wheat under different soil-climatic conditions in the Czech Republic. Four treatments were fertilized with same dose of nitrogen (200 kg N ha^?1) and increasing dose of sulphur (0, 10, 20 and 40 kg S ha^?1) using nitrogen–sulphur (N–S) fertilizer with calcium sulphate form. Soil and plant aboveground biomass samples were taken in the stages of development BBCH 26–28; 30–32; 37–39; 49–51. The winter wheat grain yield ranged between 7.20 and 10.86 t ha^?1 and had an increasing trend with increasing sulphur dose. Although the differences were usually not statistically significant, there were found increasing tendencies of bioavailable sulphur content in soil with increasing S split doses. Soil S content decreased with time probably due to plant uptake. Sulphur dose did not influence the S content in plant aboveground biomass. The total S contents in grain after harvest ranged between 0.09% and 0.14% and were not significantly influenced with the fertilizing treatment. The same statement is valid for the S content in straw, which ranged between 0.03% and 0.11%. Both, S content in winter wheat seeds and straw were strongly influenced by the site conditions.     

60Co-γ辐射对矾根幼苗生理特性的影响

为探索辐射剂量对矾根幼苗生理特性的影响,本试验采用不同剂量(0~30 Gy) 的⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射处理矾根组培幼苗,观测辐射对矾根生长的影响,测定其生长量及幼苗叶片的游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量。结果表明,矾根在30 Gy以内辐照剂量是耐受的,但随着辐射剂量的增加,其生长量呈下降趋势,说明辐射对矾根幼苗的生长有一定的抑制作用。此外,随着辐射剂量的增加,幼苗叶片中丙二醛含量逐渐增加,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐减小,可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量都在辐射剂量为20 Gy时达到最大值。综上所述,矾根幼苗对较低剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线具有一定的耐受能力。本研究结果为矾根辐射育种提供了一定的技术参考。     

60Co-γ射线辐射对4种百合的诱变效应

为了探究⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射对百合的诱变效应,以卷丹百合、金百合、湖北百合、岷江百合鳞茎为试验材料,采用不同剂量(0、2、4、6 Gy)⁶⁰Co-γ射线进行辐射处理,统计分析其辐射后的出苗率、性状表现、生理生化指标及变异状况。结果表明,随着辐射剂量的增加,金百合、湖北百合、岷江百合的出苗率、株高、开花率、产量均较对照降低。卷丹百合在辐射剂量为2 Gy时与对照差异不显著;而辐射剂量为4 Gy时,4个百合品种出苗率与对照相比差异显著;辐射剂量达到6 Gy时,鳞茎均未出苗。2 Gy辐射处理对4个百合品种植株的叶绿素含量影响较小,4 Gy处理时叶绿素含量则下降;所有品种超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性均先升高后降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量均逐渐增强。随着辐射剂量的增加,卷丹百合的可溶性糖含量先升高后降低,其他品种的可溶性糖含量逐渐增加。金百合、湖北百合、岷江百合适宜辐射剂量分别为2~4 Gy、2 Gy、2 Gy,而卷丹百合在本试验中未找到适宜辐射剂量。本研究为百合的辐射育种提供了一定的技术参考。     

悬铃木种子~(60)Coγ辐照及其苗期生物学性状调查

以不同剂量的60Coγ射线辐射悬铃木干种子,测定不同剂量对悬铃木M1代的影响。结果表明,在50~400Gy辐射范围内,随着剂量的增加,悬铃木种子的萌发率、出苗率、成苗率降低,株高、鲜重、根长也明显下降。辐射对幼苗生长的抑制作用极显著,50~250Gy处理各组出真叶期比对照组依次推后2、5、9、14d。300~400Gy处理组虽有发芽,但幼芽严重扭曲,15d后逐渐死亡。通过对悬铃木辐射组与对照组成苗率和根长进行比较,初步推测悬铃木辐射的半致死剂量为50Gy,辐照诱变的适宜剂量为50至250Gy。     

Electron spin resonance studies of free radicals in gamma-irradiated soybean paste.

