海南中部山区天然林物种组成与群落特征变化

为了揭示受20世纪50年代砍伐影响的热带天然林在自然恢复过程中物种组成与群落特征变化趋势,以海南中部山区山地雨林原始林、低地雨林次生林、山地雨林次生林、云雾林次生林4个森林动态样地为对象,基于2012—2020年2次植被调查,从物种组成、区系组成、群落外貌特征等方面分析群落动态特点。结果表明：2012—2020年,（1）山地雨林原始林S?rensen群落相似度为0.960,物种组成最稳定;低地雨林次生林为0.921;山地雨林次生林为0.889;云雾林次生林为0.794,物种更替最明显。随着短期演替进行,各群落间S?rensen群落相似度升高,多年来有更多相同的物种。（2）各群落排名第1的优势种重要值均降低,云雾林次生林优势种重要值下降明显,向更为混合的多优势种群落发展。（3）随着短期演替进行,群落郁闭度增加,喜阳的前中期树种逐渐被耐荫的演替中后期种替代,分布区窄的海南特有种作为补员树种进入群落。（4）各群落均以热带区分布为绝对优势,并以热带亚洲（印度-马来西亚）分布为主。随海拔升高,温度降低,呈现出热带性减弱、温带性加强的特点。8年间,植物区系地理成分更加复杂。（5）叶性质呈现出以中型...     

Fossil birds from the hawaiian islands: evidence for wholesale extinction by man before Western contact

Thousands of fossil bird bones from the Hawaiian Islands collected since 1971 include remains of at least 39 species of land birds that are not known to have survived into the historic period; this more than doubles the number of endemic species of land birds previously known from the main islands. Bones were found in deposits of late Quaternary age; most are Holocene and many are contemporaneous with Polynesian culture. The loss of species of birds appears to be due to predation and destruction of lowland habitats by humans before the arrival of Europeans. Because the historically known fauna and flora of the Hawaiian Islands represent only afraction of natural species diversity, biogeographical inferences about natural processes based only on historically known taxa may be misleading or incorrect.     

海南尖峰岭热带雨林区降雨和径流特征研究

[目的]研究海南尖峰岭热带雨林区降雨和径流特征。[方法]根据2007～2008年在海南尖峰岭热带雨林定位观测的降雨和径流数据,分析原始热带山地雨林、次生热带山地雨林和低地雨林等集水区的径流特征。[结果]林区在雨季能够有效削减洪峰,在旱季能够有效调节径流,表明具有较好的调洪补枯功能。林区雨季每公顷蓄水11 660～18 031 m3,从高到低分别为热带山地雨林次生林原始山地雨林低地雨林。旱季,热带山地雨林次生林和原始山地雨林每公顷补枯量分别为976.6和946.8 m3,低地雨林补枯功能不明显。[结论]该研究验证了热带雨林具有调洪补枯的功能假说。     

海南铜铁岭热带低地雨林植物区系研究

海南铜铁岭热带低地雨林的物种种类十分丰富,在2 600 m2的样地中有维管束植物88科、186属、258种.植物分布区类型组成,主产热带、亚热带的科占79.55%,热带分布属占旧世界分布属的95.08%;热带分布种占种总数的98.84%.热带分布的科、属中,以泛热带分布的科、属最多,分别占科、属总数的62.50%,28.49%.种的分布中以热带亚洲分布及其变型和中国特有成分占的比例最高,分别为55.43%和33.72%;分布至温带的科、属、种分别占科、属、种总数的19.32%,4.92%,1.16%.结果显示了铜铁岭低地雨林的热带北缘的性质.     

