Effects of benazepril hydrochloride in cats with experimentally induced or spontaneously occurring chronic renal failure

We examined effects of an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor, benazepril hydrochloride (BH), on renal hypertension and chronic renal failure (CRF) in cats. For experimental CRF, healthy cats (n=5) underwent 7/8 renal ablation. After renal insufficiency and hypertension were confirmed by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and telemetric recording of systemic blood pressure, BH was administered orally once daily at 0.9 to 2.0 mg/kg/day for 2 to 3 weeks. Within 2 months after renal ablation, renal failure and hypertension developed as evidenced by significant increases in BUN, serum creatinine and systemic blood pressure (p<0.01 or 0.05) and significantly decreased creatinine clearance accompanied by elevated plasma renin activity, angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone (p<0.01 or 0.05). BH administration corrected systemic hypertension (p<0.05) and significantly reduced angiotensin II and aldosterone (p<0.05). Upon discontinuation of BH, these values returned to the pre-administration levels. Studies on spontaneous CRF enrolled 11 cats with spontaneously occurring CRF. BH was administered orally to 6 cats once daily for 24 weeks at a final dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day, while 5 cats served as control. BH administration reduced serum creatinine and urinary protein concentration in every cat. Results demonstrate that in cats, loss of renal mass leads to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and associated renal hypertension, and indicate that BH is effective in correcting renal hypertension and may provide renal benefits to cats with CRF.     

Influence of ascorbic acid on BUN, creatinine, resistive index in canine renal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Renal ischemia as a course of renal transplantation is a common cause of renal dysfunction as renal failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ascorbic acid on blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and resistive index (RI) for dog models with renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Renal ischemia was induced on 6 Beagle dogs. The left kidney was exposed to normothermic ischemia for a short period at 30 min followed by reperfusion. On the blood Cr level and RI, there was no significant difference comparing both groups. 14 days after I/R injury a significant reduction on the blood BUN level was observed in the vehicle group (34.06 mg/dl) compared to that of ischemia induced treated group (10.3mg/dl) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, administration of ascorbic acid for renal ischemic-reperfusion injury had influence on blood BUN level, but it was not revealed the influence on blood Cr and RI.     

Acute renal failure associated with contrast medium administration in a dog.

Intravenous administration of an ionic radiographic contrast medium was believed to have caused acute oliguric renal failure in a young dog. Intravenous pyelography was done on a healthy 14-month-old female Lhasa Apso prior to reconstructive surgery for pseudohermaphroditism. Within 24 hours of the radiographic procedure, acute oliguric renal failure developed. Cause for the renal failure was not found other than the recent IV administration of radiographic contrast medium. Treatment with fluids, furosemide, and dopamine was successful in returning renal function to normal. Various adverse reactions to IV administration of contrast media in human beings and animals have been reported; however, to our knowledge, acute renal dysfunction induced by IV administration of contrast material has not been reported in dogs.     

辣蓼黄酮提取物的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性研究

【目的】 明确辣蓼黄酮提取物的毒理作用,评价其安全性。【方法】 在急性毒性试验预试验中,选取20只健康SPF级昆明系小鼠,随机分为6组,对照组(0 g/kg BW)和辣蓼黄酮提取物1~5组(灌胃给予辣蓼黄酮提取物20、10、5、2.5和1.25 g/kg BW),连续观察7 d,记录小鼠中毒和死亡情况。在急性毒性试验的最大给药量试验中,对20只小鼠分3次在24 h内按照30 g/kg BW灌胃给药,观察其生理状态,中毒情况及有无死亡情况,于试验第8天剖检观察其脏器有无异常情况。在亚慢性毒性试验中,取80只健康SPF级SD大鼠,随机分为4组,对照组(0 g/kg BW)和辣蓼黄酮高、中、低剂量组(分别灌胃给予辣蓼黄酮提取物20、10和5 g/kg BW),每组20只大鼠(雌、雄各半),喂养30 d,记录其体重、摄食量和饮水量。停药第7天,采血进行血常规和血液生化指标检查,计算其脏器指数,并进行组织病理学检查。【结果】 急性毒性试验各剂量组小鼠均未出现死亡情况,无法得出辣蓼黄酮提取物的半数致死量(LD₅₀),小鼠对辣蓼黄酮提取物的最大耐受量为30 g/kg BW,说明辣蓼黄酮提取物安全无急性毒性。亚慢性毒性试验中,各给药组大鼠体重、饮水量、采食量及脏器系数与对照组虽有差异,但在正常范围内。给药30 d血常规指标中,与对照组相比,高剂量组大鼠白细胞及淋巴细胞显著下降(P<0.05),中性粒细胞显著上升(P<0.05);中剂量组大鼠白细胞显著或极显著下降(P<0.05;P<0.01);其余各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。血液生化指标中,与对照组相比,高剂量组大鼠甘油三酯(TG)水平显著上升(P<0.05),尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(CREA)、总胆红素(TBIL)水平显著下降(P<0.05);中剂量组大鼠BUN水平显著下降(P<0.05),CREA水平显著上升(P<0.05),低剂量组大鼠谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、TG水平显著上升(P<0.05),BUN水平显著下降(P<0.05),其余各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。剖检和病理学检查未见明显异常变化,说明辣蓼黄酮提取物安全无亚慢性毒性。【结论】 5 g/kg BW及以下的辣蓼黄酮提取物无毒副作用,安全性好。     