Free radicals in gamma-irradiated soybean paste were investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to determine the effect of temperature (77-296 K) and moisture content (1-54%) of samples irradiated at high dose (1-40 kGy). The samples were kept in liquid nitrogen (77 K) during irradiation and subsequent ESR measurements. The spectra shown at 77 K consisted of the hydrogen atom lines at low and high field and complicated symmetric spectrum. By increasing the microwave power, the line shape of ESR spectra altered, which indicated the detection of different paramagnetic centers at different microwave powers. In saturation curves, it was possible to select four types of spectra components which were different in their relaxation times. By the different irradiation doses, the change in free radical concentration showed a curvilinearly increasing relationship with irradiation dose in wet samples, whereas a proportional relationship was observed with dried samples. This might indicate that the indirect process of free radical formation was involved with the existence of free water radicals in the wet samples.     

中成药六味地黄丸粉辐照杀菌工艺研究

采用静态堆码方式对中药六味地黄丸粉进行辐照杀菌研究。结果表明,在垂直于辐照源轴线方向不同距离处的药品堆积厚度与辐照剂量率之间呈显著负相关（ ｐ＜ ００１） ,相关系数 ｒ ＝ － ０９９４７ 。辐照工艺技术的改变会不同程度地影响杀菌效果,提高产品总体吸收剂量均匀度,是保证杀菌效果的主要因素。六味地黄丸粉中杂菌的 Ｄ１０ 值为２１７ｋ Ｇｙ 。经１００ ｋ Ｇｙ 剂量辐照后的六味地黄丸粉,没有发生质量改变,其主要药效成分含量没有变化。     

Influence of electron-beam irradiation on bioactive compounds in grapefruits ( Citrus paradisi Macf.)

Phytochemical levels in fruits and vegetables can be affected by several postharvest factors. In the present study, the effect of electron-beam (E-beam) irradiation was studied on grapefruit bioactive compounds. 'Rio Red' and 'Marsh White' grapefruits were irradiated with E-beam at 0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 kGy. Changes of various bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, flavonoids, carotenoids, furocoumarins, and limonoids, were measured. The acidity decreased slightly with an increasing E-beam dose, whereas the total soluble solids were increased. Irradiation did not affect the vitamin C content at 1 kGy; however, doses beyond 1 kGy significantly reduced the vitamin C content. Lycopene and beta-carotene did not change significantly from the irradiation. Lycopene levels decreased as the E-beam dose increased, while the beta-carotene content slightly increased. Dihydroxybergamottin levels exhibited a decreasing trend, while the bergamottin content did not change. Naringin, a major flavonoid of grapefruit, showed a significant increase over the control at 10 kGy in both 'Rio Red' and 'Marsh White'. Nomilin continued to decrease with an increasing dose of E-beam irradiation, while limonin levels remained the same at all of the doses. Low-dose E-beam irradiation has very little effect on the bioactive compounds and offers a safe alternative to existing postharvest treatments for the disinfection and decontamination of grapefruits.     

UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢的影响

为系统了解UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢的影响, 本文从生理、生化两个角度概述了近30年国内外相关方面的研究成果, 内容涉及UV-B辐射对植物根系活力、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及植物不同发育期叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量的影响;总结了UV-B辐射对植物气孔行为的影响及相关机理, 包括植物体内ABA、H2O2、NO等信号分子含量的变化以及这些信号分子在调节气孔行为方面发挥的作用.认为UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢产生伤害, 且此伤害作用与植物种类、发育阶段有关, 与UV-B辐照时间及剂量正相关.研究UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢的影响, 对自然及农业生产环境下规避UV-B辐射对植物产生逆境胁迫效应具有积极的环境生态学价值.     