海南黑冠长臂猿栖息地群落优势种及采食植物生态位特性

应用样方调查法，研究了海南黑冠长臂猿Nomascus hainanus现生栖息地群落优势种及其采食植物生态位特点，以了解它们对生境的适应和相互之间的竞争状况．在4800m^2调查样方中，有41种海南黑冠长臂猿采食植物，占总种数190种的21．58％，但其重要值占58．89％．群落中生态位宽度在1以上者仅有24种，占12．63％，生态位宽度小于1者比例较大，共有166种，占87．36％，其中，采食植物生态位宽度大于1者只有13种，其余28种小于1者占采食植物总数的68．29％．生态位重叠值在0．5以上的17对种群中有12对为海南黑冠长臂猿采食植物．研究表明：海南黑冠长臂猿采食植物之间生境要求相似或者竞争较为激烈，迫切需要恢复栖息地低地雨林以使它们有更广阔更适宜的生存空间．     

云南片断化热带雨林生物多样性变化研究

鉴于目前热带地区生境破碎化和热带森林片断化已不可避免,基于以往的各种研究,总结了热带季节性雨林片段化后对生态和生物多样性等的影响。结果表明：片断化后,一些植物分类群（种、属、科）的优势度明显改变,单位面积上物种数减少了,并且干扰越严重且片断的面积越小,物种减少越明显;在生活型构成上,藤本植物和小高位芽植物相对增加,而附生植物,大、中高位芽植物和地上芽植物相对减少,同时发现具有较小种群的树种在片断雨林中会首先消失。在片断化的热带季节性雨林里,不同生态种组的物种发生了显著变化,阳性和先锋植物种类增加,耐阴和阴生植物种类减少;随着热带季节性雨林的片断化,其组成物种也发生了系统发育结构的改变：系统发育关系由聚集变为离散。热带季节性雨林片断化后,林缘产生了明显的“边缘效应”,森林边缘单位面积植物种数和个体数明显多于森林内部,并以藤本植物的增加最为显著;干扰越大的片断热带雨林,林缘和林内阳性植物的比例越大,差值越小;林缘优势植物科的数量相对增加了,即林缘种类主要集中在一些含先锋树种较多的科中,而林内的少种科的比例较高。热带季节性雨林主要通过林下存在的幼苗、幼树库来更新,林下种植会破坏热带雨林更新所依赖的幼苗、幼树库, 使热带雨林丧失更新能力。热带雨林变为橡胶林后,原来的物种极端丰富的乔木层变为仅由单一树种橡胶组成的乔木层,物种多样性大量丧失。     

Neutral ecological theory reveals isolation and rapid speciation in a biodiversity hot spot

South Africa's Mediterranean-climate fynbos shrubland is a hot spot of species diversity, but its diversity patterns contrast strongly with other high-diversity areas, including the Amazon rain forest. With its extremely high levels of endemism and species turnover, fynbos is made up of dissimilar local communities that are species-rich but relatively poor in rare species. Using neutral ecological theory, we show that the relative species-abundance distributions in fynbos can be explained by migration rates that are two orders of magnitude lower than they are in tropical rain forests. Speciation rates, which are indexed by the "biodiversity parameter" Theta, are estimated to be higher than they are in any previously examined plant system.     

关帝山神尾沟森林群落木本植物种间联结性与相关性研究

目的揭示云南西双版纳傣族自治州泥蜂物种多样性及其群落特征与不同生境之间的关系。方法采用马氏网诱集法系统调查研究自然恢复林区、人工辅助恢复林区、林间平台区、农林观赏区和热带雨林区等不同演替阶段生境中的泥蜂物种多样性及群落特征。结果在5个样地共诱集到泥蜂类昆虫2科19属72种,共计395头;含有种类数量最多的属为短翅泥蜂属(Trypoxylon),占全部种类的22.22%;含有个体数量最多的属为脊短柄泥蜂属(Psenulus),占全部泥蜂个体数量的29.87%。泥蜂群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数由大到小依次为：农林观赏区>自然恢复林区>热带雨林区>人工辅助恢复林区>林间平台区,但Pielou均匀度指数热带雨林区最高,Berger-Parker优势度指数农林观赏区最高;不同生境之间泥蜂群落相似性指数在0.0833~0.3617,表现为不相似或极不相似,表明不同生境类型决定了泥蜂类群和种类的分布。结论泥蜂物种多样性及其群落特征的变化与生态环境的演化密切相关,随着生态环境的复杂化,泥蜂群落优势类群更替趋势明显,优势类群增多。本研究结果对泥蜂与生态环境协同演化、泥蜂作为生态环境恢复程度指示物以及泥蜂保护和利用的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