地菍总黄酮的急性毒性及降糖活性研究

本研究旨在探讨地菍总黄酮的急性毒性及对糖尿病小鼠的降血糖活性。试验以单次最大给药剂量（5.6 mg/g体重）和最大给药体积（40 μL/g体重）的地菍总黄酮混悬液对正常小鼠进行灌胃。24 h内给药2次后连续观察14 d,记录小鼠的存活情况及一般状态,给药14 d后采集小鼠血清并检测谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）活性及肌酐（Cre）、尿素氮（BUN）含量,计算小鼠心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏的质量系数。采用一次性腹腔注射0.160 mg/g体重链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立糖尿病小鼠模型,验证地菍总黄酮对糖尿病小鼠的保护作用。试验设空白组、模型组、二甲双胍组（0.6 mg/g体重）、地菍总黄酮高剂量、中剂量及低剂量组（1.2、0.8、0.53 mg/g体重）,连续给药21 d后,测定各组小鼠空腹血糖（FBG）、体重、采食量、饮水量及24 h尿蛋白含量。地菍总黄酮急性毒性试验结果显示,地菍总黄酮灌胃给药的日最大给药量为11.2 mg/g体重;给药后14 d,与正常组相比,给药组小鼠体重、各脏器质量系数、血清中AST、ALT活性及Cre、BUN含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。在验证地菍总黄酮降血糖活性试验中,与模型组相比,地菍总黄酮给药组小鼠FBG、饮水量、采食量显著或极显著降低（P<0.05;P<0.01）。上述结果证实地菍总黄酮安全性高,未引起试验小鼠明显的急性毒性反应,并可有效降低糖尿病小鼠血糖含量,缓解小鼠糖尿病症状。     

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE SCINTIGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION IN DOGS EXPOSED TO TOXIC DOSES OF GENTAMICIN

Five, 3-month-old mongrel dogs weighing between 4.5 to 5.5 kg were studied to evaluate and compare the efficiency of 99mTc-DTPA, 99mTc-MAG3, and 99mTc-DMSA in detecting gentamicin-induced renal tubular injury. After baseline renograms using all three methods, all dogs received daily intramuscular injections of gentamicin at a dose of 30-45 mg/kg. Additional studies were obtained after a cumulative dose of 450, 1,575, and 2,250 mg of gentamicin was reached. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and percentage of total renal uptake measurements were calculated. Baseline and post-gentamicin injection blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine values were determined. A Duncan test revealed significant renal function impairment at 450 mgs of cumulated gentamicin with 99mTc-DMSA and at 1,575 mgs of cumulated gentamicin for 99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc-MAG3. There was no correlation between BUN and serum creatinine values when compared to gentamicin (p > 0.05). The images obtained with 99mTc-MAG3 were of better quality than those obtained with 99mTc-DTPA even under severe renal dysfunction. Percentage of 99mTc-DMSA uptake indicated renal damage, before than GFR and ERPF. BUN and serum creatinine measurements were poor indicators of gentamicin-induced renal failure.     