雅安藏茶茶多糖对~(60)Co-γ射线辐照损伤小鼠抗氧化和造血功能的防护作用

为探究雅安藏茶茶多糖对~(60)Co-γ射线辐射损伤小鼠抗辐射作用的影响,从雅安藏茶中提取茶多糖,用不同浓度(50、100、200 mg·kg-1·d-1)的茶多糖连续15 d灌胃小鼠,在第6天采用5Gy的~(60)Co-γ射线一次性全身辐照各组小鼠,灌胃第16天测定各组小鼠外周血细胞、肝脏组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超强氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性和总蛋白(TP)含量等指标。结果表明,与单纯辐照组相比,雅安藏茶茶多糖能显著提高辐照损伤小鼠的外周血细胞数量,极显著提高肝脏组织T-AOC、T-SOD活性和股骨骨髓DNA含量,极显著降低肝脏MDA含量,缓解了免疫器官胸腺的萎缩;且随着茶多糖浓度的增加,其抗辐射作用效果增强。综上,雅安藏茶茶多糖对~(60)Co-γ射线辐照损伤小鼠抗氧化功能和造血功能具有较强的防护作用,且具有一定的剂量效应。本研究结果为进一步深入探究茶多糖防辐射作用机理提供了新参考,也为雅安藏茶辐照保健功效研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

Effect of gamma and e-beam radiation on the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris thymoliferum, Eucalyptus radiata, and Lavandula angustifolia

The microbiological contamination of raw plant materials is common and may be adequately reduced by radiation processing. This study evaluated the effects of gamma- and e-beam ionizing radiations (25 kGy) on three plants used as food or as medicinal products (Thymus vulgaris L., Eucalyptus radiata D.C., and Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) as well as their effects on extracted or commercial essential oils and pure standard samples. Comparison between irradiated and nonirradiated samples was performed by GC/FID and GC/MS. At the studied doses, gamma and e-beam ionizing radiation did not induce any detectable qualitative or quantitative significant changes in the contents and yields of essential oils immediately after ionizing radiation of plants or commercial essential oils and standards. As the maximum dose tested (25 kGy) is a sterilizing dose (much higher than doses used for decontamination of vegetable drugs), it is likely that even decontamination with lower doses will not modify yields or composition of essential oils of these three plants.     

液体食品辐照时的过氧化氢

本文研究了白酒、黄酒、酱油、醋及糖类溶液辐照时产生过氧化氢的情况。辐照白酒时,过氧化氢随辐照剂量的增加而增加,100krad达最大值,嗣后,随剂量增大而逐渐下降,如果辐照时通入空气,直至300krad辐照,过氧化氢仍在继续增加。糖类能降低辐照溶液中的过氧化氢。辐照酱油、醋、中药溶液后,很难测出过氧化氢的存在。     

高能重离子束和X射线辐射水稻幼苗的当代生物学效应研究

为探究高能重离子束和X射线辐射对水稻幼苗生长发育和生理特性的影响,使用5~40 Gy的高能碳离子束和10~80 Gy的X射线辐射处理粳稻Kitaake幼苗,测定根长、芽长、苗高、株高、分蘖数、结实率、千粒重、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性及遗传物质多态性指标。结果表明,高能重离子束或X射线辐射水稻幼苗后,其根长和芽长均呈现随辐射剂量增加而降低的趋势,但存活植株成熟期的株高与未辐射组相比差异不显著;M₁植株结实率及种子千粒重随剂量升高呈下降趋势,在较高剂量下表现为显著降低。辐射处理后相对根长约为69%时,两种辐射对幼苗的根及芽在较短时间内的抗氧化系统存在显著影响。与未辐射组相比高能碳离子束辐射组的叶绿素含量和F_v/F_m值均无显著差异,而X射线辐射处理组的叶绿素含量较高、F_v/F_m值降低。20 Gy高能碳离子束辐射处理水稻幼苗简单重复序列间扩增(ISSR)多态率为29.31%,40 Gy X射线辐射处理水稻幼苗ISSR多态率为37.76%。本研究结果为不同电离辐射处理水稻幼苗提供了推荐的诱变剂量区间:高能碳离子束20~30 Gy,X射线30~40 Gy。     