菜阳河自然保护区天然植被物种多样性研究

采用植物群落学的原理和方法,对菜阳河自然保护区内的3种主要天然植被物种多样性进行研究 结果表明:植被型相同的群落间物种相似性程度较高,植被型不同的群落间物种相似性系数为山地雨林和季节雨林>山地雨林和季风常绿阔叶林>季节雨林和季风常绿阔叶林 季节雨林群落优势种明显,重要值集中在少数优势种上;山地雨林群落优势种不明显,重要值分布均匀;季风常绿阔叶林群落优势种明显,重要值分布不均匀 山地雨林群落物种丰富,多样性指数明显高于季节雨林群落和季风常绿阔叶林群落 季节雨林在物种多样性上表现最低     

Amazonian ecology: tributaries enhance the diversity of electric fishes

Neotropical rivers support a diverse array of endemic taxa, including electric fishes of the order Gymnotiformes. A comprehensive survey of the main channels of the Amazon River and its major tributaries (>2000-kilometer transect) yielded 43 electric fish species. Biogeographical analyses suggest that local mainstem electric fish diversity is enhanced by tributaries. Mainstem species richness tends to increase downstream of tributary confluences, and species composition is most similar between tributaries and adjacent downstream mainstem locations. These findings support a "nodal" or heterogeneous model of riverine community organization across a particularly extensive and diverse geographical region.     

Reconstruction of the Amazon Basin effective moisture availability over the past 14,000 years

Quantifying the moisture history of the Amazon Basin is essential for understanding the cause of rain forest diversity and its potential as a methane source. We reconstructed the Amazon River outflow history for the past 14,000 years to provide a moisture budget for the river drainage basin. The oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera recovered from a marine sediment core in a region of Amazon River discharge shows that the Amazon Basin was extremely dry during the Younger Dryas, with the discharge reduced by at least 40% as compared with that of today. After the Younger Dryas, a meltwater-driven discharge event was followed by a steady increase in the Amazon Basin effective moisture throughout the Holocene.     

Biogeographic evolution of Madagascar's microendemic biota

The endemic species richness on Madagascar, relative to landmass area, is unparalleled in the world. Many organisms on the island have restricted geographical ranges. A comprehensive hypothesis explaining the evolution of this microendemism has yet to be developed. Using an analysis of watersheds in the context of Quaternary climatic shifts, we provide a new mechanistic model to explain the process of explosive speciation on the island. River catchments with sources at relatively low elevations were zones of isolation and hence led to the speciation of locally endemic taxa, whereas those at higher elevations were zones of retreat and dispersion and hence contain proportionately lower levels of microendemism. These results provide a framework for biogeographic and phylogeographic studies, as well as a basis for prioritizing conservation actions of the remaining natural forest habitats on the island.     

大围山山地雨林乔木层物种多度分布格局研究

对大围山国家级自然保护区山地雨林物种-多度格局研究表明:大围山原生及受人为干扰较小的山地雨林群落其乔木层树种的物种多度分布符合对数级数分布,物种间个体数的差异显著,表征了山地雨林群落的稀疏种数目远大于富集种.研究还表明:物种多度格局与物种多样性指数结合使用可更好地研究群落的结构特征,受人为干扰较小及相对发育成熟的山地雨林群落,具有较高的生物多样性和较大的稳定性.     

Mammal population losses and the extinction crisis

The disappearance of populations is a prelude to species extinction. No geographically explicit estimates have been made of current population losses of major indicator taxa. Here we compare historic and present distributions of 173 declining mammal species from six continents. These species have collectively lost over 50% of their historic range area, mostly where human activities are intensive. This implies a serious loss of ecosystem services and goods. It also signals a substantial threat to species diversity.     