Development of hypertension and effects of benazepril hydrochloride in a canine remnant kidney model of chronic renal failure

In order to determine whether hypertension would develop in dogs with chronic renal failure, we performed 7/8 renal ablation in 6 healthy dogs and compared pre- and post-ablation blood pressures determined by telemetry. One month after the renal ablation, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly increased (p<0.05), creatinine clearance was decreased (p<0.05), and blood pressure was increased significantly (p<0.05). Simultaneously, plasma renin activity, angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone were elevated significantly (p<0.05) compared with the values obtained from 11 healthy dogs with intact renal function. The dogs with induced renal failure and hypertension were administered an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, benazepril hydrochloride, once daily for 2 weeks at 2 mg/kg body weight, and changes in blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system were determined. During the administration of benazepril hydrochloride, blood pressure, angiotensin II and aldosterone decreased significantly (p<0.05) and, upon discontinuation of administration, increased to the pre-administration levels (p<0.05). Plasma renin activity and angiotensin I showed no significant changes throughout the administration study. These results provide experimental evidence that hypertension develops in dogs with chronic renal failure through mechanisms involving the RAA system and demonstrate that benazepril hydrochloride improves renal hypertension in dogs.     

加丽素红对鸡尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮的影响

本试验旨在研究加丽素红对鸡尿酸(RUIC)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)等肾脏功能指标的影响。选取90只19周龄健康海兰鸡,随机分为对照组(0 mg/kg)、低剂量组(80 mg/kg)和高剂量组(8000 mg/kg),饲喂30 d后,休药30 d,每10 d测量1次肾脏功能指标。给药期和休药期各剂量组3项指标与对照组相比均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结果提示,若海兰鸡长期食用含有加丽素红的饲料,则可能导致鸡痛风病、肾脏病变。     

高通量测序研究慢性肾衰竭对宠物犬肠道菌群多样性的影响及基因功能预测分析

旨在通过高通量测序研究慢性肾衰竭（chronic renal failure,CRF）对宠物犬肠道菌群多样性的影响,并预测分析菌群的基因功能。本研究选取30只2岁健康犬,随机等分为慢性肾衰竭模型组（CRF,肾动脉结扎法制备）、假手术对照组（Sham）和健康对照组（HCG）,常规饲养,试验周期56 d。试验过程中,定期检测血肌酐（Scr）、血尿素氮（BUN）和尿蛋白/肌酐比（UP/C）,无菌采集新鲜粪便进行细菌16S rDNA测序,分析慢性肾衰竭对犬肠道菌群结构、多样性与功能的影响,并以CRF组差异菌群为自变量进行主成分Logistic回归分析,构建菌群标志物综合指数（FMI）用于慢性肾衰竭预测。结果显示：1）从试验后第28天开始,CRF组Scr、BUN和UP/C分别显著高于自身试验前、HCG组和Sham组（P<0.05）。2） CRF组不同时间点肠道菌群有显著差异,第56天时的Chao 1指数、Shannon指数均降低,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、变形杆菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的相对丰度增加,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）数量减少,与0 d和28 d比较差异显著（P<0.05）,与同时间点HCB组及Sham组比较差异显著（P<0.05）。3）组间菌群LEfSe分析发现,CRF组富集了20个物种,主要包括假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、埃希氏菌属（Escherichia）和变形杆菌属（Proteus）等,这些物种与肠道其他菌属间多呈负相关关系;差异物种基因主要富集在氨基酸代谢、糖生物合成和代谢以及碳水化合物代谢等代谢途径。用这些差异物种构建的FMI,其ROC曲线AUC为0.788,可作为犬CRF的肠道微生物标志物。以上结果表明,慢性肾衰竭可以使犬肠道菌群多样性降低、菌群结构失调以及菌群功能改变,且CRF患犬肠道中富集的菌群可作为该病的肠道微生物标志物,以FMI预测效果最好。     

High Throughput Sequencing to Study the Effect of Chronic Renal Failure on the Diversity and Gene Function Prediction of Gut Microbiota in Dogs