壳聚糖电离辐射降解的研究

利用60 Coγ射线辐照技术 ,研究了壳聚糖辐射降解后产物分子量、粘度、微量元素与辐照剂量之间的关系。结果表明 ,1 0～ 45 0kGy的辐照剂量可以使壳聚糖的相对分子量由 8 2× 1 0 5降至 1 0× 1 0 3 左右 ,降解效果明显 ,最适辐照降解剂量为 47 75kGy ;经 1 0～ 45 0kGy剂量辐照 ,壳聚糖粘度减小 ,分子量和粘度均随辐照剂量的增大而降低。     

电子束辐照对大米营养和蒸煮品质的影响

为进一步发展、完善辐照杀虫灭菌技术应用于储粮方面的理论研究,该研究采用0、0.83、1.56、2.30、4.93kGy不同剂量的电子束辐照大米样品,考察其对大米品质的影响。结果表明:不同剂量的电子束辐照对大米的蛋白质含量、氨基酸的含量与组成无明显影响(p>0.05);随着辐照剂量的增加,大米的脂肪酸值、胶稠度升高(p<0.05),吸水率、膨胀率下降(p<0.05);电子束辐照对大米糊化温度的影响不明显(p>0.05),但显著降低大米的峰值黏度、衰减值、回生值(p<0.05),明显影响米饭的蒸煮品质(p<0.05),剂量为4.93kGy时蒸煮米饭出现明显的褐变。电子束辐照大米的剂量不宜超过2.30kGy,以0.83kGy的辐照剂量较佳,该研究结果将为储藏和进出口检疫中对大米进行辐照杀虫、灭菌时的剂量选择提供参考。     

增强UV-B辐射对光氧化水稻812HS光合特性和生长的影响

为了解光氧化水稻的光合特性对UV-B辐射的反应,以籼稻两用不育系812S(野生型)及其光氧化突变株系812HS为材料,在自然条件下,采用40 kJ·m^-2·d^-1剂量的UV-B增强辐射处理植株65 d,分别在幼苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期进行相关生理指标检测和分析。结果表明,与自然光照条件相比,增强UV-B辐射使812HS的分蘖数和有效分蘖数减少,植株矮化,但对其生长抑制程度弱于普通水稻;812HS的叶绿素含量在分蘖期显著降低,但降低幅度低于普通水稻,抽穗期后叶绿素含量显著增加,尤其是在灌浆期,812HS叶绿体含量的增加幅度较普通水稻极显著多出34.3个百分点。增强UV-B辐射处理后,812HS的PSⅡ原初光转化效率(F_v/F_m)在分蘖期的提高幅度比普通水稻大,而在拔节期和灌浆期则明显低于普通水稻。PSⅡ失活的原因是质体醌PQs和PSI蛋白复合体对UV-B辐射敏感,电子从QA-向QB^-传递过程受阻,致使快还原型库PQ受影响,说明增强UV-B辐射会抑制水稻的光合作用和生长,但对光氧化水稻812HS的抑制效应弱于普通水稻。本研究结果对于深入了解水稻的光氧化知识和丰富水稻栽培生理知识具有积极意义。     

辐照山茶扦插生根特性研究

以12个山茶种和品种的嫩枝插条为材料,对60Co辐照山茶扦插生根特性进行了研究。结果表明,山茶扦插成活率在辐照剂量为5、10或15Gy时升高,部分高于对照,在20、25Gy时明显降低,且远低于对照。辐照的山茶扦插生根的根数和长度不完全一致,随剂量升高呈先升高再降低的趋势或波动性变化;5~15Gy为适宜辐照剂量,在此范围内,平均根数、平均根长和最长根长均达最大值,且高于对照。