海南甘什岭热带低地雨林不同演替阶段根系的生物量特征

热带地区植物根系生物量的研究对预测气候变化条件下土壤碳库的变化和热带雨林次生演替地下生态学过程的认识具有重要意义。在海南三亚市甘什岭自然保护区内,选取4个植被恢复阶段（草本群落、灌木群落、40 年次生林和60 年次生林）,利用平均标准木机械布点法采集0～100 cm根系样品,研究根系生物量、不同根系径级组成结构以及地下垂直分布规律。研究结果表明:（1）甘什岭热带低地雨林不同演替阶段根系生物总量在5.23～28.98 t·hm?2,植被恢复演替（正向）显著地增加了根系生物量,其中草本至灌木阶段不显著;（2）木本植物群落根系生物量以粗根（>2 mm）为主,最高占其总生物量的89.76%,草本则以细根（≤2 mm）为主,占其总生物量的53.53%以上;随着甘什岭植被的恢复,粗根占根系生物量的比例逐渐增加,细根占根系生物量的比例逐渐减小。（3）甘什岭热带低地雨林近80%的根系生物量集中分布在 0～20 cm 土层中,随着土壤剖面深度的增加,根系生物量大幅度减少,草本群落生物量在土壤剖面中的垂直变化规律呈指数回归,其余各恢复演替阶段呈幂函数回归。（4）根系生物量模型中,树高、D2H（胸径的平方与树高的乘积）与根系生物量拟合最好,在实践应用中,可根据林木的树高和D2H估测甘什岭地区植被根系生物量。本研究结果为进一步研究甘什岭热带低地雨林植物群落地下碳素分配及土壤碳库变化奠定基础,还可为估算我国热带低地雨林地区植被根系生物量和生产力提供参考。     

广西十万大山国家级自然保护区植物区系研究

根据实地调查及历史文献资料整理结果,统计分析了广西十万大山国家级自然保护区植物区系的特征。结果表明:(1)保护区植物种类多样性丰富,区系地位重要,已知维管束植物219科912属2 233种(含变种、亚种和变型),其中蕨类植物30科76属150种,裸子植物8科9属16种,被子植物181科827属2 067种;(2)区系特有性强,单种及寡种的属极为丰富,中国特有科1科,特有属9属;(3)区系起源古老,珍稀濒危植物多,有国家重点保护野生植物15种,其中Ⅰ级重点保护植物2种,Ⅱ级重点保护植物13种;(4)居热带与亚热带过渡区,区系热带边缘性明显,热带性质与温带性质属数之比值(即R/T)为4.56;(5)区系以木本植物占优势(种数占47.5%),藤本植物占一定比例(13.6%),雨林植物景观突出。总的来说,十万大山国家级自然保护区植物区系,具有古热带植物区-马来西亚植物亚区-北部湾地区的区系特点,但表现出明显的热带北缘性质。     