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic renal failure(CRF) on the gut microbiota diversity and predict the gene function of the flora. A total of 30 2-year-old dogs were selected and randomly divided into the chronic renal failure model group (CRF, established by renal artery ligation), sham operation control group (Sham) and healthy control group (HCG). All animals were fed normally during the 56 days of test period. The serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine protein / creatinine ratio (UP/C) were detected regularly during the experiment. The effects of chronic renal failure on the structure, diversity and function of gut microbiota were analyzed according to the result of bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing from fresh feces collected without contamination. The flora markers index (FMI) was constructed based on the principal component Logistic regression analysis of different microbiota in CRF group to predict the development of chronic renal failure. The results showed that: 1) The levels of Scr, BUN and UP/C in CRF group from the start of the 28th day of the experiment were significantly higher than those of HCG group and Sham group (P<0.05), and significantly higher than that of the first day of CRF group (P<0.05). 2) Compared with those before chronic renal failure (CRF group at day 0 and 28), HCG group and Sham group, the Chao 1 diversity and Shannon diversity of gut microbiota in CRF group at day 56 were significantly lower (P<0.05), while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria significantly increased and the number of Firmicutes significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) LEfSe analysis showed that 20 species were enriched in CRF group, mainly including Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Proteus and so on, and most of them had negative correlation with other intestinal bacteria. Functional prediction revealed that genes of those different species were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, sugar biosynthesis and metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism in CRF group. The area under ROC curve (AUC) of the FMI constructed with those species enriched was 0.788, which could be used as the intestinal microbial marker for CRF in dogs. In summary, chronic renal failure can reduce the diversity of intestinal microbiota, lead to the imbalance of bacterial structure and change of bacterial function. Moreover, the enriched gut microbiota in CRF group can be used as the intestinal microbial marker of CRF in dogs, and the best prediction effect can be obtained by FMI.     

Methylamine induced hypophagia is mediated via dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in neonatal meat chicks

Recently, methylamine has been found as an endogenous amine, which is controling food intake in mammals. However, there is no evidence about the effect of methylamine on feeding behavior in poultry. So, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of methylamine and involvement of central methylamine/dopaminergic systems on feeding behavior in neonatal meat type chicks. In experiment 1, chicks were ICV injected with different doses of methylamine (0.48, 0.96, 1.44, 1.92 and 2.40 μmol). In experiment 2, chicks received a dose of either the control solution, 2.40 μmol methylamine, 125 nmol L-DOPA (dopamine precursor) or a combination of methylamine plus L-DOPA. Experiments 3–7 were similar to experiment 2 except that 150 nmol 6-OHDA (dopamine synthase inhibitor), 5 nmol SCH23390 (D1 receptor antagonist), 5 nmol AMI-193 (D2 receptor antagonist), 6.4 nmol NGB2904 (D3 receptor antagonist) and 6 nmol L-741, 742 (D4 receptor antagonist) were used instead of 125 nmol L-DOPA, respectively. Cumulative food intake was determined until 2 h post-injection. According to the results, methylamine significantly decreased food intake in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05). The inhibitory effect of methylamine on food intake was significantly attenuated by 6-OHDA, SCH23390 and AMI-193 (P < 0.05), but NGB2904 and L-741, 742 had no effect on food intake induced by methylamine. In addition, hypophagic effect of methylamine significantly amplified by L-DOPA (P < 0.05). These results suggest that methylamine decrease food intake and there is an interaction between methylamine and dopaminergic system via D1 and D2 receptors in chickens.     

亚慢性铝暴露对大鼠肾脏功能的影响

选用40只4周龄清洁级Wistar大鼠预饲1周后随机均分为4组,即对照组（C组）、低剂量组（L组）、中剂量组（M组）和高剂量组（H组）。分别于饮水中添加0,64．18,128．36,256．72mg／kg的A1C13,建立亚慢性铝暴露大鼠模型。于试验120d处死大鼠,全自动生化分析仪检测血清中尿素氮（BUN）、尿酸（UA）、肌酐（Cr）以及尿液中肌酐（Cr）、尿总蛋白（TP）含量,并计算24h肌酐清除率。结果显示：染铝大鼠血清BUN和UA水平高于C组,且随染铝剂量增加呈升高趋势,但无统计学意义;24h肌酐清除率低于C组,TP含量高于C组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,且存在剂量-效应关系。结果说明,亚慢性铝暴露可致大鼠早期肾功能损伤。     

USE OF IOHEXOL AS A GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST MEDIUM IN THE DOG

Iohexol was administered orally in five dogs. The dose, gastrointestinal (GI) transit time, appearance of mucosal patterns and side effects were studied. Three different doses (525, 700, 875 mgI/kg) were used in each dog at 1-week intervals. GI transit time was rapid. In each dose, gastric emptying commenced immediately after administration of the contrast medium, and was completed within 30–60 min with doses of 525–700 mgI/kg and 90–120 min with 875 mgI/kg. Large intestinal filling was observed within 60-90 min. In the majority of studies, the mucosal border appeared as a thin homogeneous halo of lucency surrounding the more opaque bowel lumen contents. The contrast intensity was not adequate with the lowest dose. The image quality did not deteriorate along the GI tract. No adverse reactions were found. Iohexol is an alternative GI contrast medium in the dog when contrast media are contraindicated.     

三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸混合物对小鼠肾脏的影响

40只21日龄SPF雄性昆明小鼠随机分为4组,三聚氰胺(MA)和三聚氰酸(CA)按1∶1比例混合染毒,分别给予低剂量(0.6 mg.kg-1)、中剂量(3 mg.kg-1)和高剂量(15 mg.kg-1),连续30 d灌胃,玉米油作溶剂,对照组灌胃等量的溶剂玉米油。最后一次染毒后24 h,眼静脉采集小鼠血液,无痛处死小鼠。分离小鼠血清,测定血清肌酐(Cr)及尿素氮(BUN)含量,对肾脏组织进行光镜和电镜观察。肾脏功能指标测定结果表明:与对照组相比,中、高剂量组小鼠血清肌酐、尿素氮含量显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);HE及PAS法观察结果显示:低、中剂量组小鼠肾脏肾小管管腔轻微扩张,中剂量组小鼠肾脏局部出现溶解的结晶,高剂量组小鼠肾脏肾小管中出现晶体,肾小管管腔极度扩张,小管上皮细胞扁平化,刷状缘破损,间质不同程度炎性细胞浸润,纤维结缔组织增生等病理改变。     

胍基乙酸对肉鸡的适用阶段及饲粮蛋氨酸配套强化效果研究

本研究基于生长性能和肉品质,评价胍基乙酸(GAA)对肉鸡的适用阶段和饲粮蛋氨酸(Met)配套强化效果。选取1日龄雄性爱拔益加肉仔鸡1920只,随机分为16组,每组设6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。试验分前期(1~21日龄)和后期(22~42日龄)2个饲养阶段,1组为对照组,饲喂常规饲粮(Met水平前期为0.50%,后期为0.40%)。2~6组仅在前期设置Met或GAA处理,其中,2组只把饲粮Met的水平提高至0.65%;3~6组采用双因素完全随机设计,2个饲粮Met水平分别为0.50%和0.65%,2个GAA添加量分别为300和600 mg/kg。7~11组仅在后期设置Met或GAA处理,其中,7组只把饲粮Met水平提高至0.55%;8~11组采用双因素完全随机设计,2个饲粮Met水平分别为0.40%和0.55%,2个GAA添加量分别为400和800 mg/kg。12~16组在全期(1~42日龄)设置Met或GAA处理,前期和后期饲粮设置分别同2~6组和7~11组。试验期42 d。结果发现:1)与对照组相比,只在前期饲喂高剂量GAA并强化Met供应能够显著提高1~21日龄平均日增重和21日龄体重(P<0.05),显著降低1~21日龄料重比(P<0.05);仅在后期饲喂高剂量GAA能够显著提高22~42日龄平均日增重,显著降低22~42日龄料重比(P<0.05),同时强化Met供应还可显著提高1~42日龄平均日增重及42日龄体重、胸肌指数(P<0.05),显著降低22~42日龄和1~42日龄料重比及42日龄腹脂指数(P<0.05);全期饲喂高剂量GAA能够提高22~42日龄和1~42日龄平均日增重及42日龄体重和胸肌指数(P<0.05),显著降低22~42日龄和1~42日龄料重比及42日龄腹脂指数(P<0.05),同时强化Met供应还可显著提高1~21日龄平均日增重和21日龄体重(P<0.05),显著降低1~21日龄、22~42日龄和1~42日龄料重比(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,全期单独强化饲粮Met或联合添加低剂量GAA可以显著降低42日龄胸肌、腿肌亮度(L^∗)值和剪切力(P<0.05),提高红度(a^∗)值和24 h pH(pHu)(P<0.05);单独饲喂GAA对肉品质无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可见,当全程饲喂高剂量GAA时,无需额外补充Met就可使肉鸡终末体重和胴体质量达到最佳;若要阶段性使用GAA,宜在后期高剂量添加且同时补充Met。     

Effects of Compound Codonopsis Oral Liquids on Immune Molecules with Immunological Stress in Layer Chickens