Pleistocene changes in the fauna and flora of South america

In recent years, the view that Pleistocene climatic events played a major role in the evolution of the biotas of southern, primarily tropical continents has begun to displace the previously held conviction that these areas remained relatively stable during the Quaternary. Studies of speciation patterns of high Andean plant and avian taxa (7-14) have led to the conclusion that Pleistocene climatic events were the factors that ultimately shaped the patterns now observed in the paramo-puna and the related Patagonian flora and fauna. The final uplift of the Andes at the end of the Tertiary automatically limits the age of the high Andean habitats and their biotas to the Quaternary. Within this period, the number of ecological fluctuations caused by the glaciations could easily have provided the mechanism behind the patterns now present in these habitats (Appendix, 1; Figs. 1 and 2; Table 1). In glacial periods, when vegetation belts, were lowered, organisms in the paramo-puna habitat were allowed to expand their ranges. In interglacial periods, these taxa were isolated on disjunct peaks, where differentiation could occur. At times of ice expansion, glacial tongues and lakes provided local barriers to gene exchange, whereas in warm, interglacial times, dry river valleys were a major deterrent to the interbreeding of populations on different mountains (Fig. 2; Table 2). A preliminary analysis of about 10 to 12 percent of the total South American avifauna (14), subsequent to the study of the high Andean biota, suggested that the birds of all the major habitats of the continent possess, with about equal frequency, similar stages of speciation. This correspondence in levels of evolution indicated that the avifauna of vegetation zones which were thought to have been more stable (for example, tropical rainforests) are as actively speciating as are those of the more recent paramo-puna habitats. More intensive work on lowland tropical taxa (16, 19-21) and recent work on montane forest elements (40) now justify the conclusion that the floras and faunas of these areas were also greatly affected by Pleistocene climatic shifts. In the broad region of South America that lies within the tropics, a series of humid-arid cycles (Appendix, 6, 8-10) drastically and repeatedly altered vegetation patterns during the Quaternary. Both montane and lowland rainforests were fragmented during dry periods and were able to reexpand during humid phases. Speciation of forest elements was initiated-and sometimes completed-in isolated patches of the fragmented forest. Secondary contact, with hybridization or reunition of populations that did not become reproductively isolated, occurred in periods of reexpansion. These biological data, combined with supportive geological evidence (Appendix, 1-11), show that climatic events during the last million or so years have affected the biota of South America as much as the Pleistocene glacial changes affected the biotas of Eurasia and North America. Since most of South America lies within tropical latitudes, it is suggested here that part of the diversity of species in the tropical areas of this continent is due to two historical factors: the lack of wholesale elimination of species (compared with northern and high latitudes), and ample opportunity for speciation in successive periods of ecological isolation. The apparent paradox of the wealth of species in the "stable tropics" is partially explained by the fact that the tropics have probably been quite unstable, from the point of view of their biotas, during the Pleistocene and perhaps part of the Tertiary.     

Fluvial perturbance in the Western Amazon basin: regulation by long-term sub-andean tectonics

Haffer's refuge theory proposes that during the arid climatic phases of the late Pleistocene, tropical lowland forests of Amazonia were reduced to isolated patches contributing to the high species richness of the present-day forest. The theory was developed because no obvious historic or modern geomorphic isolation barriers were recorded in Amazonia. Analyses of radar images combined with stratigraphical data show that in the basinal forelands of the tectonically active Andes the geological setting causes long-term fluvial perturbance. This leads to a temporally structured highly complex mosaic of fossil and present floodplains. These dynamics have been present with varying activity and geographic range during the Tertiary and Quaternary, providing site-turnover that has not been recognized by the biogeographic tradition of the Amazon basin.     

Avian extinction and mammalian introductions on oceanic islands

The arrival of humans on oceanic islands has precipitated a wave of extinctions among the islands' native birds. Nevertheless, the magnitude of this extinction event varies markedly between avifaunas. We show that the probability that a bird species has been extirpated from each of 220 oceanic islands is positively correlated with the number of exotic predatory mammal species established on those islands after European colonization and that the effect of these predators is greater on island endemic species. In contrast, the proportions of currently threatened species are independent of the numbers of exotic mammalian predator species, suggesting that the principal threat to island birds has changed through time as species susceptible to exotic predators have been driven extinct.     

A large-scale deforestation experiment: effects of patch area and isolation on Amazon birds

As compared with extensive contiguous areas, small isolated habitat patches lack many species. Some species disappear after isolation; others are rarely found in any small patch, regardless of isolation. We used a 13-year data set of bird captures from a large landscape-manipulation experiment in a Brazilian Amazon forest to model the extinction-colonization dynamics of 55 species and tested basic predictions of island biogeography and metapopulation theory. From our models, we derived two metrics of species vulnerability to changes in isolation and patch area. We found a strong effect of area and a variable effect of isolation on the predicted patch occupancy by birds.