The test was aimed at determining the effects of compound Codonopsis oral liquids with Codonopsis pilosula as monarch drug on levels of IgG,IL-2 and ACTH of serum with immunological stress in layer chickens.One hundred and fifty healthy chickens at one day old with the same body weight were divided into five groups of 30 chickens per group:High dose group,medium dose group,low dose group,model control group and base control group,respectively.From the 3 days old,the high,medium and low dose groups were respectively administered 8,4 and 2 mg/(kg·BW) compound Codonopsis oral liquids for 10 days;The chickens of 3 different dose groups and model control group were intramuscularly injected Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines Ⅰ to make immunosuppressive models on 7th day.The samples were collected and IgG,IL-2 and ACTH contents in serum were determined on the 8th,16th,24th,32th and 40th day.The results showed that on the 16th,24th and 32th day,the IgG content of 3 different dose groups were extremely significantly higher than that of model control group (P<0.01),and high dose group>middle dose group>low dose group.On the 8th and 16th day,the IL-2 level of high and middle dose groups were extremely significantly or significantly higher than that of model control group (P<0.05;P<0.01),and on the 24th and 40th day,3 different dose groups were extremely significantly higher than that of model control group (P<0.01),and that of high dose group was extremely significantly higher (P<0.01)while middle dose group was significantly higher (P<0.05)than the model control group on the 32th day;On the 8th,16th,24th and 40th day,the ACTH content of high and middle dose groups were extremely significantly or significantly lower than that of model control group (P<0.05;P<0.01),and that of high dose group was significantly lower than model control group on the 32th day (P<0.05).At the late experiment period,the ACTH content of 3 different dose groups were gradually became similar to base control group,indicating that the effect of immunosuppressant on ACTH was transient.In conclusion,the compound Codonopsis oral liquids could increase the level of levels of IgG,IL-2 and reduce the level of ACTH of serum,but it could not decrease to the level of base control group,and high dose had better effects.     

复方党参口服液对免疫应激蛋雏鸡免疫分子的影响

本试验旨在研究以党参为君药制成的复方党参口服液对免疫应激状态下的蛋雏鸡血清IgG、白细胞介素-2和血清促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）水平的影响。本试验将150羽体重相近健康的1日龄蛋雏鸡随机分成5组,每组30羽,即高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组、模型对照组和基础组,从3日龄开始,高、中、低剂量组分别按8、4、2 mg/kg体重饮水添加口服液,连续添加10 d。7日龄时高、中、低及模型对照组肌肉免疫注射新城疫Ⅰ系疫苗制造免疫抑制模型,基础组不做任何处理。分别于8、16、24、32、40日龄采血测定复方党参口服液对免疫分子的影响。结果显示,在16、24、32日龄时,高、中、低剂量组血清IgG含量均极显著高于模型对照组（P<0.01）,且3个剂量组中免疫抑制雏鸡血清IgG含量由高到低依次为：高剂量 > 中剂量 > 低剂量;在8、16日龄时,高、中剂量组血清IL-2含量显著或极显著高于模型对照组（P<0.05;P<0.01）,24、40日龄时,3个剂量组均极显著高于模型对照组（P<0.01）,32日龄时,高剂量组极显著高于模型对照组（P<0.01）,中剂量组显著高于模型对照组（P<0.01）;在8、16、24和40日龄时,高、中剂量组血清ACTH含量显著或极显著低于模型对照组（P<0.05;P<0.01）,32日龄时,高剂量组显著低于模型对照组（P<0.05）,试验后期3个剂量组和模型对照组的ACTH水平逐渐接近于基础组,说明免疫应激对ACTH的升高呈现一过性。综上所述,复方党参口服液能提高免疫应激蛋雏鸡血清中IgG和IL-2水平,降低ACTH的水平,但是不能降低到基础组的正常水平,综合来看,高剂量组复方党参口服液效果最优。     

Effect of fenoldopam on renal function after nephrotomy in normal dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of fenoldopam on renal function in normal dogs subjected to bisection nephrotomy. In addition, effects of bisection nephrotomy on renal function in normal dogs were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled, randomized, blinded experiment. SAMPLE POPULATION: Sixteen mixed-breed adult dogs. METHODS: Dogs were paired for sex, body weight, and approximate age and assigned to 1 of 2 groups: fenoldopam (F) or placebo (P). Baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on quantitative renal scintigraphy using (99m)Tc-DTPA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), urinalysis, and urine culture were performed before surgery. Left nephrotomy was performed via median celiotomy. Group F dogs were administered intravenous (IV) fenoldopam (0.1 microg/kg/min) for 90 minutes, whereas group P dogs were administered an equivalent volume of saline (0.9 % NaCl) solution for 90 minutes. Temperature, heart rate, respiration, direct arterial blood pressure, and urine volume were recorded during anesthesia. Renal function was assessed by measuring SCr, BUN, and GFR at 1, 21, and 42 days after surgery. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between groups in measured physiologic variables. No significant difference in GFR, BUN, or SCr between groups or between operated or control kidneys was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Bisection nephrotomy in normal dogs with renal arterial occlusion of 15 minutes and using a simple continuous capsular closure does not adversely affect renal function. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bisection nephrotomy, as described in this study, does not decrease renal function; perioperative administration of renoprotective agents is not necessary in normal dogs.     

植物乳杆菌对肉鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究植物乳杆菌对肉鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响,以探讨植物乳杆菌作为生长促进剂及疾病治疗剂的可能性及其适宜的添加剂量.采用2×3复因子试验设计,即大肠杆菌O78攻毒与未攻毒2个处理和植物乳杆菌3个添加水平(0、0.8‰、1.6‰),选用180只AA肉鸡,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只.试验期42 d,分为前期(1~21 d)和后期(22~42 d).结果表明,攻毒后1~42日龄肉鸡平均日增重(ADG)显著降低(P <0.05),料重比(F/G)显著升高(P <0.05),同时21日龄肉鸡血清AST、ALT、ALP和BUN水平显著升高(P <0.05),TP、GLB水平显著降低(P <0.05),42日龄肉鸡血清ALB、AST、ALT和ALP水平显著升高(P <0.05);日粮中添加植物乳杆菌能提高1~42日龄肉鸡ADG,降低ADFI、F/G,同时可显著提高21日龄攻毒肉鸡血清TP、ALB、GLU水平及42日龄攻毒肉鸡血清TP、GLB水平(P <0.05),显著降低21日龄攻毒肉鸡血清ALP、BUN水平及42日龄攻毒肉鸡血清ALT、ALP、BUN水平(P <0.05);攻毒因素与植物乳杆菌水平因素二者的互作效应对后期(22~42 d)肉鸡F/G有显著影响(P <0.05),对21日龄肉鸡血清ALB、GLU、ALP及42日龄肉鸡血清ALT、ALP有极显著影响(P <0.01).综上所述,植物乳杆菌能提高肉鸡的生长性能,改善血液生化指标,且添加1.6‰植物乳杆菌的总体效果均优于0.8‰的添加量,可以考虑将其作为一种新型的替代抗生素的微生态制剂.     

亚硒酸钠对雌鼠生殖系统毒性作用的研究

为探讨高硒亚急性中毒对雌鼠生殖系统的毒性作用。将40只6周龄雌性小鼠随机分为对照组(0.00mg/kg体重.d)、低剂量组(0.135mg/kg体重)、中剂量组(0.54mg/kg体重)、高剂量组(2.16mg/kg体重),连续灌胃30d,研究亚硒酸钠对雌性小鼠的生长发育、生殖系统脏器指数、生殖系统超微结构、组织硒含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的影响。结果显示,第30天时染硒组小鼠体重极显著小于对照组(P<0.01),体重增幅随染硒剂量增加而降低;对照组的卵巢指数与高剂量组差异极显著(P<0.01),对照组子宫指数与中剂量组差异极显著(P<0.01),与其他两组差异显著(P<0.05),随着染毒剂量增加,卵巢指数下降,而子宫指数先升高后降低;对照组卵巢、子宫细胞发育良好,染硒组卵巢、子宫细胞均有不同程度的变性坏死,呈现凋亡细胞的典型特征;染硒组卵巢、子宫硒含量和对照组卵巢、子宫硒含量差异显著(P<0.05),其硒含量随染硒剂量增加而增加,表现出弱蓄积性;染硒组小鼠血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),与给硒剂量有明显负相关趋势。表明亚硒酸钠染毒可阻碍小鼠的生长发育,作用于生殖系统且有一定毒性作用,呈剂量效应关系。高硒状态下谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性与给硒剂量有明显负相关趋势。